Abnormal Psych Ch 7

Front 1

What cultures complete suicide most?

Back 1

European Americans and native Americans

Front 2

For every female suicide there are ---- male suicides.

Back 2

Four

Front 3

Who attempts suicide more, men or women?

Back 3

Women

Front 4

Mental conditions conducive to suicide

Back 4

Major depression and bipolar disorder

Front 5

Psychodynamic theory on suicide

Back 5

Anger directed inward

Front 6

Emile Durkheim

Back 6

one of the first people to study suicide - important figure from history - sociologist

Front 7

Some reasons for suicide

Back 7

to escape unbearable psychological pain

motivated by personal expectancies

reduced use or availability of serotonin

mood disorders

parental suicide

Front 8

mood disorders

Back 8

psychological disorders characterized by unusually severe or prolonged disturbances of mood

Front 9

two major forms of mood disorder

Back 9

depressive disorders

bipolar and related disorders (mood swing disorders)

Front 10

2 major types of depressive disorders

Back 10

major depressive disorder

persistent depressive disorder

Front 11

two types of bipolar disorder

Back 11

more severe: bipolar disorder

milder: cyclothymic disorder (cyclothymia)

Front 12

major depressive disorder

Back 12

a severe mood disorder characterized by depressed mood and loss of interest or pleasure in activities

Front 13

To diagnose major depressive disorder:

Back 13

must have 5 or more symptoms, more days than not, for a duration of two weeks.

Front 14

Common features of depression

Back 14

changes in emotional states

changes in motivation

changes in functioning and motor behavior

cognitive changes

Front 15

Factors that place people at increased risk of developing major depression

Back 15

1. age (young adult)

2. socioeconomic status

3. marital status (separated or divorced is higher than married or never married people)

Front 16

Seasonal affective disorder

Back 16

a depression specifier - subcategory in the DSM-5

changing of season from summer to fall and winter leads to major depression.

Front 17

Postpartum Depression

Back 17

this is not postpartum psychosis.

persistent and severe mood changes that occur after childbirth.

Front 18

Persistent Depressive Disorder

Back 18

Also called dysthymia. People feel down in the dumps most of the time, often for years, but are not as severely depressed as those with major depressive disorder.

Front 19

Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder

Back 19

a disorder characterized by physical and mood related symptoms occurring during the woman's premenstrual period.

Front 20

Double Depression

Back 20

dysthymic disorder and major depression at the same time.

remember that dysthymic disorder is the same as persistent depressive disorder.

the depressive episodes can be more severe for these people.

Front 21

Mania

Back 21

a state of unusual elation, energy, and activity

Front 22

hypomania

Back 22

a relatively mild state of mania

Front 23

Hypomanic episode

Back 23

includes no impairments.

less severe than full blown manic episode.

may feel charged with energy, heightened level of activity, inflated self esteem, more irritable than usual, little fatigue or need for sleep.

sleep is a KEY INDICATOR

Front 24

Manic episode criteria

Back 24

1. inflated self-esteem, grandiosity

2. decreased need for sleep

3. more talkative than usual

4. flight of ideas

5. distractibility

6. increase in goal oriented activity

7. excessive involvement in pleasurable activities that have high potential for painful consequences.

Front 25

Bipolar Disorder

Back 25

a psychological disorder characterized by mood swings between states of extreme elation and depression.

manic episodes are generally shorter and end more abruptly than depressive episodes.

manic episodes generally last from a few weeks to several months.

Front 26

Bipolar I

Back 26

applies to people who have had at least one full manic episode at some point in their lives.

some have never had a major depressive episode.

Front 27

Bipolar II

Back 27

applies to people who have had hypomanic episodes AND at least one major depressive episode (without ever having had a full blown manic episode)

Front 28

Cyclothymic Disorder

Back 28

a mood disorder characterized by a chronic pattern of less severe mood swings than are found in bipolar disorder.

Front 29

Treating Depression

Back 29

Therapy, meds, interpersonal psychotherapy (IPT)

Front 30

Interpersonal Psychotherapy

Back 30

a brief psychodynamic oriented therapy that focuses on a person's current interpersonal relationships.

Front 31

Psychodynamic theory of depression

Back 31

this theory holds that depression represents anger directed inward rather than against significant others

Front 32

Psychodynamic theory of bipolar disorder

Back 32

this theory holds that this disorder represents shifting dominance of the individual's personality between the ego and superego

Front 33

Research evidence supporting psychodynamic theory of depression and bipolar disorder

Back 33

self-focusing, inward or self-absorbed focus of attention is associated with depression especially in women.

Front 34

Psychodynamic treatment of depression

Back 34

help people understand their ambivalent feelings toward people (objects) they have lost

working through anger toward lost objects, people can turn anger outward through expression of feelings for example

can take years

MODERN: focus on unconscious conflicts, and more direct, brief, and focus on present as well as past conflicted relationships.

Front 35

Learning theories on depression

Back 35

emphasize situational factors, such as loss of positive reinforcement.

changes in reinforcements can shift the balance so that life becomes unrewarding

Front 36

the role of reinforcement and depression

Back 36

depression results from an imbalance between behavior and reinforcement.

can sap motivation and induce feelings of depression.

inactivity and social withdrawal reduce opportunities for reinforcement; lack of reinforcement exacerbates withdrawal.

Front 37

interactional theory and depression

Back 37

difficulties in social interactions may help explain the lack of positive reinforcement.

living with someone with depression can be so stressful that the partner becomes progressively less reinforcing

based on the concept of reciprocal interaction

Front 38

Behavioral approaches and depression/mood disorders

Back 38

focus is on developing more effective social or interpersonal skills and increasing participation in happy activities

this model generally called behavioral activation

Front 39

Cognitive theory on depression

Back 39

these theorists relate the origin and maintenance of depression to the ways in which people see themselves and the world around them.

Aaron Beck: the adoption early in life of a negatively biased or distorted way of thinking.

Front 40

Cognitive Triad of Depression

Back 40

the view that depression derives from adopting negative views of:

self, environment or world, and future

Front 41

David Burns' 10 cognitive distortions

Back 41

1. all or nothing thinking

2. overgeneralization

3. mental filter

4. disqualifying the positive

5. jumping to conclusions

6. magnification and minimization

7. emotional reasoning

8. "should" statements

9. labeling and mislabeling

10. personalization

Front 42

Learned helplessness (attributional theory)

Back 42

a behavior pattern characterized by passivity and perceptions of lack of control.

Front 43

People with learned helplessness attribute failures to these 3 things:

Back 43

1. Internal factors: personal inadequacies

2. Global factors: sweeping flaws in personality

3. Stable factors: beliefs that failures reflect fixed personality factors rather than unstable factors.

Front 44

What does cognitive therapy focus on with the treatment of depression?

Back 44

identifying and changing thoughts - cognitive restructuring.

Front 45

Brain abnormalities and depression

Back 45

brain imaging shows lower metabolic activity in the prefrontal cortex of clinically depressed people.

brain abnormalities in parts of the brain involved in governing emotions also.

Front 46

what neurotransmitters are increased with antidepressants?

Back 46

norepinephrine and serotonin

Front 47

Bipolar causes

Back 47

genes

diathesis-stress model. genetic factors and environment

Front 48

4 classes of antidepressants

Back 48

1. tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)

2. Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI)

3. Selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)

4. Serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs)

Front 49

Humanistic theories of depression

Back 49

people become depressed when they cannot imbue their existence with meaning and make authentic choices that lead to self-fulfillment.

focus on loss of self esteem that can arise when people lose friends or family members or suffer occupational setbacks.

personal identity and self worth connected.