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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A response to a serious threat to one's well-being
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fear
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Anxiety is
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A response to a vague sence of threat or danger
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GAD (Generalized Anxiety Disorder)
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A disorder marked by persistent and excessive feelings of anxiety and worry about numerous events and activities
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What do fear or anxiety initiate
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the fight or flight system
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What is the most common type of disorder in the US
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anxiety disorders
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What is persistent irrational fear of a specific object, activity or situation
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Phobia
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What is a panic disorder
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recurring attacks of terror
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What is OCD
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When people feel overrun by recurrent thoughts that cause anxiety or by the need to perform repetitive actions to reduce anxiety
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People who are tormented by fear and related symptoms well after a bad event has ended
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Acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder
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Which disorder is described as free floating anxiety
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GAD
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How does the sociocultural approach explain GAD
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It is most likely to develop in people who are facing social conditions that are truly dangerous
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What is one of the most powerful forms of social distress
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poverty
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Is race tied in with the prevalence of anxiety disorders
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yes
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what did Sigmund Freud believe was used by children to control anxiety
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Ego defense mechanisms
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When children face actual danger what is it called
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realistic anxiety
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What is neurotic anxiety
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When children are repeatedly prevented by parents or by circumstances from expressing their id impulses
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What is it called when children are punished for expressing their id impulses
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moral anxiety
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According to Freud what are the causes of GAD
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experiencing high levels of moral, neurotic, or realistic anxiety or having a weak defense mechanism
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According to Freud what people are susceptible to weak defense mechanisms
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Over protected children
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Most theorists agree with Freud if not why
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Most do not but they do agree with his view the GAD is caused by problems with the childs early relationship with their parents
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How well does psychodynamic therapy work
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not very well but short term psychodynamic therapy has proven to help alot
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How does the humanistic approach look at GAD
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It arises when people stop looking at themselves honestly and acceptingly
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What was Carl Roger's view on GAD what perspective did he have
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Humanistic
He believed that children who fail to recieve unconditional positive regard from others my become critical of themselves and develop harsh self standards also called conditions of worth |
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When you use Carl Rodger's ideals how do you approach treatment
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client-centered therapy(show unconditional positive regard)
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How well does the client centered therapy work
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not very but it s better than nothing
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How does the cognitive perspective explain anxiety disorders
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dysfunctional ways of thinking
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What was the initial belief that cognitive theorists had about anxiety disorders that still continues
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maladaptive assumptions
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What is another word for a maladaptive thought
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basic irrational assumption
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Who is susceptible to maladaptive thoughts according to cognitive theorists and why
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People who have been filled with unpredictable negative events because they are constantly searching for the next negative event to happen
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What are the second-generation cognitive explanations
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Metacognitive theory and avoidance theory
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The belief that most problematic assumptions at work in GAD are the individual's beliefs about worrying
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Metacognitive theory
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How does metacognitive theory work
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People worry about the fact that they are worrying and that leads them to a disorder
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How well has the metacognitive theory proved as an indicator
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very well
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How does the avoidance theory work
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it says that worrying is a positive thing and that people who experience anxiety disorders have greater body arousal(heart rate ect) and worrying reduces this arousal
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What are the two cognitive treatment for GAD
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Changing maladaptive assumptions and Helping the clients to understand the special role that worrying may play in the disorder
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What is another name for the cognitive therapy that changes Maladaptive assumptions
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Rational-Emotive Therapy
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Which treatment gives clients homework that helps to change old assumptions
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rational emotive therapy
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What is the key therapy for the cognitive therapy that focuses on worrying
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psychoeducation
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What is it called when researchers determine how many and which relatives of a person with a disorder have the same disorder
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Family pedigree studies
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What is a problem with the family pedigree study
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Relatives shared disorders may reflect a shared environment and upbringing rather than genetic makeup
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What type of drug provides relief for anxiety disorders
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benzodiazepines
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How does Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) work
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It stops the firing of neurons that cause the fear response
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What is the leading biological approach and what are some biological interventions
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antianxiety drugs
relaxation training and biofeedback |
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What where barbiturates known as in the 1950's
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sedative hypnotic drugs
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What where the problems with sedative hypnotic drugs
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they caused drowsiness and it could kill with high doses and it caused dependency
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What is the problem with benzodiazepines
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when the medications are stopped the anxiety returns stronger than ever, secondly you can become dependent on them, third they mix badly with other drugs
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What is biofeedback
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people use electrical signals from the body to train people to control physiological processes such as heart rate or muscle tension
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what machine produces electrical feedback about the muscular tension in the body
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electromyograph(EMG)
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What is a phobia
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a persistent and unreasonable fear of a particular object, activity, or situation
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What are most phobias labeled as
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specific phobias (like spiders, rats, etc)
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Besides specific phobias what is the next most common fear
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social phobias
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What is another phobia associated with social phobias
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agoraphobia
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How do behaviorists believe that phobias are formed
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through learning to fear things through events or conditioning
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What is a way of aquiring fear through observation and imitation
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modeling
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What is the generalization of phobias
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stimulus generalization
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What is a predisposition to develop certain fears
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preparedness
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What are the major behavioral approaches to treating specific phobias
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desensitization, flooding, and modeling
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What is characteristic of exposure treatments
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they expose individuals to things or objects they dread
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Systematic desensitization
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gradually exposing people to things they fear
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What is a list of feared objects
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fear hierarchy
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What is it called when therapists repeatedly expose someone to a fear stimulus
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flooding
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What is vicarious conditioning
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another way to say modeling
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What is it called when the therapist confronts the feared object while the client observes
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modeling
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What is participant modeling
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when the client is encouraged to join the therapist in checking out the feared object
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What is the key to success in exposure treatments
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actual contact with the feared object
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What are some characteristics of people with social phobias
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they lack skill in starting conversations communicating their needs or meeting the needs of others
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How do clinicians treat social phobias
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They reduce social fears by providing training in social skills
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What is most often used to reduce social fears
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antidepressant medications
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do medications normally work for specific phobias
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no
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do rational emotive therapy and cognitive therapy reduce social fears
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yes they reduce the fears but in most cases they do not get rid of the fear fully
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What is it called when therapists combine several behavioral techniques in order to help people improve their social skills
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social skills training
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what is a panic attack
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periodic short bouts of panic that occur suddenly reach a peak within ten minutes and gradually pass
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when do you have a panic disorder
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when you have repeated panic attacks and experience changes in your behavior as a result of the attacks
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what is something that often accompanies a panic disorder
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agoraphobia
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What is agoraphobia
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the fear of leaving the house and travel in public places for fear of embarassment
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when are panic disorders likely to develop
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in early adolescence or early adulthood and the are more common among women then men
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what type of drugs are used for panic disorders
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anti depressants
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What is the locus ceruleus
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the brain area rich in neurons that use norepinephrine when this area is stimulated it causes panic attacks
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What are the important parts of the brain that are involved in panic reactions
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the amygdala and the locus ceruleus
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What do cognitive therapists think of panic disorders
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they think they are caused by a over reaction to a bodily stimulus
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What is anxiety sensitivity
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They focus on their bodily sensations much of the time and are unable to assess them logically and interpret them as potentially harmful
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What are the steps of treatment in cognitive therapy
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1 educate clients about the general nature of their panic attacks
2 Teach clients to apply more accurate interpretations during stressful situations 3 also teach coping mechanisms like relaxation techniques |
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What are obsessions
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persistent thoughts ideas umpulses or images that seem to invade a person's consciousness
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What are compulsions
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repetitive and rigid behaviors or mental acts that people feel they must perform in order to preform in order to prevent or reduce anxiety
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How is obsessive compulsive disorder classified
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when obsessions or compulsions feel excessive or unreasonable, and cause considerable stress and time or interfere with daily functions
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Why is obsessive compulsive disorder classified as an anxiety disorder
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because the obsessions and compulsions cause great anxiety
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When does obsessive compulsive disorder usually begin
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young adulthood
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How do obsessions take form
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obsessive wishes , impulses (urges to do something), ideas (germaphobes), images (visions),or doubts(concern of making the wrong decision)
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If a compulsive act is constantly done what can it become
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a ritual
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What are some common compulsions
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cleaning checking, touching, ect
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Do compulsions normally lead to violence
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no
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How does the psychodynamic perspective explain obsessive compulsive disorder
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children come to fear their own id impulses and use ego defense mechanisms to lessen the resulting anxiety
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What are the most common defense mechanisms in obsessive compulsive disorder according to psychodynamic theorists
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isolation, undoing, and reaction formation
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What is it called when a person disowns their unwanted thoughts and experiences to cancel out their undesirable impulses
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isolation
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What is it called when a person performs acts that are meant to cancel out their undesirable impulses
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undoing
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What is it called when a person takes on a lifestyle that directly opposes their unacceptable impulses
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reaction formation
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Does the psychodynamic approach to obsessive compulsive disorder work
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no not really
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How do behaviorists tackle obsessive compulsive disorder
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they focus on compulsions rather than obsessions
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How do behaviorists explain their theory to obsessive compulsive disorder
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the people who are stressd do something lie washing their hands and when the stress lifts they associate the relief with the action of washing hands
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What is exposure and response prevention
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clients are repeatedly exposed to objects or situations that produce anxiety and are told to resist performing behaviors the feel
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What does it mean to neutralize thoughts
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thinking or behaving in ways meant to put matters right or to make amends
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What is habituation training
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they direct client to call forth obsessive thoughts again and again
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How does the biological perspective explain OCD
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low activity of serotonin
and abnormal functioning in key regions of the brain |
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How does seritonin act as a neuromodulator
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it increases or decreases the activity of key neurotransmitters
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What has the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei been linked to
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OCD
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What does the orbitofrontal cortex do
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it regulates the sexual violent and other primitive impulses and sends them to the caudate nuclei (which filters out the stronges impulses)
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