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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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syndrome
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a group of symptoms that appear together and are assumed to represent a specific type of disorder
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Ways of defining abnormal behavior
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personal distress, statistical deviance, social non-conformity
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Harmful dysfunction
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a concept used in one approach to the definition of mental disorder. A condition can be considered a mental disorder if it causes some harm to the person and if the condition results from the inability of some mental mechanism to perform its natural function.
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Epidemiology
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the scientific study of the frequency and distribution of disorders within a population
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Incidence
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the number of new cases of a disorder that appear in a population during a specific period of time
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Prevalence
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the total number of active cases, both old and new, that are present in a population during a specific period of time
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Lifetime Prevalence
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the total proportion of people in a given population who have been affected by the disorder at some point during their lives
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Comorbidity
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the simultaneous manifestation of more than one disorder
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Etiology
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the causes or origins of a behavior
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Paradigm
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a set of shared assumptions that includes both the substance of a theory and beliefs about how scientists should collect data and test the theory
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Four paradigms
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biological, humanistic, psychodynamic, cognitive behavioral
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Biological Paradigm
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looks for biological abnormalities that might cause abnormal behavior
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Psychodynamic Paradigm
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asserts that abnormal behavior is caused by unconscious conflicts stemming from early childhood experiences (Freud)
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Cognitive behavioral paradigm
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views abnormal behavior-and normal behavior-as the result of different forms of learning
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Humanistic Paradigm
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argues that the very essence of humanity is free will, the belief that human behavior is a voluntary choice, not a product of internal or external events (also assumes that human nature is inherently good); behavior is not caused by internal or external events
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Holism
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the whole is more than the sum of its parts (a central tenet of systems theory)
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Reductionism
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the scientific perspective that the whole is the sum of its parts, and that the task of scientists is to divide the world into its smaller and smaller components
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Genotype
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an individual’s actual genetic structure, most of which cannot be observed directly at this time
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Phenotype
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the observed expression of a given genotype or genetic structure, for example, eye color
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Probands
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the index case, or person with the disorder
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MZ & DZ twin studies
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twin studies can provide strong evidence about genetic and environmental contributions to a disorder
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Monozygotic twins vs. Dizygotic twins
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twins are identical and share 100% of their genes and DZ twins are fraternal and share 50% of their genes
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Concordance
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concordant when both twins have or don’t have the disorder and discordant when one does and the other doesn’t
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Diathesis stress model
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suggests that mental disorders develop only when a stress is added on top of a predisposition; neither the diathesis nor the stress is enough to cause it
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Diathesis
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predisposition toward developing a disorder
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Reciprocal causality
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the concept of causality as bidirectional (or circular). Interaction is a process of mutual influence, not separable causes and effects.
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Systems theory
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an innovation in the philosophy of conceptualizing and conducting science that emphasizes interdependence, cybernetics, and especially holism-the idea that the hole is more than the sum of its parts.
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Equifinality
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a concept from systems theory that states that the same outcome (e.g. a psychological disorder) may have different causes. That is, there may be not one cause but multiple pathways that lead to a given outcome (disorder).
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Multifinality
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the same event can lead to different outcomes
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Classical conditioning
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learning through association
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Operant conditioning
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asserts that behavior is a function of its consequences (behavior increases if it’s rewarded or decreases if it’s punished)
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Risk factors
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events or circumstances that are correlated with an increased likelihood or risk of a disorder and potentially contribute to causing the disorder
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Behavior genetics
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studies genetic influences on the evolution and development of normal and abnormal behavior; study various human characteristics in an attempt to demonstrate that the behavior has a more or less genetic origin
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Classification
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subdividing or organizing a set of related objects
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Categorical approach
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they have it or they don’t/they are or they’re not
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Dimensional approach
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focuses on the amount of a particular characteristic an object possesses
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Threshold
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combines categorical and dimensional
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Reliability
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consistency of measurements, including diagnostic decisions
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Inter-rater reliability
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refers to agreement of raters about observations
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Validity
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meaning or importance of a classification system
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Types of Validity
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etiological, predictive, concurrent
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Etiological Validity
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concerned with causes of the disorder; concerned with the specific factors that are regularly and perhaps uniquely associated with a particular disorder
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Concurrent Validity
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concerned with the present time and with correlations between the disorder and other symptoms, circumstances and test procedures
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Predictive Validity
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concerned with the future and with the stability of the problem over time (will it be persistent?)
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etic perspective
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emphasis on universals among human beings from a position outside the culture of interest (outsider)
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emic perspective
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examines culture from within a culture, using culture-specific criteria
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Problem Suppression-Facilitation Model
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-culture suppresses (via punishment) some behaviors and models (via reinforcement and modeling) other behaviors
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Adult-Distress-Threshold Model
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culture determines adult thresholds for different types of child problems
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family incidence studies
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do disorders run in families?
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proband
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the index person in a family
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shortcoming of twin studies
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assume that pairs of MZ twins are not treated any more alike than are pairs of DZ twins
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Reciprocal gene-environment model
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genes might influence the environment that people seek out. environmental factors may bring out a genetic predisposition. the two are not independent
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3 properties of the DSM IV
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1)depends on observations and descriptions, rather than causes 2)categorical 3)multiaxial
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Axis 1
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clinical disorders:characterized by episodic periods of psychological turmoil
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Axis 2
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personality disorders and mental retardation: stable, longstanding problems
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Axis 3
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general medical conditions
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Axis 4
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psychosocial and environmental problems
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Axis 5
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global assessment of functioning (GAF)
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When is gaf score assessed?
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1)highest in last year
2)at intake 3)current |
