Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Schizophrenia is most commonly characterized by psychosis. What is psychosis? |
A mental state defined by a loss of contact with reality. In this state, one's ability to perceive/respond to the environment is disturbed. |
|
|
What are 2 different kinds/aspects of psychosis? |
1) Hallucinations: false sensory perceptions 2) Delusions: false beliefs |
|
|
What is downward drift? |
The drift downward into a lower SES background/lower economic class after the development of schizophrenia takes hold. |
|
|
What are the 3 categories of symptoms found in schizophrenia? |
1) Positive symptoms: excess of thought, emotion, behavior... 2) Negative symptoms: deficits of thought, emotion, behavior... 3) Psychomotor symptoms: unusual movements or gestures |
|
|
What are the 8 kinds of positive symptoms of schizophrenia? |
1) Delusions 2) Loose Associations/Derailment 3) Neologisms 4) Perseveration 5) Clang 6) Heightened Perceptions 7) Hallucinations 8) Inappropriate Affect |
|
|
What are Loose associations/Derailment? |
A pattern of speech in which the person says a bunch of weirdly disjointed, loosely associated ideas/sentences that don't quite make sense even though they may be related. |
|
|
What are neologisms? |
Made up words. Schizophrenia sufferers who invent neologisms will often expect you to know what they're talking about. |
|
|
What is perseveration? |
When patients repeat statements again and again and can't get off the topic. |
|
|
What is clang? |
Weird rhymes. Ex: if you ask, "how are you?" they might respond, "Well, hell, it's well to tell" |
|
|
What symptoms of schizophrenia--positive or negative--interfere more with a person's functioning? |
Negative symptoms |
|
|
What are the 4 kinds of negative symptoms of schizophrenia? |
1) Poverty of speech (alogia) -reduction of quantity/quality of speech content 2) Restricted/flat affect 3) Loss of volition/avolition -loss of motivation/energy 4) Social withdrawal |
|
|
What are the 3 kinds of delusions? |
1) Delusions of Persecution 2) Delusions of Reference: you take ordinary events and interpret them as giving you and only you a special message. 3) Delusions of Grandeur |
|
|
Does medication for schizophrenia treat positive symptoms or negative symptoms? |
Treats the positive symptoms. Negative symptoms are harder to treat. |
|
|
What are tactile hallucinations? |
Hallucinations of touch sensations (ex: crawling skin) |
|
|
What does it mean to exhibit inappropriate affect? |
Emotions/emotional responses are inappropriate or unsuited to the situation. |
|
|
What are the 3 phases of schizophrenia? |
1) Prodromal phase 2) Active phase 3) Residual phase |
|
|
What characterizes the prodromal phase of schizophrenia? |
Beginning of deterioration, mild symptoms, some strange beliefs, withdrawal, job difficulties. |
|
|
What characterizes the Active phrase of schizophrenia? |
Full-blown symptoms. Hallucinations, delusions, flatt affect, etc. appear in this stage. |
|
|
What characterizes the Residual phase of schizophrenia? |
A return to prodromal-like levels. |
|
|
What is the rate of recovery for schizophrenia? |
1/4 of schizophrenia sufferers fully recover; 3/4 continue to have residual problems or cycle between the phases for the rest of their lives. |
|
|
What is the typical age of onset of schizophrenia for men and women? |
Men: average age=23 years old Women: average age=28 years old |
|
|
What are the 5 factors involved in being more likely to make a recovery from schizophrenia? |
1) Patient had good premorbid functioning (no depression, anxiety, etc.) 2) Cases in which Schizophrenia was triggered by stress 3) Cases in which Schizophrenia had an abrupt onset 4) Cases in which Schizophrenia had a later onset 5) Patient received early treatment |
|
|
What percentage of the world's population has schizophrenia? |
1% |
|
|
How does the Diathesis-stress approach explain schizophrenia? |
People with a biological predisposition to schizophrenia will develop it only if certain kinds of environmental/physiological stressors are also present. Example: drug use is a physiological stressor (especially marijuana or amphetamines) |
|
|
What is the role of genetics in developing schizophrenia? |
Pedigree studies, adoption studies, twin studies, etc. have all shown a strong biological link to developing schizophrenia. |
|
|
What model do researchers tend to focus on most as explaining potential causes for schizophrenia? |
The biological model. |
|
|
What type of biological factor is particularly most related to positive symptoms of schizphrenia? What type of biological factor is most related to negative symptoms of schizophrenia? |
-Positive symptoms: Excess of the NT dopamine -Negative symptoms: abnormalities in brain structure |
|
|
The DSM-5 takes a Categorical approach to diagnosing personality disorders. What does this mean? |
Assumes that symptoms/the disorder is either present or not present and that the person w/ the disorder is not markedly troubled by personality traits outside that disorder. |
|
|
What are the 3 clusters of personality traits? Which cluster is most commonly diagnosed? |
1) Cluster A: The "Odd" Personality Disorders 2) Cluster B: The "Dramatic"/emotional/erratic Personality Disorders -most commonly diagnosed 3) Cluster C: The "Anxious" Personality disorders |
|
|
What does the Psychodynamic explanation of personality disorders generally tend to focus on? |
They tend to focus on early relationships, especially parent-child relationships in which the parent behaved inappropriately (was cold, rejecting, unaffectionate, etc. ) |
|
|
What are the 3 types of personality disorders that fall under Cluster A ("Odd")? |
1) Paranoid Personality Disorder 2) Schizoid Personality Disorder 3) Schizotypal Personality Disorder |
|
|
What are the primary characteristics of paranoid personality disorder? |
Characterized by a deep distrust and suspicion of others. However, although inaccurate, the suspicion is not usually delusional (ex: if you prove to a person that no one's tapping their phone, they won't continue to believe it). They are often critical of faults in others but don't take criticism well and are prone to bearing grudges. More common in men. |
|
|
What are the primary characteristics of Schizoid personality disorder? Do those affected have any desire for social connection? |
Characterized by a persistent avoidance/uninterest in relationships with other people as well as limited emotional expression. Tend to focus on themselves and are perfectly content with being loners. |
|
|
What are the primary characteristics of Schizotypal Personality Disorder? |
Characterized by a range of interpersonal problems, odd ways of thinking and behavioral eccentricities. Generally, a less severe version of schizophrenia. Not delusional like schizophrenia and sufferers tend to be low-achievers in life. |
|
|
What are the 4 personality disorders found in Cluster B ("Dramatic")? |
1) Antisocial Personality Disorder 2) Borderline Personality Disorder 3) Histrionic Personality Disorder 4) Narcissistic Personality Disorder |
|
|
What are the primary characteristics of Antisocial Personality Disorder? |
"psychopaths"/"sociopaths" comes from this disorder. Characterized by lack of empathy for others (leading to cruelty, sadism and violence), manipulative behavior and criminal behavior. People with this disorder often end up in prison, where they get diagnosed. |
|
|
How is Antisocial Personality Disorder related to Conduct Disorder in those under 18? |
It's the adult version of Conduct Disorder |
|
|
What are the primary characteristics of Borderline Personality Disorder? |
Characterized by -great instability, -major shifts in mood, -unstable self image and -impulsivity. -Interpersonal relationships are usually really unstable since they violate boundaries and have an extreme fear of abandonment. |
|
|
Who was Marsha Linehan? |
The lady who developed Dialectical Behavioral Therapy, the most successful treatment of those with Borderline Personality Disorder. She had Borderline Personality Disorder herself. |
|
|
What does Dialectical Behavioral Therapy involve? |
helping the client with Borderline Personality Disorder to learn emotional regulation skills, how to cope with or tolerate negative emotions and how to better build interpersonal relationships. |
|
|
What are the primary characteristics of Histrionic Personality Disorder? |
Characterized by extremely emotional and attention-seeking behavior. Often seen as vain, self-centered, demanding. Often engage in attention-seeking behavior and can be social chameleons. Very manipulative, will often threaten suicide for attention though suicide risk is low. |
|
|
What are the primary characteristics of Narcissistic Personality Disorder? |
Ppl with this disorder are generally grandiose, need much admiration, feel no empathy for others and think they're better than those around them. Often exaggerate their achievements and talents, appearing Arrogant. Unlike those with Histrionic Disorder, these people are very selective with friendships. |
|
|
What are the 3 disorders found in Cluster C ("Anxious")? |
1) Avoidant Personality Disorder 2) Dependent Personality Disorder 3) Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder |
|
|
What are the primary characteristics of Avoidant Personality Disorder? |
Typically very uncomfortable in social situations b/c they view themselves negatively/as inferior, therefore they avoid social situations. Tend to have few friends b/c they avoid social situations out of fear of rejection, even if they would like friends. Tend to be very private. May skip sessions with therapist if they think therapist is being insincere. |
|
|
How does group therapy help those with Avoidant Personality Disorder? |
Group therapy mimics exposure therapy and allows/forces those with the disorder to practice social skills. |
|
|
What are the primary characteristics of Dependent Personality Disorder? |
Characterized by a pervasive, excessive need to be taken care of. Sufferers are clingy and obedient, fearing separation from loved ones. Cannot make the slightest decision for themselves. Seldom disagree with others and lack confidence in their own ability and judgment. |
|
|
What are the characteristics of Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder? |
Characterized by a preoccupation with order, perfection and control to the point that sufferers lose all flexibility, openness and efficiency (they may spend so much time on the opening paragraph of an essay that they don't finish the essay). -Rigid, stubborn and don't work well in groups -Can be critical and stingy with their time and money. -Relationships may be stiff and superficial since they have trouble expressing affection |
|
|
In particular, what does the Psychodynamic View say about people with OCPD? |
That they're anal retentive as a result of overly punitive parents during toilet training |
|
|
How are childhood anxiety disorders different from adult anxiety disorders? |
Although they have adult counterparts, childhood anxiety disorders take on a somewhat different character due to limited cognitive development. Ex; typically, behavioral and somatic symptoms dominate. ex: symptoms tend to center around specific, sometimes imaginary objects and events. |
|
|
What 3 disorders would we only diagnose in children and not in adults? |
1) Separation Anxiety Disorder, 2) Oppositional Defiant Disorder, 3) Conduct Disorder |
|
|
What are the major symptoms/characteristics of separation anxiety disorder? |
one of the most common childhood anxiety disorders. Characterized by an extreme distress/panic whenever kid is separated from home or parent; can manifest as a school phobia/refusal. |
|
|
Before age 16, childhood rates of depression for boys and girls are equal. What are the current 2 hypotheses for why adolescent girls 16/older have higher rates of depression than adolescent boys? |
1) Growing body dissatisfaction 2) Rumination |
|
|
How do kids/adolescents with Major Depressive Disorder tend to differ from adults with it? |
Instead of a depressed mood, irritability/snappiness is substituted. Also, somatic symptoms are more common. |
|
|
What are the main symptoms of Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD)? |
Kids w/ ODD are argumentative, defiant, irritable, sometimes vindictive and aren't good at following directions from any adult. |
|
|
What are the main symptoms of Conduct Disorder? |
Worse than ODD; the kid version of antisocial personality disorder. Kids with Conduct Disorder may be aggressive, physically cruel to ppl/animals, deliberately destroy the property of others or exhibit other criminal behavior. |
|
|
What are thought to be the primary causes of Conduct Disorder? |
Conductdisorder has most often been tied to troubled parent-child relationships,inadequate parenting, family conflict, marital conflict, and family hostility. Modeling or genetic components may play a role. |
|
|
What is Enuresis? |
Repeated involuntary (or in some cases, intentional) bed-wetting or wetting of a kid's clothes ages 5 and up (so the kid is expected to have already been potty trained). It typically occurs at night during sleep but also can happen during the day due to stressful events or abuse. |
