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99 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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define:
Emotion Affect Mood |
Emotion: a state of arousal defined by subjective states of feeling
Affect: a pattern of observable behavior that are associated with subjective feelings mood: durational emotional response (can change a persons perspective on life |
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Is deptression a mood or a disorder?
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it can be both
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What is Mania?
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the flipside of depression
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what are the 2 primary categories of mood disorders?
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unipolar depression, bipolar
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how can you determine if a person is sad or depressed? (5 things)
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1. it's across all situations and over time
2. out of proportion to circumstances 3. impairment socially 4. additional symptoms 5. it's a "strange" sadness |
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what are 2 emotional symptoms both depression and manic episodes have?
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anger/irritability and anxiety
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what are some cognitive symptoms of depression?
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trouble concentrating slowed thinking, easily distracted, difficulty making decisions
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what are some cognitive symptoms of mania?
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grandiosity, fast thinking, discracted easily
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define somatic symptoms?
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symptoms affecting physiological or bodily functions
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what are some somatic symptoms of depression?
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tiredness, sleep problems, change in appitite, los of sex drie
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what are some somatic symptoms of manic episodes/
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lots of energy, no need to sleep
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what is psychomotor retardation?
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slowed movement
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what is the most likely co-morbid syndrome with a mood disorder?
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Anxiety disorders
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who is emil kraepelin?
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a grenman physician who divided mental illness into 2 categories: dementia praecox and manic-depressive psychosis
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why is depression a controversial topic for the DSM?
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not all people have the same symptoms and there are broad varieties of depress
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what are the 2 unipolar disorders?
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major depressive disorder and dysthymia
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what major criteria must a patient meet to have MDD?
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at leas one major depressive episode and NO manic episodes
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In what 2 ways does dysthymia differen from depression?
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Severity (less) and Duration (longer)
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what must a person have to qualify for dysthymia?
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2 years of symptoms, sad more days than not, and 2 additional symptoms
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what is hypomania?
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mania but not severe enough to be called full blown mania
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what is Bipolar 1?
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a person who has exhibiited at least 1 manic episode and usually experiences MDD episodes
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what is bipolar 2?
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a person who has had 1 major depressive episode, 1 hypomanic episode, and no mania
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what is the difference b/n mania and hypomania?
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duration (4 days for hypomania vs. a week for mania) and Severity (hypo doesn't interfere with life, mania does)
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what is cyclothymia?
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a less severe form of bipolar that spans over 2 years and includes hypomania and some depression
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what is pseudologia fantastica?
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fantastic lying
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what is factitious disorder?
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when someone feigns sickness to assume a sick role. there are no external factors driving it.
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what is munchausens/facticious disorder by prox?
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making someone else sick to be the "caregiver"
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how can you tell if someone is a victim of factitious disorder by proxy?
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if the person gets better when they are away from the "caregiver"
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whats the difference b/n somataform disorder, factitious disorder, and malingering?
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somatoform wants attention and is preoccupied with the illness, factitious is to assume a sick role, and maligering is for external gain
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what is the individual specificity response?
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people react to the same stressor differently
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what is homeostasis?
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normal everyday physiology of a person's body
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what is allostasis?
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adapting to a new environment
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what is allostatic load?
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when you have too much stress and it takes a toll on the body
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what is the SAM system?
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the sympathoadrenalmedullary system of arousal to stress, the "fight or flight" system
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what is the HPA system?
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the hypothalamus pituitary adrenal system that arouses from stress over time. it produces glucocorticoids.
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what did Galen believe caused depression?
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black bile
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why are depression and heart disease comorbid?
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1 there is heightened sympathetic arousal (higher bp)
2. inflamation(artheriosclerosis) 3. heightened cortisol causes more platelets causes more clotting 4. depressed people don't exercise |
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why do people with mental illnesses die earlier?
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1. medical issues
2. poverty/stress 3. health care system |
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why do you get depressed when you quit smoking?
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1. cigarettes enhance seratonine, dopamine and norepinephrine. it also breaks down MAO
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How many people with be affected with depression?
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50%, 1/10 americans will have depression
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why are younger people getting depression?
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1. stress
2. breakdown of family structions 3. age of narcissim 4. pollutants 5. social isolation |
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what triggers bipolar?
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stress, not enough sleep, caffiene, substances, genetics
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when is the first bipolar episod for someone (typically)?
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22-25 years old
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why do you need therapy in addiition to meds with bipolar?
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1. educate yourself on symptoms 2. reduce stress3. help impaired relationships 4. help with debilitating depression
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what is ahedonia?
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lack of pleasure
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what is ahedonia?
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lack of plasure
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what is atypical depression?
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sleep too much and eat too much
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what is a "developmentally limited" illness?
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only occurs during the ages 18-25
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what is a "rapid cycler"?
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someone who has bipolar and has more than 4 cycles of high/low over 12 months
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what is mixed state?
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bipolar with both manic and depressive features
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what is bipolar III?
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cyclothymia
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what is bipolar IV?
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when a depressed patient is given anti depressants and it triggers mania
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what is Bipolar V?
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when a patient has a family history of bipolar, and comes in for depression, they are given mood stabilizers instead of antidepressents
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what is Bipolar VI?
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just mania
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what is Labile?
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fluxuation in moods
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what is treatment resistant depression or refractory depression?
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depression that doesn't respond to treatment
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what is double depression?
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when you have dysthymia and MDD
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what is hyper somnia?
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when you sleep too much
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what is agitated depression?
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when you are irritable, move alot, and have lots of energy
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what is retarded depression?
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when you have psychomotor impairments
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what is endogenous depression?
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when the depression just occurs, there is no need for a stressor to trigger the depression
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what is reactive depression?
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when you have depression in reaction to a stressor (death or loss)
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what are the 5 types of pharmicological treatment for bipolar?
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moodstabilizers (lithium)
anticonvulsants antipsychotics antidepressents benzodiazapines. |
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how does lithium work?
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it increases GABA and decreases Glutamate
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what are some problems with lithium?
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30-40% of people don't respond to it, it can be toxic, cause mental confusion, and it works slowly
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what are 3 examples of an anticonvulsant used for bipolar?
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carbamazapine, valproic acid, lamictal
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why might you want to use anti-convulsants for bipolar?
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they work more quickly.
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what are some biopsychosocial reasons for women to have depression more than men?
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bio: hormones, body changes, infertility issues, birth control issues
psycho: cognitive styles, more victims of rape/assault/abuse, marriage is going wrong Social: body image from media, poverty |
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who are the most likely people to commit suicide?
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older white men
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what are the gender differences in suicde attempts? completions?
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women 2-3x more likely to attempt
men 2-3x more likely to succed |
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why are men more likely to succeed in suicde?
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methods have more lethality (guns vs. poison)
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Describe the differences of suicide and parasuicide in:
situation purpose emotion thought |
situation: S=unendurable pain PS=intense but sporadic varied pain
purpose: S=End the pain PS=alert someone, get someone invovled emotion: S=hopeless PS=distressed thought: S=highly constricted, means to an end PS=planning |
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what is the best predictor of a successful suicide?
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previous attempts
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what is a lightbulb suicide?
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when someone appears to be getting better then completes suicide
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why are people who are poets, writers and artists more likely to have mood disorders?
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they have lots of ideas, energy, emotions and they have a shifting experience to draw upon
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How much has BP increased? What are 4 reasons for this increase?
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4000x
we are more sensitive to bp the DSM allows more diagnosis drug companies encourage diagnosis the symptamatology has changed |
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How are trantrums different between pedicatric BP and ADD?
Sleep issues? Nightmares? Agression? |
BP=more intense/prolonged than ADD
BP= more difficult to fall assleep than ADD BP= more intense nightmares BP=purposeful agression, ADD= random agression |
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what is depletion?
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when someone becomes lethargic, has no interest in life, is irritable, etc.
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what is SAD?
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when someone becomes depressed during the winter months, most likely connected to the circadian rhythm
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How can you treat SAD?
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10000 lux light, eating carps for the tryptophan
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how does tryptophan work?
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it allows seratonin to cross the blood brain barrier.
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what are STEPS to consider when perscriping depression meds?
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Safety
Tolerability Efficacy Payment Simplicity |
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what is the first anti-depression med tried?
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tricyclics
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what do MAOIs do?
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inhibit MAO (which breaks down seratonin, dopamine and norepinephrine
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what are the problems with MAOIs?
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food that conains tyramine can build up and could lead to death.
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what are SSRIs?
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Selective Seratonin Reuptake Inhibitors. give you more seratonin.
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2 examples of SSRIs?
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Paxil and Prozac
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what are the 2 biggest problems with Paxil and Prozac?
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insomnia and GI distress
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what are SNRIs?
1 example? |
seratintin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors.
effexor |
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what is wellbutrin?
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an SNRI that gives more norepeniephrine and dopamine. Largest problem is with insomnia
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Name two tricyclics
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Elavil and Tofranil
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what is the main goal with perscriptions?
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to find the maximum effect with the fewest side effects.
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describe the HPA system
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stress->hypothalamus->pituitary secretes ACTH->adrenal gland is stimulated by ACTH-> releases cortisol
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what brain structures are affected in depression?
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PFC (dorsolateral) decreased activity, PFC orbital and Ventromedial increased activity, anterierior cingulate cortex decreased activation ( attention and emotion connection), amygdala has problems
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what are the 4 types of suicide?
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egotistic, altruistic, anomic, fatalistic
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what is egotistic suicide?
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when they feel the world would be better off without them, depression is a culprit
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what is altruistic suicide?
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when the culture says they must commit suicide
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what is an Anomic suicide?
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occurs after a sudden breakdown in social order (economic trouble for example)
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what is a fatalistic suicie?
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when a person's living situation becomes unbearable (such as a slave)
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