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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Pervasive Developmental Disorders
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PDD's
Childhood disorders that last a long time (pervasive) and occur early in life (developmental) |
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The three main impairment criteria for Autism
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Impairment in:
Social interactions Communication Behaviors and Activities (repetitive/stereotyped) |
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General Criteria for Autism
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Diagnosed before age 3
More common in males IQ generally falls at or below 70 Can't mentally cope with situations or understand others' points of view |
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Biological causes of Autism
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Abnormalities in:
Fusiform Gyrus - regulates emotional cues and recognition of faces High autonomic arousal Ventrical enlargement Abnormalities with the corpus collosum |
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Theory of Mind and Autism
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When normal children reach 4-5 years of age, they discover that others think like they do and can see the world differently
Children with autism, however, never develop this skill and remain egocentric in their view of the world (Crayons vs. Candles experiment and the Sally-Anne Test) |
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Treatments for Autism
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SSRIs (work well because serotonin dysregulation has been implemented in the disease)
Antipsychotics and stimulants (more controversial) Behavior Therapy (Applied Behavior Analysis) |
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Applied Behavior Analysis
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Used to treat Autism
Analyze a child's behavior and give them rewards to shape actions Most effective when done from an early age Reward on a very basic level |
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Asperger's Disorder
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Impairment in social interactions to the extent that sufferers lack social awareness and are socially awkward
Also demonstrate repetitive, stereotyped behaviors and activities Considered a less severe form of Autism (both disorders are related) DSM-5 will consolidate the two disorders into Autistic Spectrum Disorder |
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Learning Disorders
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Reading - Dyslexia
Mathematics - patterns Written Expression - writing |
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Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
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ADHD
Must be diagnosed before age 7 Must last for at least 6 months Can be either attention deficit or hyperactivity dominate (doesn't require both) Often treated with stimulants (might seem backwards, but causes the brain to be more focused) |
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Feeding and Eating Disorders in Children
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Pica
Rumination |
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Pica
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PDD in which children eat non-organic things
Can be extremely dangerous |
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Rumination
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PDD in which children regurgitate their food and re-swallow it
Very dangerous because stomach acids can erode esophagus and cause death |
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Elimination Disorders in Children
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Encopresis - inability to control bowel movements
Enuresis - bedwetting (urinary) Children can't control their GI, digestive, or urinary tracts |
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What is a substance?
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A chemical, drug, or material that changes behavior, emotions, and our view of reality
It is considered to have PSYCHOACTIVE effects |
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What is the most frequently used illicit substance?
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Pot
Used about 55-60% on its own and about 20% of the time with other drugs |
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Drugs and Gender
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Men are 4 times more likely to be heavy drinkers
They are 1.3 times more likely to smoke cigarettes |
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Illegal Drugs and the US
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28 million Americans have used an illegal drug
20.4 million are using one currently 25% of high school seniors have used an illegal drug in the last month 1 in 4 US deaths can be attributed to drug or alcohol use Annual economic burden of substance abuse in US is $414 billion |
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Groups with highest rates of use
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18-25 year olds
Multiracial (45%), followed by white, black, and Hispanic Asians use and/or abuse drugs the least (4%) Overall, Native Americans abuse substances the most (19%) There is a sharp decline in use around 26-28 years of age The human brain is still developing around 21, which might account for more mature decisions at older ages |
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Difference between abuse and dependence
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Abuse: recurrent substance use that leads to significant harmful consequences
Dependence: substance use that leads to physiological dependence (will go through withdrawals), significant impairment, or distress Both abuse and dependence are generally long-term |
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Substance Use and Mental Illness
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Not everyone with a substance abuse disorder has a mental illness
Illicit drug use is associated with a person's level of mental illness, however Smoking and binge drinking have a significant relation with mental illness Those with schizophrenia abuse drugs more than those with other mental disorders |
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Differences between intoxication and withdrawal
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Intoxication: significant maladaptive behavioral and psychological symptoms due to the effects of a substance on the CNS
Withdrawal: significant distress in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning due to cessation of substance use Both tend to be temporary and can be alleviated with time |
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Depressants
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Slow the activity of the CNS, reduce tension and inhibitions, and interfere with judgement, motor activity, and concentration
Alcohol Barbiturates Benzodiazepines Inhalants Opiods |
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Short-term effects of Alcohol
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Increases the neurotransmitter GABA (an inhibitor) which blocks messages between neurons and relaxes the drinker
Alcohol also decreases serotonin levels, leading to mood changes and a depressed state Frontal lobe is effected first (judgement), then the hippocampus (memory), limbic system (mood), and finally the cerebellum (coordination) |
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Effect of Alcohol on a given person is determined by:
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Concentration
Gender (women have less alcohol dehydrogenase, which metabolizes alcohol before it enters blood stream) Race (many Asians typically have a deficiency of alcohol dehydrogenase) |
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Blood Alcohol Concentrations and Impairment
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0.06 - relaxation and comfort
0.09 - intoxication 0.18-0.20 - vomiting and sickness 0.55 - death |
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Long Term Effects of Alcohol
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Dulled senses, especially taste and smell
Tingling or numbing sensation in extremities Decreased pain reception Altered sense of time and space Impaired judgment and motor skills Early onset dementia and delirium Feelings of anxiety and worry |
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Sedative-Hypnotic Drugs
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Depressants that produces feelings of relaxation and drowsiness
Induce sleep Include Barbiturates and Benzodiazepines Effect the Reticular Formation (wakefulness regulation) |
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Examples of Benzodiazepines
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Xanax
Ativan Valium (don't cause as much drowsiness) |
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Opioids
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Depressants
Relieve pain and reduce tension by depressing the CNS and simulating endorphins Natural - opium, heroin, morphine, and codeine Synthetic - methadone |
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Stimulants
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Substances that increase the activity of the CNS and cause rapid behavior and thinking
Cocaine Amphetamines Caffeine Nicotine |
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Cocaine
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Stimulant that produces a euphoric sense of well-being, stimulates the CNS, and decreases appetite
Increases levels of dopamine by preventing reuptake, as well as norepinephrine and serotonin Causes mania, hyper-sociability, paranoia, hallucinations, and delusions |
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Dangers of Cocaine
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Infarction - a blockage of blood in the neck, arteries or heart that can lead to a stroke or heart attack
Can also depress the body's respiratory system and cause a person to stop breathing Heart failure can also occur |
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Amphetamines
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Stimulant
Similar to cocaine, but are completely artificial and manufactured Tolerance develops quickly, making risk of dependence very high Can cause psychotic episodes |
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What is the world's most widely used stimulant?
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Caffeine
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Hallucinogens
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Produce delusions, hallucinations, and other sensory changes
Make a person psychotic in the short-term but not the long-term Work by binding to serotonin receptors and causing strong emotions and perceptions Natural - mescaline and psilocybin Synthetic - LSD and Ecstasy (MDMA) |
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Cannabis
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Produce sensory changes and have both depressant and stimulant effects
Derived from the hemp plant and include THC as the active ingredient Hashish (resin) Marijuana (buds and leaves) |
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Combinations of Substances (specific word)
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Polysubstance Use
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The Brain's Pleasure Pathway
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Begins in the ventral tegmental area, then goes through nucleus accumbens, and on to the frontal cortex
These areas are rich in neurons sensitive to dopamine Stimulants increase dopamine in these areas Opiates inhibit GABA, which therefore increases availability of dopamine |
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Personality Predictors of Alcohol Abuse and Dependence
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Certain traits lead to more addictions, such as:
Impulsivity Low Behavioral Control Antisocial Characteristics |
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Expectancy Theory for Alcohol (and other drugs)
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People who use alcohol to cope with negative events or emotions expecting positive reactions are at a greater risk for abuse and dependence
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Disease Model
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Says that some people are biologically incapable of using a substance without abusing it depending on genetics and family history
Takes away some personal responsibility Pessimistic outlook, though |
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Harm-Reduction Model
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Focuses on teaching responsible use of substances (alcohol mainly)
RAMP - Responsible Alcohol Management Program |
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Impulse-Control Disorders
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Hard for people with these disorders to control impulses to do something
They feel a mounting sense of tension relieved only by engaging in impulsive act Due to abnormalities in reward systems in the brain Can be considered part of substance-abuse disorder or obsessive-compulsive disorders Often triggered by stress |
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Kleptomania
Pyromania Pathological Gambling Intermittent Explosive Disorder Trichotillomania |
Impulsive:
Stealing Fire-setting Gambling Aggression/Violence Hair Pulling |
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Eating Disorders and Statistics
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10% of the population has an ED
90% of ED cases afflict women compared to men 61% of college women show some kind of eating pathology |
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Eating Disorders
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Characterized by severe disturbances in eating behavior
Includes: Anorexia Nervosa Bulimia Nerovsa Not Otherwise Specified Binge Eating Disorder Obesity Night Eating Pica Rumination |
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Anorexia Nervosa
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Inability and refusal to maintain a minimal normal body weight
Distorted thinking and cognitions, such as a fear that the sufferer is fat even though they are underweight Must demonstrate the absence of 3 consecutive periods (controversial and can lead to underdiagnosis) |
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Bulimia Nervosa
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Repeated episodes of binge eating followed by inappropriate compensatory behaviors (vomiting, use of laxatives, diuretics, etc)
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Risk Factors for Eating Disorders
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Personality and Psychological Factors (biggest risk factor)
Family Influence Media Subcultures within our society that promote EDs |
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Risk Factors - Personality and Psychological Factors
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Low self-esteem
Basis of self-worth on weight Food used as a means for control Dichotomous and rigid thinking Perfectionism Poor Impulse Control Inadequate coping skills |
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Protective Factors for Eating Disorders
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Nonconformity
Feminist Ideology High Self-Esteem Belief that body weight and shape are out of one's control Self-perception of being thin |
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Cognitive Behavioral Model of Anorexia Nervosa
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Over-evaluation of shape and weight leads to strict dieting, which results in under-eating and low weight
In cognitions, sufferers generally show a preoccupation with eating, social withdrawal, heightened fullness, and obsessionality |
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Treatment for Anorexia
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Evaluation (Mental and Physical assessment - height/weight)
Psychoeducation Plan - do nothing when the problem is minor, observe when the full nature of the problem is unclear, or recommend CBT-E and/or hospitalization when the problem is severe |
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CBT-E
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Cognitive Behavioral Therapy -- Enhanced
20-40 session in length Focuses on negative thinking and emotions Utilizes: Intensive Day Treatment Hospitalization Family Focused Treatment |
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Schizophrenia
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A form of psychosis involving the inability to tell the difference between the real and the unreal
Can include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, catatonic features, and/or negative symptoms Must show symptoms continually for at least 6 months |
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Schizophrenia Subtypes
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Paranoid
Disorganized Catatonic Undifferentiated Residual |
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Paranoid Schizophrenia
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Delusions and hallucinations of persecution and grandiosity
Easier to identify and treat, causing them to have a better prognosis |
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Disorganized Schizophrenia
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Incoherence and confusion in cognition, speech, and behavior
Flat or inappropriate affect (emotion) |
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Catatonic Schizophrenia
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Almost total unresponsiveness to environmental, motor, or verbal abnormalities
Extremely rare |
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Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
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Meets criteria for Schizophrenia but does not fall into any other subtype
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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
(Type I) |
Basically - adds to the disorder
Includes: Delusions (persecution, grandiosity, thought insertion, delusions of reference) Hallucinations Disorganized thought/speech Catatonic Behavior |
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Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
(Type II) |
Basically - takes away from a person's functioning
Includes: Affective Flattening (lack of emotions) Algoia (lack of speech) Avolition (lack of motivation to initiate or persist in common, goal-oriented tasks) |
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Delusions
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Fixed False Beliefs
Beliefs that are unlikely to be true or are impossible Includes aspects such as persecution, grandiosity, reference, control, somatic processes, etc |
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Hallucinations
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Unreal perceptual or sensory experiences
Include auditory, visual, tactile, and/or somatic |
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Biological Theories of Schizophrenia
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Neurotransmitter Theories (imbalances in levels of or receptors for dopamine could play a major role - serotonin, GABA, and glutamate could also play a role)
Structural Brain Abnormalities (reduced size, enlarged ventricles, frontal lobe issues) Genetics (strong genetic component found in twin and adoption studies) Birth Complications (loss of oxygen to brain during birth puts child at high risk) Prenatal Viral Exposure |
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People with Schizophrenia have deficits in...
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Working Memory
Reasoning Communication Problem Solving |
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Brain Areas and Abnormality implicated in Schizophrenia
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Prefrontal Lobe (unusually low amounts of dopamine)
Mesolimbic Pathway (unusually high amounts of dopamine causing lack of emotion) Hippocampus Amygdala Basal Ganglia Enlarged Ventricles |
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Schizoaffective Disorder
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A mood disorder (depression, bipolar, etc) combined with schizophrenia
Characterized by a period of time lasting at least 2 weeks and containing either a depressive episode, manic episode, or a mix of both and delusions or hallucinations Mood disorder symptoms are slightly more prominent |
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Schizophreniform Disorder
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Meets criteria for Schizophrenia but lasts between 1 month and 6 months in duration
Brief compared to long term Unclear whether or not they have the full-blow disease of Schizophrenia Usually do not show blunted or flattened affect |
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Schizoid Personality Disorder
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Indifference to interpersonal relationships
Emotional coldness |
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Schizotypal Personality Disorder
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Paranoia
Belief that random events are related to the individual Magical thinking Perceptual illusions Social isolation Restricted emotions |
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Eustress
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"Good" stress
Helps us complete tasks by making us excited, energized, motivated, and driven Gives us extra focus at the right amounts |
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Distress
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"Not-so-good" Stress
Draining, exhausting, debilitating on the mind and body Can be paralyzing |
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What is one of the most important protective factors that can help a person deal with stress?
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Good role models and people you can rely on
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HPA Axis and Stress
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Activates our "fight-or-flight" response
Cortisol (a hormone) is pumped throughout the body to regulate our response to threatening and stressful events |
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What is the most common sexual disorder?
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Loss of sexual desire by women
Women generally have more sexual problems (43% compared to 31%) |
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Sexual Disorders that primarily effect Women
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Lack of interest in sex
Unable to reach orgasm Sex not pleasurable Pain during sex Trouble lubricating |
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Sexual Disorder that primarily effect Men
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Climax too early
Unable to maintain an erection Premature ejaculation Anxiety about performance (more even between the two sexes) |
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Cycle of Sexual Arousal
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Desire
Arousal Plateau Orgasm Most anxiety problems will occur around the desire and arousal stages Resolution |
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Model of Sexual Dysfunction
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Impacted by Biopsychosocial factors
Biological - genetics, gender, hormones, medical conditions Psychological - attitudes, expectations, anxiety, depression Social - relationships, reinforcement, punishment, gender roles, trauma, stress |
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Most common sexual disorders in women
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Sexual desire disorder
Orgasmic disorder |
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Most common sexual disorders in men
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Secondary erectile disorder
Premature ejaculation |
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Dyspareunia
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Genital pain associated with intercourse
Much more common in females than in males |
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Vaginismus
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Sexual disorder affecting women
Involves involuntary contraction of muscles of the vagina making penetration nearly impossible Thought to be heavily psychological in nature |
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Behavioral Theory Model for Paraphilias
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Pairing of stimulus and arousal (could be accidental or vicarious)
Lack of alternative sexual reinforcement activites Inappropriate sexual fantasies coupled with masturbation Attempts to inhibit fantasies and behaviors, which causes them to occur more frequently Paraphilia results Behavioral reinforcement is thought to be at the root of paraphilias |
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Neurotransmitters that have been implicated in sexual addictions
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Endorphins and Dopamine
Men are generally more tactile than women and release more neurotransmitters, making addiction more plausible |
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Delirium
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A disturbance of consciousness that can include a change in cognition or development of perceptual disturbances
Characterized by rapid onset and brief duration (rarely longer than a month) Lack of blood or oxygen to the caudet nucleus (movement, memory, and learning center) has been implicated |
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Dementia
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Multiple cognitive impairments, such as memory problems, aphasia, apraxia, agnosia, and disturbances in executive functioning
Indicates substantial decline from previous mental state Usually occurs late in life |
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Aphasia
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Language dysfunction during dementia (can't talk)
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Apraxia
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Lack of coordination during dementia
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Agnosia
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Inability to identify known objects during dementia
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Damage to Nerve Cells that has been implicated in Alzheimer's
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Neurofibrical tangles and amyloid plaques have been implicated
Catch, trap, and interrupt electrical signals between neurons |
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Main Neurotransmitter implicated in Alzheimer's Disease
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Acetylcholine
Total amount of ACT declines Additionally, ACT increasingly does not bind properly with receptors |
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Amnesia
Anterograde and Retrograde |
Anterograde - inability to learn new information (memory impairment in the future)
Retrograde - inability to recall learned information (memory impairment of the past) |
