Abnormal Psych 1

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abnormal - 3 criteria

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1. psychological dysfunction
2. personal distress
3. atypical or not culturally expected

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psychological dysfunction

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- breakdown in cognitive, emotional, or behavioral functioning
- inability to pursue social, occupational, and inter- & intrapersonal goals

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DSM

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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders

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Hippocrates (in the somatogenesis phase)
classified mental disorders into 3 catagories

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1. Mania
2. Melancholia
3. Phrenitis (brain fever)

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Hippocrates: Humoral Theory was...

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Normal brain function related to four bodily fluids or humors
1. Phlegm
2. Black Bile
3. Blood
4. Yellow Bile

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Phlegm

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sluggish and dull

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black bile

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melancholia/depression

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blood

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changeable temperament

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yellow bile

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anxiety/irritability

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treatment

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regulate the environment
rest, good nutrition, exercise
bloodletting
purging

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Emil Kraeplin

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classified mental disorders on the basis of clusters of symptoms, called "syndromes."

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2 major mental illness groups

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1. Dementia praecox (SZ) - chemical imbalance
2. manic-depressive psychosis (BP) - metabolic irregularity

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Louis Pasteur's Theory

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Germ Theory of Disease

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general paresis

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aka - syphilis:
symptoms: delusions of persecution and delusions of grandeur

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Josef Breuer

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cathartic method
he found hysteria due to repressed memories and emotions and used hypnotic techniques to help

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Franz Gall - Phrenology

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thought the brain is the "organ of the mind" and that brain areas have localized, specific functions

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phrenology

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personality traits, character and criminality could be determined by feeling the bumps and fissures on the head.
theory abandoned by early 20th century

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Manfred Sakel - Insulin Shock Therapy

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convulsions caused by overdose of insulin helped treat SZ

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Ladislaus von Meduna - Chemical Shock

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"biological antagonism" between epiepsy and SZ
Intravenous injections of metrazol

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Cerletti and Bini - electroconvulsive Shock Therapy

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electric shock applied to electrodes attached to head
-improvements in acute-onset SZ

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ECT benefits

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retrograde amnesia
very effective in treating disorders
decreased in the 60's and 70's due to effective medicine and misuse of ECT

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psychosurgery (frontal lobotomies)

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lesions of the frontal lobes: prefrontal areas amputated from the rest of the brain

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Gottlieb Burckhart (psychosurgery)

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removed portions of the cerebral cortex from SZ brains. patients became more "peaceful"

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insulin Shock therapy

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dangerous biological treatment involving the administration of large doses of insulin to induce seizures

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Egas Moniz (psychosurgery)

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first brain surgery to treat mental illness in Portugal in 1935. decreased the emotioinal distress, anguish, obsessions & compulsion's of his patients. IQ unaffected but changed person to childish, irresponsible & failure to carry out plans

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(psychosurgery) Freedman's "ice-pick" lobotomy

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sedation was two quick shocks to the head. then role back eyelid; insert ice pick, when certain depth is reached, move ice pick back and forth in sweeping motion

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ice pick

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advocated for individuals who were not seriously ill. Outcomes: death, paralysis, childlike, devoid of personality.and discontinued after Thorazine.

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NOW: Multidimensionial Integrative Approach

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approach to the study of psychopathology which holds the psychological disorders are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors

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NOW: Multidimensionial Integrative Approach
5 FACTORS

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biological, behavioral, cognitive, environmental and developmental

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Biological perspective - hypothesis:

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faulty biology causes a mental disorder.

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Biological perspective -
2 primary biological contributions

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- genetics
-neurochemisty

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psychosurgery (frontal lobotomies)

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lesions of the frontal lobes: prefrontal areas amputated from the rest of the brain

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Gottlieb Burckhart (psychosurgery)

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removed portions of the cerebral cortex from SZ brains. patients became more "peaceful"

Front 34

insulin Shock therapy

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dangerous biological treatment involving the administration of large doses of insulin to induce seizures

Front 35

Egas Moniz (psychosurgery)

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first brain surgery to treat mental illness in Portugal in 1935. decreased the emotioinal distress, anguish, obsessions & compulsion's of his patients. IQ unaffected but changed person to childish, irresponsible & failure to carry out plans

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(psychosurgery) Freedman's "ice-pick" lobotomy

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sedation was two quick shocks to the head. then role back eyelid; insert ice pick, when certain depth is reached, move ice pick back and forth in sweeping motion

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ice pick

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advocated for individuals who were not seriously ill. Outcomes: death, paralysis, childlike, devoid of personality.and discontinued after Thorazine.

Front 38

NOW: Multidimensionial Integrative Approach

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approach to the study of psychopathology which holds the psychological disorders are always the products of multiple interacting causal factors

Front 39

NOW: Multidimensionial Integrative Approach
5 FACTORS

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biological, behavioral, cognitive, environmental and developmental

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Biological perspective - hypothesis:

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faulty biology causes a mental disorder.

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Biological perspective -
2 primary biological contributions

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- genetics
-neurochemisty

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Behavioral Genetics: (def)

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study of individual differences in behavior that are attributable in part to differences in genetic makeup.

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behavioral genetics: 3 differences

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-genotype
-phenotype
-heritability

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genotype

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specific genetic makeup of an individual. it is what is INHERITED

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phenotype

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observable characteristics or behaviors of an individual. (the syndrome) a predispostion for a disorder may be inherited, not the disorder itself

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syndrome

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classification of clinical disorders

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identical twins (MZ)

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monozygotic twins who share identical genotypes share common characteristics such as a disorder

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(twin method) concordance rates

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similarity of a diagnosis or traits within a pair of twins

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(twin method) random mating

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if people choose mates with characteristics similar to themselves, then DZ twins could share more than 50% of their genes. however two-fold increase in genetic overlap in MZ vs. DZ should outweigh any complications.

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Diathesis-stress model

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hypothesis that both an inherited tendency (a vulnerability) and specific stressful conditions are required to produce a disorder. but vulnerability doesn't guarantee development of the disorder

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panic attacks

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abrupt experience of intense fear or discomfort accompanied by a number of physical symptoms, such as dizziness or heart palpitations

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Reciprocal gene-environment model

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hypothesis that people with a genetic predispostion for disorder may also have a genetic tendency to create environmental risk factors that promote the disorder

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neurochemistry

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psychopathology caused by a breakdown in 1 or more biochemical processes

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neurotransmitters

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chemicals released from axon terminals by neuron firing

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neurochemistry
-Agonists

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mimic NT effects
block reuptake (Prozac)

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- Antagonists

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-inhibit or block NT production
-occupy receptor sites

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inverse agonists

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produce effects opposite to those produced by the NT
-increase production of competing biochemical substances that deactivate the NT

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Reductionism

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the complex and emotional processes involved in mental disorders can NOT be reduced to simple biology

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Behaviorism

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abnormal behavior is learned the same way as "typical" behavior - through interactions with the environment

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classical (respondent) conditioning - Ivan Pavlov

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repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response until the neutral stimulus elicits that response by itself

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extinction

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elimination of the CR by repeated presentation of the CS without the UCS

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"Neurotic Paradox"

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fear increases over successive non-reinforced presentations of the CS

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Law of Effect

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thorndike.
interested in the effect that consequences have on behavior.
def. behavior followed by pleasant consequences increases in frequency and vice versa

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Principle of Reinforcement

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= Law of Effect

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Operant (Instrumental) Conditioning

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fundamental behavioral learning process in which responses are modified by there consequences

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Systematic Desensitization

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behavioral therapy technique to deminish excessive fears, involving gradual exposure to the feared stimulus paired with a positive coping experience, usually relaxation. (based on classical conditioning)

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counter conditioning (reciprocal inhibition) Therapy

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relearning by eliciting a new response in the presence of a feared stimulus.
technique: pair feared stimulus with pleasurable (incompatible) responses/behaviors

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underlying assumption

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learning is mediated by cognitive representations

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cognition

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the mental processes of thinking, perceiving, judging, reasoning, and planning

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schema

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a mental structure for organizing information about the world and integrating new information with old

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rational emotive therapy (albert Ellis)

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treatment approach that seeks to identify and eliminate irrational beliefs that may cause maladaptive emotions and behavior

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cognitive therapy

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treatment approach that involves identifying and altering negative thinking styles related to psychological disorders such as depression and anxiety and replacing them with more positive beliefs and attitudes--and, ultimately, more adaptive behavior and coping styles

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cognitive-behavioral therapy

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group of treatment procedures aimed at identifying and modifying faulty thought processes, attitudes and attributions, and problem behaviors; often used synonymously with cognitive therapy

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Dysfunctional beliefs (aaron beck's cognitive theory)

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general attitudes that develop early in life and make one vulnerable to psychopathology

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diathesis stress model

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hypothesis that both an inherited tendency (a vulnerability) and specific stressful conditions are required to produce a disorder

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rational emotive therapy (Ellis) cognitive-behavioral

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treatment approach that seeks to identify and eliminate irrational beliefs that may cause maladaptive emotions and behavior.