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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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dilemmas in defining abnormal behavior
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different cultures haver different views of what is abnormal
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definition of abnormal behavior
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“Behavior is abnormal if it is persistent and in serious degree contrary to the continued well-being of the individual and/or that of the human community of which the individual is a member"
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abnormal behavior according to Seligman and Rosenhan
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*suffering
*maladaptive *deviant *irrational/unpredictable/loss of control *vividness/unconventional (striking behaviors) *observer discomfort *violates ideals or morals |
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differning models of classification
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*categorical approach --> you either have it or you don't
*dimensional --> i.e. bipolar (most naturalistic) *prototypical --> someone meets all requirements |
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signs vs symptoms
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signs = appear
symptoms = what a patient reports |
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limitations of the DSM
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artificiality .. no one ever fits every classifier
the "stain" of labeling |
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main categories of Axis I and II disorders
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*disorders secondary to gross destruction or malfunctioning brain tissue
*substance-use disorders *disorders of psychological or sociological origin have no known brain pathology *disorders usually arise during childhood or adolescence |
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mental disorder terms
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acute - short in duration
chronic - time mild, moderate, severe episodic, recurrent |
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the extent of abnormal behavior
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epidemology - study of distribution of disease, causes, risk factors etc
prevalence - the number of active cases in a population during any given period of time (expressed as percentages) incidence - the number of NEW cases that occur over a given period of time (typically 1 year) lifetime prevalence - people who have suffered from a particular disorder at any time in their lives.. includes both currently and ill and recovered individuals |
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research in abnormal psychology
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observation of behavior
forming hypotheses about behavior sampling generalizing |
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control group
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comparative group.. group of people who do not exhibit the disorder being studied but who are comparable in all other major respects
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criterion group
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the people with the disorder being studied
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correlation vs. causation
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correlation - relationship between variables
correlation DOES NOT = causation |
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independent variable
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the factor being manipulated
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dependent variable
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changes as the independent variable is manipulated
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retrospective strategies
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looking backwards in order to reconstruct the clients developmental history
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prospective strategies
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focus on individuals who have a higher than average liklihood of becoming psychologically disordered BEFORE abnormal behavior shows up
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biopsychosocial model
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*biological factors
1. genetics 2. temperment 3. injury 4. drug use *psychological factors 1. learned material 2. resiliency *social factors 1. family 2. culture 3. peer influence |
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abnormal behavior during ancient times
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demonology, magic and gods
Hippocrates' medical concepts: dismissed the idea of deities --> believed mental disorders are like other diseases and had natural causes and appropriate treatment early philosophical conceptions of consciousness --> "one may commit an act when mad or afflicted with disease" .. |
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middle ages
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*mass madness - widespread ocurrances of group behavior disorders that were apparently cases of hysteria
--> tarantism - uncontrollable impulse to dance (spread to Germany & became known as St. Vitus's Dance) -- spider bite --> lycanthropy - a condition in which people believed themselves to be possessed by wolves and imitated their behavior *exorcism *witchcraft |
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humanitarian approaches
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resurgence of scientific questioning in Europe
establishment of early asylums and shrines |
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humanitarian reform
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*Pinel's experiment -- removed patients from their chains and were treated with kindness
*Tuke's work in England -- established a retreat where mental patients lived ..Quaker *Rush and moral management -- Rush encouraged more humane treatment of the mentally ill --> moral management: wide-ranging method of treatment that focused on a patient's social, individual, and occupational needs.. emphasized the patients' moral and spiritual development and the rehabilitation of their "character" *mental hygene movement -- advocated a method of treatment that focused almost exclusively on the physical well being of mental patients .. Dorthea Dix |
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why did moral management not last
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MENTAL HYGEINE MOVEMENT swept over the notion of moral management
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the beginning of the modern era
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*establishing the link between the brain and mental disorder
*general paresis/syphillis *brain pathology as a causal factor *development of a classification system |
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mesmerism
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animal magnetism
people desperate for anything that worked |
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the nancy school
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1. the phenomena observed in hysteria --such as paralysis of an arm, inability to hear etc-- could be produced in normal subjects by means of hypnosis
2. the same symptoms also could be removed by means of hypnosis |
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necessary cause
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a condition that must exist for a disorder to occur.. X has to be there for Y to manifest, but Y may not manifest
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sufficient cause
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a condition that guaruntees the occurance of a disorder .. if X occurs then Y will occur
example: hopelessness (X) is a sufficient cause of depression (Y) |
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contributory cause
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increases the probability of a disorder .. if X occurs then the probability of Y occuring increases
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diathesis stress-models
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theory that explains behavior as both a result of biological and genetic factors ("nature"), and life experiences ("nurture"). This model thus assumes that a disposition towards a certain disorder may result from a combination of one's genetics and early learning. The term "diathesis" is used to refer to a genetic predisposition toward an abnormal or diseased condition. According to the model, this predisposition, in combination with certain kinds of environmental stress, results in abnormal behavior.
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genotype vs phenotype
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geno: a persons total genetic endowment
pheno: the observed structural and functional characteristics |
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methods for studying genetic influences
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pedigree (family history) -- requires an investigator to observe samples of relatives of each index case to see whether the incidence increases in proportion to the degree of heredity relationship
twin method -- concordance rates are much lower for nonidentical twins than for identical adoption method -- the biological parents of individuals who have a given disorder (who were adopted away shortly after birth) are compared to the biological parents of individuals without the disorder (who were also adopted away shortly after birth) to determine the rates of disorder.. if there is a genetic influence, would expect to find higher rates of the disorder in the biological relatives of those with the disorder |
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biological causal factors
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chromosomal abnormalities
neurotransmitter imbalances -->synapse -->neurotransmitter hormonal imbalances -->hypothalamus -->pituitary gland |
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object-relations theory
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focus on individuals' interaction with real and imagined other people
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interpersonal perspective
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psychopathology is rooted in the unfortunate tendencies we ahve developed while dealing with our interpersonal environments
emphasizes social and cultural forces rather that inner insticts as determinants of behavior |
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attribution
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the process of assigning causes to things that happen
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attributional style
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a characteristic way in which an individual tends to assign causes to bad events or good events
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self-schema
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our view of ourselves
plays a role in how we interact |
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assimilation
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changing information to fit our schemas
ASS |
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accomodation
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changing our schemas based on new info that is coming in
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four types of parenting styles
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authoritative
authoritarian permissive/indulgent neglectful/uninvolved |
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stress
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the psychological condition resulting from challenges to our physical or emotional well being that exceed our coping resources and abilities
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eustress
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positive stress
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distress
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negative stress
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factors disposing a person to stress
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nature of the stressor
the experience of crisis life changes a person's perception of stress the individuals stress tolerance lack of social support |
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coping with stress
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task-oriented coping
defense`-oriented coping |
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stress and the sympathetic nervous system
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the pituitary gland and hypothalamus are activated
--> this leads to the production of hormones which stimulate the adrenal glands --> adrenal glands release several hormones related to stress including cortisol and epinephrine |
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general adaptation syndrome
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stress tolerance immediately drops..alarm & mobilization
--> resistence to stress --> exhaustion |
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adjustment disorder
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reaction to common stressors
*stress from unemployment, bereavement, divorce |
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PTSD
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*the traumatic event is persistently reexperienced by the person
*the person persistently avoids stimuli associated with the trauma *person may experience persistent symptoms of increased arousal *may experience impaired concentration and memory *may experience feelings of depression |
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fear
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a basic emotion that involves activation of the "fight-or-flight" response
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panic
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physiological -- heart rate, muscle tension etc
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axiety
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a complex blend of unpleasant emotions and cognitions that is more oriented towards the future
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anxiety disorders
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unrealistic/irrational fears of disabling intensity
*specific phobia *social phobia *panic disorder w/ or w/out agoraphobia *generalized anxiety disorder *OCD *acute stress disorder *PTSD |
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systematic desensitization
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1. develop fear hierarchy
2. relaxation training 3. imaginal exposure 4. in vivo exposure |
