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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Behavioral Medicine
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Interdisciplinary approach applying behavioral science to the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of medial problems. Also known as psychosomatic medicine.
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Health Psychology
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Subfield of behavioral medicine that studies psychological factors important in health promotion and maintenance
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How do psychological and social factors influence health and physical problems?
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1. They affect the basic biological processes that lead to illness and disease
2. Long-standing behavior patterns may put people at risk to develop certain physical disorders |
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Stages in response to Sustained Stress
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1. Alarm- response to immediate danger or threat
2. Resistance- we mobilize various coping mechanisms to respond to stress 3. Exhaustion- if too intense or lasting, our bodies suffer permanent damage or death |
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General Adaptation Syndrome
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Sequence of reactions to sustained stress described by Hans Selye. These stages are alarm, resistance, and exhaustion, which may lead to death.
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Stress
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Body's physiological response to a stressor
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Stressor
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Any event or change that requires adaptation
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Mobilizes our resources during times of threat or danger by activating internal organs to prepare the body for immediate action, either fight or flight. These changes increase our strength and mental activity.
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What system increases when we are stress?
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The activity of the endocrine system, primarily through activation of the hypothalamic- pituitary-adrenocortical (HPA) axis
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Endocrine System
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Regulates body functions to remain in homeostasis
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Neuromodulators or Neuropeptides
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Hormones affecting the nervous system that are secreted by the glands directly into the bloodstream
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Stress Hormones
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Cortisol and other related hormones
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What does cortisol activate and why?
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Cortisol activates hippocampus activity, which helps turn off the stress response
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Affect of increased levels of cortisol in response to chronic stress...
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Increased levels of cortisol in response to chronic stress may kill nerve cells in the hippocampus. If hippocampal activity is thus compromised, excessive cortisol is secreted and, over time, the ability to turn off the stress response decreases, which leads to further aging of the hippocampus.
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Sapolsky's baboon hierarchy findings...
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Dominant males in the baboon hierarchy ordinarily had lower resting levels of cortisol than subordinate males and when an emergency occurred, cortisol levels rose more quickly in the dominant males than in the subordinate males. Furthermore subordinate males have fewer circulating white blood cells, a sign of immune system suppression.
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Benefits of being at the top of a hierarchy...
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The psychological benefits of having predictability and controllability concerning events in one's life
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What is the most important factor in regulating stress physiology?
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A sense of control
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Sense of control and feelings...
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Feelings from less control to more control:
Depression-Anxiety-Stress-Excitement |
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If you are up for the challenge and confident stressors create...
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Excitement
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If something is threatening and you believe there is little you can do about it stressors create...
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Anxiety
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If you always perceive life as threatening you may lose hope about ever having control and stressors create...
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Depression (no longer trying to cope)
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If you face a challenging task you feel you could handle if you had the time or help you need, but don't have these resources stressors create...
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Stress
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Self-efficacy
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Perception of having the ability to cope with stress or challenges
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Immune System
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Body's means of identifying and eliminating any foreign materials that enter
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Antigens
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Foreign material that enters the body, including bacteria and parasites
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Autoimmune Disease
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Condition in which the body's immune system attacks healthy tissue rather than antigens
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Rheumatoid Arthritis
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Painful, degenerative disease in which the immune system essentially attacks itself, resulting in stiffness, swelling and even destruction of the joints. Cognitive-behavioral treatments can help relieve pain and stiffness
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Macrophages
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White blood cells that surround identifiable antigens and destroy them and also signal lymphocytes (first line of defense)
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Lymphocytes
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B cells and T cells
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B Cells
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Operate within the humoral part of the immune system releasing molecules that seek antigens in blood and other bodily fluids with the purpose of neutralizing them. They produce Immunoglobulins which act as antibodies, which combine with the antigens to neutralize them.
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Memory B Cells
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Created so that the next time that antigen is encountered, the immune system response will be even faster.
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T cells
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Operate in the cellular branch of the immune system. They don't produce antibodies
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Killer T Cells
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directly destroys viral infections and cancerous processes
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Memory T Cells
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Created to speed future responses to the same antigen
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T4 (helper T cells)
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Enhance the immune system response by signaling B cells to produce antibodies and telling other T cells to destroy the antigen
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Suppressor T Cells
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Suppress the production of anti-bodies by B cells when they are no longer needed
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How many T4 (helper) cells should we have?
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twice as many as suppressor T cells
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What happens when there are too many T4 cells?
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With too many T4 cells, the immune system is overreactive and may attack the body's normal cells rather than antigens.
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What happens what we have too many suppressor T cells?
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The body is subject to invasion by a number of antigens
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What does HIV attack?
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Directly attacks the helper T cells, which results in AIDS
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Ader and Cohen Rat Study
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Rats learned to suppress their immune system when drinking sugar flavored water after drinking the same water with an immune system suppressant for a matter of time. This proved that the brain and the immune system work together.
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Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI)
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Study of psychological influences on the neurological responding involved in the body's immune response
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AIDS-related complex (ARC)
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Group of minor health problems such as weight loss, fever, and night sweats that appears after HIV infection but before development of full-blown AIDS.
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What is the median time from initial infection to the development of full-blow AIDS?
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7.3-10 years
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Treatment for AIDS
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Highly Active Anitretroviral Therapy (HAART) (Does not destroy virus, just reduces it, also has significant side effects)
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Cencer
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Category of often-fatal medical conditions involving abnormal cell growth and malignancy
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Psycho-oncology
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Study of psychological factors involved in the course and treatment of cancer
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Benefit Findings
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When a patient with an infection, disease, etc. find an enhanced sense of purpose, deepening spirituality, closer ties to others, and changes in life priorities.
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Cardiovascular Disease
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Afflictions in the mechanisms, including the heart, blood vessels, and their controllers, responsible for transporting blood to the body's tissues and organs. Psychological factors may play important roles in such diseases and their treatments.
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Stroke/Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA)
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Temporary blockage of blood vessels supplying the brain, or a rupture of vessels in the brain, resulting in temporary or permanent loss of brain functioning
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Hypertension
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Major risk factor for stroke and heart and kidney disease that is intimately related to psychological factors. Also known as high blood pressure.
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Essential Hypertension
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High blood pressure with no verifiable physical cause, which makes up the overwhelming majority of high blood pressure cases.
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Raynaud's Disease
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Lose circulation to peripheral parts of their bodies such as their fingers and toes, suffering so pain and continual sensations of cold in their hands and feet.
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High Blood Pressure
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Above 160/95
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African American v White rates of hypertension
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African Americans are twice as likely to develop hypertension
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Is hypertension heritable?
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Yes, the offspring of parents with hypertension are at twice the risk of developing hypertension as children of parents with normal blood pressure
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Two factors central to the regulation of blood pressure...
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Autonomic Nervous System Activity & Mechanisms Regulating Sodium in the Kidneys
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Leukocytes
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White Blood Cells
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Psychological Treatment and AIDS
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Prevent risky behavior & reduce stress to keep the immune system strong
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Type (A) v Type (B) behavior pattern
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Type A (raises risk of CHD)- competitiveness, time-pressured, impatience, accelerated speech, anger
Type B (lowers risk of CHD)- relaxed attitude, indifference to time pressure, and less forceful ambition (people do not usually fall directly into one group) |
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Psychological and Behavioral Risk Factors of Coronary Heard Disease (CHD)
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Low SES, few resources, low prestige, stressful events, poor coping and lack of social support, negative cognitive styles, lifestyle factors
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Psychological and Social Factors in Chronic Pain
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Perceived control over pain and its consequences, negative emotion, poor coping skills, low social support, social reinforcement for pain behaviors
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Gate Control Theory
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Negative emotion (fear, anxiety) are more sensitive and vigilant in terms of pain
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Endogenous Opiods
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People with a greater sense of self-efficacy and control increased production of endogenous opioids when confronted with pain
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Men and Women Pain Mechanisms
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Men and Women may have different pain mechanisms and benefit differently from pain management
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Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CF)
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lack of energy, marked fatigue, pain, low-grade fever
most common in females stress and emotional instability are risk factors |
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Causes of CF
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High-achievement oriented lifestyle, fast paced lifestyle, stress, misinterpretation of consequences of illness
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Sharp's Theory of CF
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high achieving individuals undergo extreme stress or illness, then misinterpret symptoms as continuing disease that is worsened by activity and improved by rest resulting in behavioral avoidance, helplessness, depression, frustration. Chronic inactivity leads to continuation of these feelings. May try to compensate with long bursts of exercise
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Treatment for CF
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Medications ineffective
CBT: increase activity, regulate rest, address cognitions (most important) |
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Psychological Treatment of Physical Disorders
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Biofeedback: patient learns to control bodily responses, used with chronic headache and hypertension
Relaxation and Meditation: progressive muscle relaxation, transcendental meditation, relaxation response Comprehensive stress reduction and pain management programs: track when stress is experienced and use relaxation techniques to change cognitions |
