Abnormal Psyc- Chapter 5

Front 1

Anxiety

Back 1

Affective state where you feel threatened by potential occurrence of a future negative event.

Front 2

Fear

Back 2

More primitive, occurs in response to a real or perceived current threat. Present oriented.

Front 3

Panic

Back 3

Extreme fear reaction triggered even though there is nothing to be afraid of. "False alarm"

Front 4

Neurosis

Back 4

Anxiety used to be classified as along with somatoform and dissociative disorders. People who are not psychotic but still have emotional problems. Disturbance in CNS.

Front 5

Neural Fear Circuit

Back 5

Begins with registry of sensory info at thalamus then amygdala then hypothalamus then midbrain which brings to brain stem and spinal cord which connect autonomic and behavioural outputs.

Front 6

Benzodiazepines

Back 6

Anti-anxiety, GABA-mediated inhibition of fear system. Mild tranquilizers.

Front 7

Two-factor Theory

Back 7

Mowrer. Fears develop through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning. Lessen anxiety by avoiding CS, negatively enforced. Only helps in short term, increased anxiety in long term.

Front 8

Vicarious Learning

Back 8

Observing reactions of other people, develop fears.

Front 9

Beck on Fear

Back 9

People are afraid because of biased perceptions about the world, future and themselves. Anxious people see the world as dangerous, future uncertain and themselves as ill-equipped to deal with.

Front 10

Panic Attack

Back 10

Sudden rush of intense fear or discomfort. Need 4 out of 13 symptoms in DSM to be diagnosed.

Front 11

Agoraphobia

Back 11

Anxiety about being in places or situations.

Front 12

Behavioural Avoidance Test (BAT)

Back 12

Enter situations that they would typically avoid, give a rating of anticipatory anxiety and actual anxiety.

Front 13

Symptom Induction Test

Back 13

May ask to hyperventilate, shake his or her head from side to side to bring on symptom of panic.

Front 14

Anxiety Sensitivity Index

Back 14

Measures individual's fear of anxiety-related symptoms.

Front 15

Nocturnal Panic

Back 15

Attacks that occur while sleeping.

Front 16

Anxiety Sensitivity

Back 16

Somatic symptoms related to anxiety will have negative consequences that extend beyond panic episode itself.

Front 17

Alarm Theory

Back 17

Barlow. When real danger is present "True Alarm" occurs. System can be activated by emotional cues, "false alarms". The panic attack or what triggered it, becomes associated with neutral cues through classical conditioning and the person may fear internal sensations or external stimuli.

Front 18

Phobias

Back 18

Excessive and unreasonable fear reactions. Animal type, nocturnal environment, blood injection-injury, situational, other type.

Front 19

Equipotentiality Premise

Back 19

All neutral stimuli have an equal potential for becoming phobias. *Not actually the case.

Front 20

Non-associative Model

Back 20

Process of evolution has endowed humans to respond fearfully to a select group of stimuli thus learning is necessary to develop these fears. These stimuli elicit fear because too dangerous for humans to fear through actual experience.

Front 21

Biological Prepardness

Back 21

Natural selection has equipped humans with predisposition to fear objects and situations that represented threats to our species over the course of our evolutionary heritage.

Front 22

Disgust Sensitivity

Back 22

Degree to which people are susceptible to being disgusted by a variety of stimuli.

Front 23

Social Phobia

Back 23

Marked and persistent fear of social of performance-related situations. Fear of acting in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing. Fear of being evaluated negatively.

Front 24

Non-generalized Phobia

Back 24

Fear or specific social situations of activities.

Front 25

Generalized Phobia

Back 25

Fear of most social settings and interactions. More disabling.

Front 26

Behavioural Inhibition

Back 26

Temperamental characteristic of some children to respond to new situations with heightened arousal. Twice as likely to develop social phobia.

Front 27

Public Self-consciousness

Back 27

Awareness of oneself as an object of attention. See one's actions as outside observer.

Front 28

Interpersonal Disorder

Back 28

Associated with marked disrupted to relate with other people.

Front 29

Interpersonal Disorder

Back 29

Associated with marked disruption in ability to relate with other people.

Front 30

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder

Back 30

Recurrent obsessions and compulsions.

Front 31

Obsessions

Back 31

Recurrent and uncontrollable thoughts, impulses or ideas that person finds anxiety-provoking.

Front 32

Compulsions

Back 32

Repetitive behaviours or cognitive acts intended to decrease anxiety.

Front 33

Neutralizations

Back 33

Behavioural or mental acts to try and prevent, cancel or undo feared consequences and distress caused by obsession. Normal and common activity.

Front 34

Thought-action Fusion (TAF)

Back 34

2 types of irrational thinking:
1. Having a thought increases problem that thought will come true.
2. Having particular thought is moral equivalent to action

Front 35

Serotonin Hypothesis

Back 35

Abnormalities in serotonin cause OCD symptoms. SSRI's alleviate OCD. INCONCLUSIVE.

Front 36

Rebound Effect

Back 36

Trying to suppress obsessional thought can increase their frequency.

Front 37

Compulsions Persist Because...

Back 37

1. They decrease severity of anxiety
2. They decrease the frequency of obsessions
3. "Prevent" obsessions from coming true

Front 38

PTSD

Back 38

Ensues following exposure to traumatic life event. Event must involve actual or threatened death/injury or threat of physical integrity of self/others and intense fear helplessness or horror.

Front 39

Flashbacks

Back 39

Transient breaks from reality, visual and auditory hallucinations.

Front 40

Emotional Numbing

Back 40

Inability to experience emotions.

Front 41

Acts of Commision

Back 41

Things he said or did.

Front 42

Acts of Omission

Back 42

Things he did not do.

Front 43

Uncomplicated PTSD

Back 43

Reaction to one event.

Front 44

Dual Representation Theory

Back 44

Differences in way traumatic memories and non-traumatic memories may be stored and retrieved in non-verbal sensory-based form. Treatment by transferring loosely connected sensory-based memories into verbal form.

Front 45

GAD

Back 45

Uncontrollable and excessive worry. Worry must be present more days than not for at least 6 months and 3 or more symptoms of anxiety

Front 46

Intolerance of Uncertainty

Back 46

Discomfort with ambiguity and uncertainty.

Front 47

MAO Inhibitors

Back 47

Increase the number of these transmitters, adverse effects digestive and cardio system.

Front 48

Tricyclic Antidepressants

Back 48

Block reuptake of norepinepherine and serotonin. OCD.

Front 49

SSRI's

Back 49

Affinity for serotonin receptors side effects more tolerable.

Front 50

Azapirones

Back 50

Anxiolytic effects through serotonin and dopamine.

Front 51

Venlafaxine Hydrochloride

Back 51

GAD. Increase norepinepherine, dopamine and serotonin. Fewer side effects than in SSRI's.

Front 52

Goal of Cognitive Restructuring

Back 52

Get healthier and more evidence based thoughts, to adjust the imbalance between perceived risk and resource.

Front 53

Systematic Desensitization

Back 53

Wolpe. Develop a fear hierarchy (list of feared objects or situations), imagine lowest feared and combine with relaxation response and gradually work their way up. GAD.

Front 54

In Vivo Exposure

Back 54

Real life exposure, more effective than imaginal.

Front 55

Worry Imagery Exposure

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Exposure to feared images related to worries.

Front 56

Gradual Exposure

Back 56

Approaches items in fear hierarchy at decreased level of intensity and work up over time.

Front 57

Flooding/Intense Exposure

Back 57

Start at very high level of intensity.

Front 58

Interoceptive Exposure

Back 58

Panic disorder. Induction of physical sensations.

Front 59

Ritual Prevention

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OCD. Promoting abstinence from rituals that while decrease anxiety in short reinforce obsession in long term.

Front 60

Subtle Avoidance

Back 60

Distraction strategies or other "Safety behaviour". Covert avoidance.

Front 61

Breathing Retraining

Back 61

How to breath using diaphragm, different breathing relates to different emotional states. Thoratic breathing can produce hyperventilation symptoms that can lead to panic attacks.

Front 62

Mental Relaxation

Back 62

Guided imagery exercises describe positive thoughts.

Front 63

Physical Relaxation

Back 63

Progressive muscle relaxation. Tensing and releasing muscle groups.

Front 64

Mindfulness-based Stategies

Back 64

Practice sitting and moving, meditation to increase psychological well being, physical health and stress management. Cultivate state of present-focused "being".

Front 65

Virtual Reality Technology

Back 65

Virtual environment to expose individuals to objects they fear.

Front 66

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing

Back 66

PTSD. Remember event and focus on oscillating stimulus.

Front 67

Panic Control Treatment

Back 67

Barlow. Psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, breathing retraining, applied relaxation, interoceptive exposure and in vivo exposure.

Front 68

Cognitive Behaviour Group Therapy

Back 68

Both cognitive restructuring and exposure. Practice social interactions and role-play. Better protected against relapse against relapse than those on just medication.

Front 69

D-Cycloserine

Back 69

Antibiotic, can increase learning in exposure treatment for social anxiety, works on glutamanergic in amygdala.