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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is body dissatisfaction? |
When ppl evaluate their weight and shape negatively. 73% of women and 56% of males are dissatisfied. 97% of females have at least 1 bad body thought per day. |
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What are the 3 major types of eating disorders? |
1) Anorexia nervosa 2) Bulimia nervosa 3) Binge Eating Disorder |
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What are the 3 main symptoms/characteristics of Anorexia nervosa? |
1) purposefully taking in too little nourishment 2) Intense fears of becoming overweight 3) Distorted view of weight and body shape |
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What is the key goal of those with Anorexia nervosa? What is the key motivation to reach this goal? |
Key goal: becoming thin. Motivation: fear (of being fat) |
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What are the 2 main subtypes of Anorexia nervosa? |
1) Restricting Type: where the person loses weight by cutting out certain kinds of foods, eventually extending to nearly all food. 2) Binge eating/Purging type: Lose weight by forcing themselves to purge after meals thru vomiting/diuretics/laxatives. They may or may not engage in eating binges. |
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What is the key difference between the Binge Eating/Purging subtype of anorexia nervosa and Bulimia? |
Primary difference is the weight the sufferer is at while engaging in these behaviors; if they're a normal weight, they're bulimic but if they're underweight, they're anorexic. |
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Are there any gender differences in the prevalence of anorexia? What about bulimia? |
Yes; 90-95% of the cases are in females in BOTH disorders. |
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What is typical age of onset for anorexia? For bulimia? |
14-20 years old for anorexia. Adolescence/young adulthood for bulimics |
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What are the prevalence rates for anorexia? |
Between 0.5-4% of females in western countries develop the disorder; many more display at least some of the symptoms. |
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Are rates of anorexia increasing/decreasing/staying the same all around the world? |
In North America, Europe and Asia, they're increasing. |
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Describe the "typical" case of a person that develops anorexia. |
A slightly overweight female has been on a diet and this escalates toward anorexia following a stressful event. |
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True or false: Anorexia is the most deadly of mental illnesses. Why? |
True: 2-6% of anorexics die due to complications or suicide. |
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Why is it that, despite restricting their diets, anorexics are often preoccupied with food? What is evidence of this? |
Possibly a result of food deprivation. Results of a starvation study (1950s) support this: people were restricted to only having just enough food to survive and as a result, they quickly became obsessed with food. |
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People with anorexia think in distorted ways. What are 3 ways in which their thinking may be distorted? |
1) Usually think they're physically unattractive. -usually have low self-esteem in general. 2) Tend to overestimate their actual proportions. 3) Tend to hold maladaptive attitudes such as perfectionism ("I have to be perfect all the time") |
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What 2 kinds of things are often comorbid with an anorexia? |
1) other psych conditions (commonly depression and/or anxiety) 2) Substance use/addiction. |
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What assessment technique has been shown to prove that anorexics overestimate their body proportions? |
Adjustable Lens Technique: Subjects look at images of themselves through an adjustable lens. They are asked to adjust the lens until the image that they see matches their body size. |
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What are some medical complications caused by anorexia/starvation? |
1) Amenorrhea 2) low body temp 3) Low BP 4) Body swelling 5) reduced bone density 6) Slow heart rate 7) metabolic and electrolyte imbalance 8) dry skin, brittle nails 9) poor circulation 10) lanugo |
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What is Amenorrhea? What is lanugo? |
Amenorrhea: the abnormal absence of menstruation. Lanugo: a fine fuzz all over the body |
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What are the main things that characterize Bulimia nervosa? |
Characterized by uncontrolled binges during a short period of time (2 hour window) followed by some kind of compensatory behavior (purging, fasting, excessive exercise) |
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What are the DSM criteria regarding binges for a person to be diagnosed with bulimia? |
Person must have at least 1 binge episode per week for 3 months. (However, actual binges can be anywhere between 1 and 30 a week) |
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How many college students have experimented with at least one of the symptoms (binges/compensatory behaviors) of bulimia? |
25-50% |
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What sorts of things usually characterize a binge episode? |
1) binges are often carried out in secret 2) Common to consume up to 10k calories in a binge. 3) Binge usually proceeded by feelings of great tension (anxiousness, irritability, etc.) |
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True or false: ppl with bulimia are often misinformed about the effectiveness of compensatory behaviors? |
TRUE. Ex: vomiting usually only gets rid of about 50% of caloried consumed. |
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Describe the "typical case" of a person that develops bulimia. |
A normal to slightly overweight female has been on an intense diet that escalates to bulimia. |
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What does research suggest tends to happen to ppl after they've been on a strict diet? |
Binge-eating (even in non-bulimics/anorexics) |
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What are some similarities between anorexia and bulimia? |
1) tend to develop after a period of dieting 2) motivated by a fear of being fat 3) drive is to become thin 4) preoccupation with food, weight, appearance. 5) feelings of depression, anxiety, obsessiveness, perfectionism 6) heightened risk of suicide attempts 7) substance abuse common 8) distorted body perception and eating |
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What are some differences between anorexia and bulimia? |
1) Bulimics are concerned w/ pleasing others whereas anorexics are more concerned w/ self standards. 2) bulimics=more likely to have history of mood swings 3) bulimics are more likely to have a comorbid personality disorder (ex: Borderline Personality Disorder) 4) Different medical complications: -only half of bulimics get amenorrhea whereas it's almost a guarantee in anorexics. -bulimics suffer from damage to teeth, etc. related to purging abuse. |
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What is Binge Eating Disorder? |
a new disorder to the DSM-5 which is characterized by uncontrollable binge eating episodes; however, there are NO compensatory behaviors involved. Obesity is common with this disorder. |
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In what 3 ways does Binge Eating Disorder differ from bulimia? |
1) Not as driven by thinness 2) Doesn't necessarily start following a diet 3) No large gender differences in prevalence |
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True or false: there is no one factor that contributes to the development of eating disorders. |
TRUE. Most researchers use a multidimensional risk perspective to explain eating disorders. |
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What 3 main categories of factors may contribute to developing eating disorders? |
1) Psychodynamic factors 2) Biological factors 3) Societal Factors |
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In general, black girls in the US have been less likely to develop eating disorders. What did the study in 1995 that interviewed white and black teenage girls find? |
When asked to describe the "perfect girl", white teenagers described a physical appearance whereas black teenagers tended to emphasize personality traits. |
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What are 2 differences between males and females that might occur for the huge gender gap in eating disorders? |
1) western double standards for attractiveness (much more narrow set of standards for women) 2) When trying to lose weight, men tend to go for exercise whereas women tend to rely on dieting. |
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What did Hilde Bruch of the Psychodynamic perspective say about the cause of eating disorders? |
Early factors contribute--> parents may respond to their child effectively (they accurately attend to child/s biological/emotional needs) or ineffectively (they feed when child is anxious, comfort when child is tired, etc.) and kids in the latter environment grow up confused/unaware of their own internal needs and turn to external guides for cues. |
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What research evidence supports Hilde Bruch's ideas? |
Research shows that ppl with eating disorders tend to rely on the wishes/opinions of others and feel a lack of control. Also, they're unable to identify their own emotions. |
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Bruch's theory also addresses cognitive factors. What are 2 examples? |
1) Improper labeling of internal emotions/sensations/needs. 2) Cognitive distortions (such as "I must be perfect; I will be a better person if I deprive myself") |
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What 4 main biological factors may contribute to the development of eating disorders? |
1) genetics 2) neurotransmitters (in particular, low levels of serotonin) 3) Hypothalamus dysfunction 4) Body developing a weight set point |
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True or false: both anorexia and bulimia show similar genetic concordance rates. |
FALSE: concordance rates among siblings are higher for anorexia, implying that bulimia might be more culturally bound. |
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What 2 parts of the hypothalamus might malfunction? |
1) lateral hypothalamus=produces hunger 2) ventromedial hypothalamus= reduces hunger when stimulated |
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Regarding the body's "weight set point", what people are most at risk for developing anorexia? |
Those that are able to shut down their internal thermostat |
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What 4 kinds of societal factors may play a role in the development of eating disorders? |
1) Western beauty ideals 2) Members of certain subcultures (ex: gymnasts, actors) are at higher risks 3) Historically, women with higher SES backgrounds 4) Societally accepted prejudice against overweight people |
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What does Salvador Minuchin say about the role of family and developing eating disorders? |
He cites "enmeshed family patterns" as causal factors, including over-involvement in and concern about family members' lives. |
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What are the 2 main goals of treatment of eating disorders? |
1) Correct dangerous eating patterns 2) Address broader psych and societal factors (often involves family) |
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What are the 3 immediate aims of anorexia treatment? |
1) regain lost weight 2) recover from malnourishment 3) eat normally again |
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What are the most common weight restoration techniques for treating anorexics? Have meds been used? |
A combination of supportive nurse care, nutritional counseling, high cal diets, overcoming underlying psych problems and family therapy. There aren't really any medications for treatment. |
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What are the positives of anorexia treatment? What are the negatives? |
Positives: most (85%) of patients show consistent improvement years after initial treatment. Negatives: as many as 25% remained troubled for years; 1/3 of patients relapse; lingering emotional problems are common. |
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What kinds of cognitive-behavioral techniques have been used to treat bulimics? |
-diaries -Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) = making someone eat a forbidden food and making sure patient doesn't perform compensatory behavior to break binge/purge cycle. -helping patients recognize disordered thinking -group therapy |
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What's the difference in med treatment for anorexics and bulimics? |
Unlike anorexics, bulimics are often treated with antidepressants that may help in 40% of cases. |
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Like with anorexics, most bulimics remain partially or fully recovered after years. What can lead to a relapse? |
Stressful events |
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Relapses in bulimia are more likely to happen among people who have what 4 factors going against them?
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1) had longer history of symptoms 2) vomited more frequently 3) had histories of substance abuse 4) have lingering interpersonal problems |
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What does treatment for Binge Eating Disorder look like? |
Pretty similar to treatment for bulimia |
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What is a drug/substance? |
Any substance other than food that affects our bodies/minds. |
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What are 2 short-term effects of substance use? |
1) Intoxication (literally, "poisoning") 2) In some substances (ex: LCD), hallucinosis |
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What are 3 long-term problems from substance use? |
1) Substance Use Disorder=pattern of maladaptive behaviors and reactions from repeated substance use. Dependency and withdrawal. 2) Tolerance=need for an increased dose of a substance to get desired effect. 3) Withdrawal=unpleasant/dangerous physical consequences of ceasing substance use. |
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How does the DSM characterize a substance use disorder? |
Person must have at least 2 of the following symptoms in a 1-year period: -drug is taken in larger amounts/over a longer period than intended -persistent unsuccessful attempts to control use. -Social/work/school problems caused by substance -continued use despite awareness that substance is causing phys/psych problems -craving for substance -withdrawal and tolerance effects. |
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What race in the US displays highest rates of substance use disorder? Which race displays the lowest rates? |
highest: native Americams (21%) Lowest: Asian Americans (3%) |
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What do depressants such as alcohol do? |
Slow the activity of the CNS, reduce tension and inhibitions and interfere with judgment, motor activity and concentration |
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How do we define a Binge Drinking episode? |
When people consume more than 5 drinks on a single occasion. |
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How does gender affect blood alcohol concentration? |
Women have less alcohol dehydrogenase (an enzyme in the stomach that metabolizes alcohol before it enters the blood). |
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How does gender affect the prevalence of alcohol use disorder? |
Men are twice as likely to be diagnosed with Alcoholism. |
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What is the general clinical picture of someone who develops Alcoholism? |
In general, sufferers start out with relying on alcohol to enable them to do things that would otherwise make them anxious. Eventually, drinking interferes with social behavior, etc. |
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True or false: there's a lot of variation in the patterns of alcohol abuse among diagnosed alcoholics. |
TRUE: some drink everyday, some limit drinking to certain times and then binge. The main criteria for diagnosis is its effect on functioning |
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What is Delirium Tremens (the "DTs")? |
A rare case in the withdrawal of alcohol in which, in addition to normal withdrawal symptoms, Visual hallucinations and sometimes death occur. |
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What is cirrhosis? |
Scarring of the liver from long-term alcohol use that can be fatal |
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What is Korsakoff's syndrome? |
A vitamin B deficiency from alcohol use leading to memory problems (both storage and formation) and invention of false memories to fill in the blanks. |
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What is fetal alcohol syndrome? |
Syndrome characterized by facial deformity, retardation/developmental problems and potential miscarriage caused by women drinking alcohol while pregnant
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How do Sociocultural factors contribute to alcoholism? |
-Alcoholism is more likely to develop in ppl living w/ SES stressors such as lower SES background and unemployment. -ppl coming from social environments where alcohol use is accepted/valued are more likely to develop alcoholism. -ppl with a stimulating environment are less likely to develop alcoholism. |
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What does the Psychodynamic Model say about alcoholism? |
Caused by a lack of parental nurturing--> leads to a "clingy" personality that is overly reliant on relationships; this clinginess can extend to relationship with substance use as well. |
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How does the Cognitive-Behavioral model explain substance use disorders? |
Generally, proposes a "self medication"model. -Temporary reduction in tension as a result from drug use leads to trying higher doses/higher frequency as well as an eventual production of "expectancy" that the substances will be rewarding. |
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What are the 2 main factors that the Biological model proposes to explain substance use disorders? |
1) Genetics (alcohol-preferring animals tend to produce offspring w/ similar preferences) 2) "Pleasure Pathway"/reward center of the brian |
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How does the "Pleasure Pathway"/reward center of the brain play a role in substance use disorders? |
The NT dopamine (a pleasure-producing NT) is produced directly by some drugs and indirectly through other drugs. -It's possible that some addicts suffer from a Reward-deficiency syndrome where dopamine isn't released in normal circumnstances and ppl can only feel pleasure thru drugs. |
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Why is the inclusion of Gambling Disorder in the DSM-5 unique? |
It is the only recognized addictive disorder that doesn't involve addiction to actual substances. |
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What is the main treatment that Behavioral therapists propose to treat substance use disorder? |
Aversion therapy (uses classical conditioning) |
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What is the main kind of Cognitive-Behavioral therapy treatment used to treat substance use disorders? |
Relapse-Prevention training=goal is not to abstain but to gain control and cut back substance use to a reasonable degree as well as plan ahead for high-risk situations. |
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What is the main treatment of alcoholism proposed by the Sociocultural model? |
Alcoholics Anonymous=goal is to completely stop alcohol use |
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True or false: there are other behavioral addiction disorders listed in the DSM-5 besides gambling use disorder. |
FALSE: none else are officially recognized. |
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What are the 2 main categories of sexual disorders? |
1) Sexual dysfynction: problems with sexual responses 2) paraphilic disorders |
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What are Paraphilias? |
Intense sexual urges, fantasies or behaviors that involve objects of situations outside the usual sexual norms including: -nonhumans -children -nonconsenting adults -the experience of suffering or humiliation |
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When should a diagnosis of a paraphilic disorder be made? |
When the urges, fantasies of behaviors cause significant distress, impairment or places the individual/others at risk of harm. |
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What are the 2 main kinds of treatment for paraphilias? |
1) antiandrogens 2) covert sensitization |
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What role do antiandrogens play in the treatment of paraphilias? |
They lower androgen hormone levels in the blood and help control sexual urges. |
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What is Covert Sensitization? |
Pairing an unpleasant mental thought with the paraphilic thing that normally causes arousal to try and stop the arousal. |
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What are the key characteristics of a Fetishistic Disorder? |
Recurrent intense sexual urges, sexually arousing fantasies or behaviors that involve the use of a nonliving object (or nongenital body part), often to the exclusion of all other stimuli. Almost anything can be a fetish; ex: women's underwear, shoes, boots, etc. |
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True or false: men are much more likely to have a fetishistic disorder? |
true |
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What are the characteristics of a Transvestic disorder? |
Fantasies, urges or behaviors involving dressing in the clothes of the opposite sex in order to achieve sexual arousal. Development seems to follow operant conditioning. DIFFERENT than gender dysphoria. |
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What are the characteristics of an Exhibitionist Disorder? |
Arousal from exposure of genitals in a public setting. More often, the person wants to provoke shock or surprise as opposed to initiating sexual contact. Usually begins in males before age 18 and ppl w/ this disorder tend to be immature in their relationships with the opposite sex. |
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What are the characteristics of a Voyeuristic Disorder? |
-Repeated and intense sexual urges to observe ppl as they undress or engage in sexual activity. -The risk of being discovered often adds to the excitement. -Becomes a disorder when marked by the repeated invasion of other people's privacy. NO CONSENT involved. |
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What are the characteristics of a Frotteuristic Disorder? |
Recurrent and intense fantasies/urges/behaviors involving touching and rubbing against a nonconsenting person. -usually occurs in crowded places -almost always male -person fantasizes during act that he is having a caring relationship with the victim. -usually begins in teen years and starts to disappear after age 25. |
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What are the characteristics of a Pedophilic Disorder? |
Fantasies/urges/behaviors involving sexual arousal from prepubescent or early pubescent children. -both boys and girls can be victims, but 2/3 of victims are female. |
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What type of distorted cognitions do pedophiles tend to experience? |
-Most are immature, display distorted thinking and have an additional psychological disorder. -not uncommon to blame the child victim. -some believe that adult sexual activity with children is acceptable. |
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When does a Pedophilic disorder (what age range/developmental stage)? |
Usually develops in adolescence -some were sexually abused as children |
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What are the characteristics of a Sexual Masochism disorder? When is a diagnosis of a masochism as a disorder made? |
Fantasies/urges/behaviors involving the act or thought of being humiliated, beaten, bound or otherwise made to suffer. -Only diagnosed when person who experiences such fantasies become very distressed or impaired as a result. |
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When do masochistic fantasies develop? |
childhood; they seem to develop through the behavioral process of classical conditioning. |
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What are the characteristics of Sexual Sadism Disorder? |
Usually male, person is repeatedly and intensely aroused by physical or psychological suffering of another individual (in fantasies, urges or behaviors). -ppl who fantasize about sexual sadism imagine that they have complete control over a sexual vicitm. -many carry out sadistic acts w/ a consenting partner but some act out urges on non-consenting victims. |
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When/how does Sexual Sadism disorder develop? |
-first appears in childhood/adolescence. -many are concerned it develops due to modeling -primary treatment is aversion therapy |
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Why must we be cautious when considering paraphilic and sexual disorders? |
Their definitions are strongly influenced by the norms of the particular society in which they occur. In fact, some clinicians argue that, except when people are hurt by them, at least some paraphilic disorders shouldn't be considered disorders at all. |
