Abnormal Psych: Ch 1

Front 1

psychological disorder

Back 1

psychological dysfunction associated with distress or impairment in functioning that is not a typical or culturally accepted response.

Front 2

phobia

Back 2

psychological disorder characterized by marked and persistent fear of an object or situation.

Front 3

abnormal behavior

Back 3

actions that are unexpected and often evaluated negatively because they differ from typical or usual behavior.

Front 4

psychopathology

Back 4

scientific study of psychological disorders.

Front 5

scientist-practitioner

Back 5

mental health professional expected to apply scientific methods to his or her work. a scientist-practitioner must know the latest research on diagnosis and treatment, must evaluate his or her methods for effectiveness, and may generate research to discover information about disorders and their treatment.

Front 6

presenting problem

Back 6

original complaint reported by the client to the therapist. the actual treated problem may be a modification derived from the presenting problem.

Front 7

clinical description

Back 7

details of the combination of behaviors, thoughts, and feelings of an individual that make up a particular disorder.

Front 8

prevalence

Back 8

number of people displaying a disorder in the total population at any given time.

Front 9

incidence

Back 9

number of new cases of a disorder appearing during a specific period.

Front 10

course

Back 10

pattern of development and change of a disorder over time.

Front 11

prognosis

Back 11

predicted development of a disorder over time.

Front 12

etiology

Back 12

cause or source of a disorder.

Front 13

exorcism

Back 13

religious ritual that attributes disordered behavior to possession by demons and seeks to treat the individual by driving the demons from the body.

Front 14

psychological approach

Back 14

treatment practice that focuses on social and cultural factors, as well as psychological influences. Psychosocial approaches include cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal methods.

Front 15

moral therapy

Back 15

psychosocial approach in the 19th century that involved treating patients as normally as possible in normal environments.

Front 16

mental hygiene movement

Back 16

mid-19th-century effort to improve care of the mentally disordered by informing the public of their mistreatment.

Front 17

psychoanalysis

Back 17

assessment and therapy pioneered by Sigmund Freud that emphasizes exploration of, and insight into, unconscious processes and conflicts.

Front 18

behaviorism

Back 18

explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

Front 19

humanistic psychology

Back 19

personality theory and therapy emphasizing inherent striving of humans to reach their highest potential if conditions preventing growth are removed.

Front 20

unconscious

Back 20

part of the psychic makeup that is outside the awareness of the person.

Front 21

catharsis

Back 21

rapid or sudden release of emotional tension thought to be an important factor in psychoanalytic therapy.

Front 22

psychoanalytic model

Back 22

complex and comprehensive theory originally advanced by Sigmund Freud that seeks to account for the development and structure of personality, as well as the origin of abnormal behavior, based primarily on inferred lnner entities and forces.

Front 23

id

Back 23

in psychoanalysis, the unconscious psychic entity present at birth representing basic drives.

Front 24

ego

Back 24

in psychoanalysis, the psychic entity responsible for finding realistic and practical ways to satisfy the id drives.

Front 25

superego

Back 25

in psychoanalysis, the psychic entity representing the internalized moral standards or parents and society.

Front 26

intrapsychic conflict

Back 26

in psychoanalytic theory, a struggle among the id, ego, and superego.

Front 27

defense mechanism

Back 27

common pattern of behavior, often an adaptive coping style when it occurs in moderation, observed in response to a particular situation. Psychoanalytic theory suggests that defense mechanisms are unconscious processes originating in the ego.

Front 28

psychosexual stages of development

Back 28

psychoanalytic concept of the sequence of phases a person passes through during development. Each stage is named for the location on the body where id gratification is maximal at that time.

Front 29

castration anxiety

Back 29

in psychoanalysis, the fear in young boys that they will be mutilated genitally because of their lust for their mothers.

Front 30

neurosis

Back 30

obsolete psychodynamic term for a psychological disorder thought to result from an unconscious conflict and the anxiety it causes. Plural is neuroses.

Front 31

ego psychology

Back 31

Psychoanalytic theory that emphasizes the role of the ego in development and attributes psychological disorders to failure of the ego to manage impulses and internal conflicts. Also known as self-psychology.

Front 32

object relation

Back 32

Modern development in psychodynamic theory involving the study of how children incorporate the memories and values of people who are close and important to them.

Front 33

collective unconscious

Back 33

accumulated wisdom of a culture collected and remembered across generations, a psychodynamic concept introduced by Carl Jung.

Front 34

free association

Back 34

psychoanalytic therapy technique intended to explore threatening material repressed into the unconscious. The patient is instructed to say whatever comes to mind without censoring.

Front 35

dream analysis

Back 35

psychoanalytic therapy method in which dream content is examined as symbolic of id impulses and intrapsychic conflicts.

Front 36

psychoanalyst

Back 36

therapist who practices psychoanalysis after earning either an M.D. or a Ph.D. degree and receiving additional specialized postdoctoral training.

Front 37

transference

Back 37

psychoanalytic concept suggesting that clients may seek to relate to the therapist as they do to important authority figures, particularly their parents.

Front 38

psychodynamic psychotherapy

Back 38

contemporary version of pscyhoanalysis that still emphasizes unconscious processes and conflicts but is briefer and more focused on specific problems.

Front 39

self-actualizing

Back 39

process emphasized in humanistic psychology in which people strive to achieve their highest potential against difficult life experiences.

Front 40

person-centered therapy

Back 40

therapy method in which the client, rather than the counselor, primarily directs the course of discussion, seeking self-discovery and self-responsibility.

Front 41

unconditional positive regard

Back 41

acceptance by the counselor of the client's feelings and actions without judgment or condemnation.

Front 42

behavioral model

Back 42

explanation of human behavior, including dysfunction, based on principles of learning and adaptation derived from experimental psychology.

Front 43

classical conditioning

Back 43

fundamental learning process first described by Ivan Pavlov. An event that automatically elicits a response is paired with another stimulus event that does not. After repeated pairings, the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that by itself can elicit the desired response.

Front 44

extinction

Back 44

learning process in which a response maintained by reinforcement in operant conditioning or pairing in classical conditioning decrease when that reinforcement or pairing is removed also the procedure of removing that reinforcement pairing.

Front 45

introspection

Back 45

early, nonscientific approach to the study of psychology involving systematic attempts to report thoughts and feelings that specific stimuli evoked.

Front 46

systematic desensitization

Back 46

behavior therapy technique to diminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation.

Front 47

behavior therapy

Back 47

array of therapeutic methods based on the principles of behavioral and cognitive science, as well as principles of learning as applied to clinical problems. it considers specific behaviors rather than inferred conflicts as legitimate targets for change.

Front 48

reinforcement

Back 48

in operant conditioning, consequences for behavior that strengthen it or increase its frequency.

Positive reinforcement involves the contingent delivery of a desired consequence.

Negative reinforcement is the contingent escape from an aversive consequence.

Unwanted behaviors may result from reinforcement of those behaviors or the failure to reinforce desired behaviors.

Front 49

shaping

Back 49

in operant conditioning, the development of a new response by reinforcing successively more similar versions of that response. Both desirable and undesirable behaviors may be learned in this manner.

Front 50

7 examples of Defense Mechanisms

Back 50

1. Denial
2. Displacement
3. Projection
4. Rationalization
5. Reaction
6. Repression
7. Sublimation

Front 51

Denial

Back 51

refuses to acknowledge some aspect of objective reality or subjective experience that is apparent to others.

Front 52

Displacement

Back 52

transfers a feeling about, or a response to, an object that causes discomfort onto another unusually less threatening, object or person

Front 53

Projection

Back 53

Falsely attributes own unacceptable feelings, impulses, or thoughts to another individual or object.

Front 54

Rationalization

Back 54

Conceals the true motivations for actions, thoughts, or feelings through elaborate reassuring or self-serving but incorrect explanations

Front 55

Reactive Formation

Back 55

Substitutes behavior, thoughts, or feelings that are the direct opposite of unacceptable ones.

Front 56

Repression

Back 56

Blocks disturbing wishes, thoughts, or experiences from conscious awareness.

Front 57

Sublimation

Back 57

Directs potentially maladaptive feelings or impulses into socially acceptable behavior.