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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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normal sexual functioning can go wrong at any of these stages
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-arousal
-orgasm -resolution |
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arousal functioning problems and responses
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Problems: lack of interest, too much interest
Responses: Physical tests first, then go through checklist |
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orgasm functioning problems
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-can't orgasm
-premature ejaculation |
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paraphilias
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sexual responses that are problematic or inappropriate
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frotteurism
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people who rub themselves up against others in public spaces
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voyeurism
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peeping
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exhibitionism
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likes to have others watch them
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DSM-IV criteria for Gender Identity Disorder
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-strong and persistent identification with the opposite sex
-persistent discomfort with his/her sex -feels sense of inappropriateness with gender role of his/her sex |
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psychodynamic cause of paraphilias
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fixation at early psychosexual stage
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behavioral cause of paraphilias
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classically conditioned to a previous neutral stimulation
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social learning cause of paraphilias
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children whose parents engaged in aggressive sexual therapy with them
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Schizophrenia (overall)
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fragmentation of mental functions
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Disorganized schizophrenia
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-lack of coherence
-lack of emotion or inappropriate emotions -no correlation between IQ and degree of disorder -withdraw into own world with own logic (sometimes own language, etc.) |
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Positive symptoms (excesses) of Schizophrenia
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-delusions: paranoia most common, reinforced by outside world
hallucinations-voices most common, can be any sense disorganized thoughts and speech -disorganized or catatonic behavior |
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delusions of reference
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everything is about me
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grandiose delusions
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I'm so important
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Wernicke's Area
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hearing-often active during hallucinations
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Negative symptoms (losses) of Schizophrenia
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-affective flattening
-alogia -avolition -anhedonia |
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affective flattening (or blunted effect)
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severe reduction or complete absence of effective emotional responses
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alogia
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severe reduction/absence of speech
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avolition
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inability to persist at common, goal-oriented tasks
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anhedonia
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loss of pleasure in everything, indifference
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facts about Schizophrenia
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-about 1% of the population have it
-often develops in early adulthood, but can emerge at any time -generally chronic, most suffer with moderate to severe lifetime impairment |
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Schizophrenia has what time of correlation
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GENETIC
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Type 1 Schizophrenia
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-primarily positive symptoms
-responds to drug therapy -worser of the two types |
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Type 2 Schizophrenia
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-primarily negative symptoms
-does not respond to drug therapy -prognosis poorer, but newer drugs more helpful |
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DSM-IV criteria for Schizophrenia
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-have 2 or more core symptoms for at least 1 month (delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized behavior)
-significant impairment in work, relationships -continuous for at least 6 months |
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Paranoid Schizophrenia
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-intact cognitive skills
-do not show disorganized behavior -hallucinations and delusions -best form of Schizophrenia |
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Disorganized Schizophrenia
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-marked disruptions in speech/behavior
-flat or inappropriate effect -fragmented hallucinations and delusions -develops early, chronic |
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Types of Schizophrenia
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-Paranoid
-Disorganized -Catatonic (rare) -Undifferentiated (other) -Residual (recovered but not cured) |
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Schizophreniform Disorder
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similar to Schizophrenia but patient has not had the symptoms for 6 months
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Schizoaffective Disorder
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-symptoms of Schizophrenia, along with depression/mania
-disorders independent of one another |
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Delusional Disorder
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-delusions, but not bizarre ones
-lack other positive and negative symptoms -types of delusions include jealous, grandiose, persecutory, and erotomanic |
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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-usually precipitated by extreme stress or trauma
-or or more positive symptoms for less than 1 month -tends to remit on its own |
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Genetic theories for Schizophrenia
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-inherit a tendency for Schizophrenia, but not a specific form
-Monozygotic twins have a 48% chance of both getting Schizophrenia if one has it, dizygotic twins have a 17% chance. |
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Structural brain abnormalities affecting Schizophrenia
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-enlarged ventricles
-reduced volume and neuron density in frontal cortex -other brain abnormailities |
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Birth complications and prenatal viral exposure affecting Schizophrenia
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-particularly involving loss of oxygen
-prenatal virus exposure (ex. second trimester flu) |
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Dopamine Hypothesis for Schizophrenia
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-excess dopamine in brain
-drugs that increase dopamine (agonists) result in Schizophrenia-like behavior -drugs that decrease dopamine (antagonists) reduce Schizophrenia-like behavior -not everyone nor all symptoms respond, timing of response delayed |
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Psychosocial factors for Schizophrenia
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-Freud: overwhelming rejection leads to regression, can't distinguish reality
-schizophrenogenic mothers, "double bind" (not supported scientifically) -expressed emotion associated with higher rates of relapse |
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The roles of stress in Schizophrenia
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-may activate underlying vulnerability
-may also increase risk of relapse -concept of "social (downward) drift" -unlikely single stress reaction will lead to Schizophrenia |
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Behavioral perspective in Schizophrenia
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-cause is faulty operant conditioning, especially attention and social responses
-not a widely accepted theory, its treatments are though |
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Behavioral perspective in Schizophrenia
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-cause is faulty operant conditioning, especially attention and social responses
-not a widely accepted theory, its treatments are though |
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Cognitive perspective in Schizophrenia
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-focus on attention problems, probably key issue in Schizophrenia
-cognition and social responses based on attention problems lead to withdrawal from outside |
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Early treatments for Schizophrenia
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-insulin coma therapy
-electroconvulsive therapy -prefrontal lobotamies -1950s introduced phenothiazines |
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neuroleptics for schizophrenia
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-block dopamine
-phenothiazines and butyrophenones (ex. Haldol) |
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what percent of patients don't respond to biological treatments?
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25%
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atypical antipsychotics
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-more effective drug, good for people who don't respond to other drugs
-fewer but different side effects -ex. clozapine (clozaril) |
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behavioral and cognitive interventions to schizophrenia
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-recognition of demoralizing attitudes they may have toward their illness
-other cognitive therapy -life skills training -operant conditioning models, token economies |
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social interventions for schizophrenia
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-family therapy
-self help groups -community treatment programs vs. home-based treatments |
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What is addiction?
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a state in which an organism engages in a compulsive behavior that is reinforcing (pleasurable)
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What is tolerance?
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state in which an organism no longer responds to a drug, so the dosage must be upped
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What is dependence?
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a state in which an organism functions normally only when the drug is in their system, life revolves around it
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What is drug abuse?
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the drug interferes with life but symptoms do not meet the criteria for substance dependence
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What is intoxication?
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immediate effect of a drug, reversible
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What is withdrawal?
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effects of not having any of a drug, syndrome due to stopping or reducing heavy and prolonged drug use
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What is the pleasure pathway rich in dopamine-producing neurons?
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VTA through nucleus accumbens through to frontal cortex
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What are depressants?
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-drugs that slow the activity of the central nervous system
-reduce tensions and inhibitions -may affect judgment, motor skills, etc. |
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what do sedative-hypnotic drugs do?
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produce feelings of relaxation and drowsiness
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what do inhalants do?
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-feelings of stimulation
-heart failure and death from suffocation by displacing oxygen in the lungs and then in the CNS |
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Opioids
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-narcotics are smoked, inhaled, and injected
-an injection quickly brings a "rush" (spasm of warmth and ecstasy that is sometimes compared with an orgasm) |
