Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
102 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What % of adults between the ages of 35-64 have hypertension? Which group is at greatest risk?
|
26.7%
African Americans |
|
|
Coronary Heart Disease:
|
Blockage of arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle
|
|
|
angina pectoris:
|
Chest pain from partial obstruction of the arteries
|
|
|
atherosclerosis:
|
Accumulation of artery plaque (i.e., fatty substances)
|
|
|
ischemia:
|
Deficiency of blood supply (too much plaque)
|
|
|
myocardial infarction:
|
Heart attack, death of heart tissue
|
|
|
How do stress, anxiety, anger, poor coping skills, low social support and type A personality play a role?
|
They are psychological and behavioral risk factors which raise the likelihood of getting a Coronary Heart Disease.
|
|
|
Name and define the two types of clinical pain. How does severity relate to reaction?
|
Acute: Typically follows an injury but disappears within one month
Chronic: May begin acutely but does not decrease over time Severity does not predict Reaction. |
|
|
How do pain and pain behaviors relate and/or differ?
|
Perceived control over pain and its consequences
Negative emotion, poor coping skills Low social support, compensation Social reinforcement for pain behaviors |
|
|
Gate Control Theory
|
View that psychological factors can enhance or diminish the sensation and perception of pain by influencing the transmission of pain impulses through the section of the spinal cord that acts as a "gate."
|
|
|
What types of pain difficulties will women predominantly have?
|
Women: more migraines, arthritis, CTS, TMJ; estrogen-dependent neuronal system
|
|
|
What types of pain difficulties will men predominantly have?
|
Males: more cardiac and backache
|
|
|
What is unique about the global course of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? What lifestyle is common?
|
Most common in females with incidence increasing in western countries
High achievement oriented lifestyle |
|
|
What is biofeedback? How does it work? With what difficulties is it often used?
|
Making patients aware of specific physiological functions they would not ordinarily notices so that they can learn to control bodily responses through monitoring equipment.
It is often used with chronic headache and hypertension. |
|
|
What is progressive muscle relaxation? How does it work? What is the goal?
|
a method of relaxation and stress management that focuses on tensing and relaxing muscles in the body to train the patient to understand what relaxed muscles feel like, and then to be able to relax in various situations.
|
|
|
Why are comprehensive stress and pain management programs more effective and durable?
|
They teach the patient how to deal with the stress and/or pain. Since both are psychologically based (in the case of pain this is not always the case), they are given tools to psychologically overcome them.
|
|
|
How can people modify their behaviors to promote health?
|
Improve Life-Style Practices
Many health problems are linked to lifestyle and behavior Ex: CHD, cancer, accidents, cirrhosis of the liver, influenza, pneumonia Behavioral risk factors are influenced by psychosocial factors Prevention and intervention programs target behavioral risks Types of Life-Style Behaviors Injury prevention – Repeated warnings are not enough AIDS – Highly preventable by changing behaviors China and smoking cessation programs Diet, exercise, promotion of health and wellness Stanford three community study |
|
|
What are the three major groupings of sexual and gender identity disorders?
|
1.Gender Identity Disorder (GID)
2.Sexual Dysfunctions 3.Paraphilias |
|
|
How does one effectively distinguish between Gender Identity Disorder and transvestic fetishism?
|
Gender Identity Disorder is as stated by the DSM-IV as a “strong and persistent cross-gender identification” in which the person has a strong desire to be of the other sex, as where in Transvestic Fetishism, they only seek to cross-dress, usually for sexual gratification. Also, Transvestic Fetishism is only diagnosable in males, and they are usually surprisingly masculine when not dressing up.
|
|
|
What are the major clinical aspects of gender identity disorder?
|
A strong and persistent cross-gender identification (not merely a desire for any perceived cultural advantages of being the other sex)
Persistent discomfort with her or her sex or sense of inappropriateness in the gender role of that sex The disturbance is not concurrent with a physical intersex condition The disturbance causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupations, or three important areas of functioning. |
|
|
What are the prerequisites before one can have sex-reassignment surgery?
|
Must live in the opposite sex for 1-2 years
Must be stable psychologically financially, and socially |
|
|
What percentage report satisfaction with their new identity? Is adjustment better for F2M or M2F?
|
75% are satisfied
7% regret it Adjustment is better for female-to-male conversions |
|
|
What percentage of females and males experience sexual dysfunction?
|
43% of all females
31% of males |
|
|
For males, which sexual disorders are tied to the following: desire, arousal, orgasm, and pain?
|
j
|
|
|
For females, which sexual disorders are tied to the following: desire, arousal, orgasm, and pain?
|
j
|
|
|
Biological Contributions to Sexual Dysfunctions
|
Physical disease and medical illness
Prescription medications (SSRIs) Use and abuse of alcohol and other drugs |
|
|
Psychological Contributions to Sexual Dysfunction
|
The role of “anxiety” vs. “distraction”
The nature and components of performance anxiety Psychological profiles associated with sexual dysfunction |
|
|
Social and Cultural Contributions Sexual Dysfunctions
|
Negative scripts about sexuality
Erotophobia – Learned negative attitudes about sexuality Negative or traumatic sexual experiences Poor interpersonal relationships, lack of communication |
|
|
What type of a role can education play in the treatment of sexual dysfunction?
|
Education alone is surprisingly effective.
Helps eliminate performance anxiety, and set proper expectations. |
|
|
Define sensate focus and nondemand pleasuring
|
Sensate Focus: Sex therapy in which couples concentrate on pleasurable sensations from caressing and fondling. Intercourse is forbidden to prevent focus on sexual performance and the anxiety it may provoke.
nondemand pleasuring: Procedure to reestablish sexual arousal involving fondling and caressing while intercourse is forbidden. This method avoids the anxiety provoked by the need to perform sexually. |
|
|
What are the main types of paraphilias as discussed in class?
|
1.Fetishism
2.Voyeurism 3.Exhibitionism 4.Transvestic Fetishism 5.Frotteurism 6.Sexual Sadism 7.Sexual Masochism |
|
|
Fetishism:
|
sexual attraction to nonliving objects
|
|
|
Voyeurism:
|
observing unsuspecting individuals undressing or naked
|
|
|
Exhibitionism:
|
exposure of genitals to unsuspecting individuals
|
|
|
Transvestic Fetishism:
|
involves cross-dressing
|
|
|
Frotteurism:
|
The paraphiliac focus involves touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person
|
|
|
Sexual Sadism:
|
Real acts to derive sexual excitement from the psychological or physical suffering (humiliation) of the victim
|
|
|
Sexual Masochism:
|
Real acts of being beaten, bound, or otherwise made to suffer to attain sexual gratification
|
|
|
Pedophilia:
|
Sexual attraction to young children
|
|
|
Incest:
|
Sexual attraction to one’s own children
|
|
|
What are some of the general causes of paraphilia?
|
Associated with sexual and social problems and deficits
Inappropriate arousal/fantasy learned early in life High sex drive plus suppression of urges/drive |
|
|
What psychosocial interventions are used for paraphilias? What is the efficacy? Relapse?
|
Psychosocial Interventions:
Most are behavioral Target deviant and inappropriate sexual associations Covert sensitization – Imagining aversive consequences Orgasmic reconditioning – Masturbation + appropriate stimuli Family/marital therapy – Address interpersonal problems Coping & relapse prevention – Self-control, risk management Efficacy 70-100% of cases show improvement Relapse rates are high (rapists and multiple paraphilias show the poorest outcomes) |
|
|
What types of medical treatment is used for pedophilia? What is the efficacy? Relapse?
|
Medications used are the equivalent of chemical castration and is often used for dangerous sexual offenders.
Efficacy Drugs greatly reduce sexual desire, fantasy, arousal Relapse rates are high with medication discontinuance |
|
|
What are the five main categories of substances in the DSM-IV?
|
1.Depressants
2.Stimulants 3.Opiates 4.Hallucinogens 5.Other drugs |
|
|
Depressants
|
Behavioral sedation and can induce relaxation
alcohol, sedative, hypnotic, and anxiolytic drugs belonging to barbiturates and benzodiazepine classes |
|
|
Stimulants
|
: Increase alertness and elevate mood
amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and caffeine |
|
|
Opiates
|
Primarily produce analgesia and euphoria
heroin, opium, codeine, and morphine |
|
|
Hallucinogens:
|
Alter sensory perception
marijuana and LSD |
|
|
Other drugs
|
Produce several psychoactive effects
inhalants, anabolic steroids, over-the-counter prescription medications |
|
|
Substance Use vs. Substance Intoxication
|
Substance Use: Ingestion of psychoactive substances on occasion
Substance Intoxication: Physiological reaction to ingested substances |
|
|
Substance Abuse vs. Substance Dependence
|
Substance Abuse: According to DSM-IV, defined on the basis of interference with the user’s life
Substance Dependence: Addiction |
|
|
Tolerance vs. Withdrawal
|
Tolerance: requiring greater and greater amounts of the drug to experience the same effect
Withdrawal: responding physically in a negative way when the substance is no longer ingested |
|
|
Substance Dependence Criteria
|
3 or more of the following
Tolerance Withdrawal Substance taken in large amounts Can’t cut down Spend lots of time trying to get substance Substance is still used even though it negatively effects body in other ways |
|
|
Substance Abuse Criteria
|
1 or more of the following
Can’t fulfill responsibilities at work, school, or home Physical hazard Substance related legal problems Substance use despite persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems |
|
|
Substance Intoxication Criteria
|
The development of a reversible substance-specific syndrome due to recent ingestion of (or exposure to) a substance
Clinically significant maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes that are due to the effect of the substance on the CNS and develop shortly after use of the substance The symptoms are not due to a GMC and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder |
|
|
Withdrawal Criteria
|
The development of a substance-specific syndrome due to the cessation of (or reduction in) substance use that has been heavy and prolonged
The substance-specific syndrome causes clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning. The symptoms are not due to a GMC and are not better accounted for by another mental disorder |
|
|
Which neurotransmitter is particularly sensitive to alcohol?
|
GABA System
|
|
|
What is the impact of chronic alcohol use in dementia and Wernicke’s disease?
|
Increases the likelyhood of getting dementia and Wernicke’s Disease.
|
|
|
What is Fetal alcohol syndrome and what are the physical and cognitive characteristics?
|
Fetal Alchohol Syndrome is a disorder of of permanent birth defects that occurs in offspring of women who drink while they are pregnant.
Physical Characteristics: Epicanthal folds Flat nasal bridge Upturned nose Thin upper lip “railroad track” ears Cognitive Characteristics |
|
|
What percentage of the US (>12 years) report current alcohol use?
|
Over 50%
|
|
|
What do sedatives generally do?
|
calming
|
|
|
What do hypnotics and generally do?
|
Sleep inducing
|
|
|
What do and anxiolytics generally do?
|
Anxiety reducing (benzodiazepines)
|
|
|
Which drug is the most widely consumed drug in the U.S.?
|
stimulants
|
|
|
What neurotransmitter’s reuptake is blocked by cocaine? How long does it take to become addicted?
|
Blocks reuptake of dopamine (pleasure pathway)
Though its highly addictive, the addiction develops slowly |
|
|
What percentage of American’s smoke
|
30% of Americans smoke
|
|
|
Time from inhalation to brain?
|
Hits bloodstream and brain in 7-19 seconds
|
|
|
Psychological correlates Of Smoking
|
relaxing calming feeling
|
|
|
What neurotransmitter’s reuptake is blocked by caffeine?
|
adenosine
|
|
|
What chapter in the Doctrine and Covenants has the word of wisdom?
|
D&C 89
|
|
|
Opiate
|
Narcotic like chemical in the opium poppy
|
|
|
Opioids
|
Substances that produce narcotic effects
Often referred to as analgesics (i.e., help relieve pain) Effects |
|
|
What are the effects of opioids?
|
Activate body’s enkephalins and endorphins
Low doses – Euphoria, drowsiness, and slow breathing High doses can be fatal Withdrawal symptoms can be lasting and severe |
|
|
What are hallucinogens?
|
Substances that alter perceptions of the world
|
|
|
What effects do they hallucinogens cause?
|
Produce delusions, paranoia, hallucinations, and/or altered sensory perception
|
|
|
Which drugs are they?
|
Marijuana and LSD
|
|
|
How many chemicals are included in marijuana?
|
80
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of Marijuana?
|
Symptoms: Mood swings, paranoia, hallucinations
|
|
|
What is the most common hallucinogenic drug?
|
LSD
|
|
|
What is the tolerance and withdrawal of Marijuana?
|
Tolerance tends to be rapid
Withdrawal symptoms are uncommon |
|
|
What are common inhalants?
|
Spray paint, hair spray, paint thinner, gasoline, nitrous oxide
|
|
|
To what drug are the effects similar?
|
Similar to alcohol intoxication
|
|
|
Which group uses most often?
|
Used by young poor males
|
|
|
With steroids what are cycling and stacking?
|
Cyling: rotating between taking and not taking steroids
Stacking: using more than one drug at once to produce a synergistic effect |
|
|
What percentage of males use these illegally?
|
2% of males used at some point in their life
|
|
|
Who creates designer drugs?
|
Growing group produced by pharmaceutical companies for diseases
|
|
|
what are the most common ones?
|
Ecstasy (E)
3, 4 methelenedioxyethamphetamine (MDEA, Eve) 2-(4-Bromo-2, 5-dimethoxy-phenyl)-ethylamine (BDMPEA, Nexus) Ketamine (K, Special K, Cat Valium) Gamma hydroxybutyrate (GHB, Liquid Ecstasy) |
|
|
what effects do they have?
|
Heightens auditory and visual perception
|
|
|
What role do genetics play in substance-related disorders?
|
Substance abuse has a genetic component
|
|
|
What areas of the brain do drugs affect that influence reward?
|
The pleasure center – Dopaminergic System
|
|
|
How does it work?
|
Drugs affect the pleasure or reward centers in the brain. People are positively reinforced for using drugs.
|
|
|
What role to positive and negative reinforcement play in substance-related disorder?
|
The self-medication and the tension reduction hypotheses
Substance abuse as a means to cope with negative affect |
|
|
opponent-process theory:
|
Explanation of drug tolerance and dependence suggesting that when a person experiences positive feelings these will be followed shortly by negative feelings, and vice versa. Eventually, the motivation for drug taking shifts from a desire for the euphoric high to a need to relieve the increasingly unpleasant feelings that follow drug use. A vicious cycle develops: The drug that makes a person feel terrible is the one thing that can eliminate the pain.
|
|
|
Alcohol Myopia
|
Condition in which a person under the influence of alcohol ignores the long-range consequences of his or her behavior and responds only to the poorly thought-out immediate aspects of a situation.
|
|
|
What is a necessary prerequisite for the use and possible abuse of drugs?
|
Media, family, peers
Parents and the family appear critical |
|
|
Moral Weakness View:
|
Failure of self-control
|
|
|
Disease Model:
|
Caused by underlying processes
|
|
|
In what ways do cultural norms affect the rates of substance abuse and dependence?
|
Influence the manifestation of substance abuse
|
|
|
biological treatments of substance related disorders
Agonist Substitution |
Substitute safer drug with a similar chemical composition
Examples: methadone and nicotine gum or patch |
|
|
biological treatments of substance related disorders
Antagonistic Treatment |
Drugs that block or counteract pleasurable drug effects
Example: Naltrexone for opiate and alcohol problems |
|
|
biological treatments of substance related disorders
Aversive Treatment |
Drugs that make use of drugs extremely unpleasant
Examples: Antabuse for alcoholism; Silver nitrate for nicotine addiction |
|
|
What are the psychosocial treatments for substance-related disorders? How effective are they?
|
Individual and group therapy
Aversion therapy and convert sensitization Contingency management Community reinforcement Relapse prevention Preventative efforts via education |
