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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anxiety
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Affective state where you feel threatened by potential occurrence of a future negative event.
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Fear
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More primitive, occurs in response to a real or perceived current threat. Present oriented.
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Panic
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Extreme fear reaction triggered even though there is nothing to be afraid of. "False alarm"
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Neurosis
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Anxiety used to be classified as along with somatoform and dissociative disorders. People who are not psychotic but still have emotional problems. Disturbance in CNS.
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Neural Fear Circuit
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Begins with registry of sensory info at thalamus then amygdala then hypothalamus then midbrain which brings to brain stem and spinal cord which connect autonomic and behavioural outputs.
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Benzodiazepines
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Anti-anxiety, GABA-mediated inhibition of fear system. Mild tranquilizers.
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Two-factor Theory
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Mowrer. Fears develop through classical conditioning and maintained through operant conditioning. Lessen anxiety by avoiding CS, negatively enforced. Only helps in short term, increased anxiety in long term.
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Vicarious Learning
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Observing reactions of other people, develop fears.
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Beck on Fear
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People are afraid because of biased perceptions about the world, future and themselves. Anxious people see the world as dangerous, future uncertain and themselves as ill-equipped to deal with.
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Panic Attack
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Sudden rush of intense fear or discomfort. Need 4 out of 13 symptoms in DSM to be diagnosed.
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Agoraphobia
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Anxiety about being in places or situations.
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Behavioural Avoidance Test (BAT)
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Enter situations that they would typically avoid, give a rating of anticipatory anxiety and actual anxiety.
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Symptom Induction Test
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May ask to hyperventilate, shake his or her head from side to side to bring on symptom of panic.
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Anxiety Sensitivity Index
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Measures individual's fear of anxiety-related symptoms.
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Nocturnal Panic
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Attacks that occur while sleeping.
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Anxiety Sensitivity
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Somatic symptoms related to anxiety will have negative consequences that extend beyond panic episode itself.
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Alarm Theory
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Barlow. When real danger is present "True Alarm" occurs. System can be activated by emotional cues, "false alarms". The panic attack or what triggered it, becomes associated with neutral cues through classical conditioning and the person may fear internal sensations or external stimuli.
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Phobias
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Excessive and unreasonable fear reactions. Animal type, nocturnal environment, blood injection-injury, situational, other type.
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Equipotentiality Premise
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All neutral stimuli have an equal potential for becoming phobias. *Not actually the case.
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Non-associative Model
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Process of evolution has endowed humans to respond fearfully to a select group of stimuli thus learning is necessary to develop these fears. These stimuli elicit fear because too dangerous for humans to fear through actual experience.
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Biological Prepardness
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Natural selection has equipped humans with predisposition to fear objects and situations that represented threats to our species over the course of our evolutionary heritage.
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Disgust Sensitivity
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Degree to which people are susceptible to being disgusted by a variety of stimuli.
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Social Phobia
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Marked and persistent fear of social of performance-related situations. Fear of acting in a way that will be humiliating or embarrassing. Fear of being evaluated negatively.
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Non-generalized Phobia
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Fear or specific social situations of activities.
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Generalized Phobia
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Fear of most social settings and interactions. More disabling.
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Behavioural Inhibition
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Temperamental characteristic of some children to respond to new situations with heightened arousal. Twice as likely to develop social phobia.
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Public Self-consciousness
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Awareness of oneself as an object of attention. See one's actions as outside observer.
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Interpersonal Disorder
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Associated with marked disrupted to relate with other people.
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Interpersonal Disorder
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Associated with marked disruption in ability to relate with other people.
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Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
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Recurrent obsessions and compulsions.
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Obsessions
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Recurrent and uncontrollable thoughts, impulses or ideas that person finds anxiety-provoking.
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Compulsions
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Repetitive behaviours or cognitive acts intended to decrease anxiety.
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Neutralizations
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Behavioural or mental acts to try and prevent, cancel or undo feared consequences and distress caused by obsession. Normal and common activity.
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Thought-action Fusion (TAF)
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2 types of irrational thinking:
1. Having a thought increases problem that thought will come true. 2. Having particular thought is moral equivalent to action |
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Serotonin Hypothesis
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Abnormalities in serotonin cause OCD symptoms. SSRI's alleviate OCD. INCONCLUSIVE.
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Rebound Effect
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Trying to suppress obsessional thought can increase their frequency.
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Compulsions Persist Because...
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1. They decrease severity of anxiety
2. They decrease the frequency of obsessions 3. "Prevent" obsessions from coming true |
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PTSD
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Ensues following exposure to traumatic life event. Event must involve actual or threatened death/injury or threat of physical integrity of self/others and intense fear helplessness or horror.
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Flashbacks
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Transient breaks from reality, visual and auditory hallucinations.
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Emotional Numbing
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Inability to experience emotions.
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Acts of Commision
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Things he said or did.
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Acts of Omission
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Things he did not do.
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Uncomplicated PTSD
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Reaction to one event.
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Dual Representation Theory
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Differences in way traumatic memories and non-traumatic memories may be stored and retrieved in non-verbal sensory-based form. Treatment by transferring loosely connected sensory-based memories into verbal form.
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GAD
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Uncontrollable and excessive worry. Worry must be present more days than not for at least 6 months and 3 or more symptoms of anxiety
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Intolerance of Uncertainty
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Discomfort with ambiguity and uncertainty.
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MAO Inhibitors
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Increase the number of these transmitters, adverse effects digestive and cardio system.
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Tricyclic Antidepressants
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Block reuptake of norepinepherine and serotonin. OCD.
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SSRI's
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Affinity for serotonin receptors side effects more tolerable.
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Azapirones
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Anxiolytic effects through serotonin and dopamine.
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Venlafaxine Hydrochloride
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GAD. Increase norepinepherine, dopamine and serotonin. Fewer side effects than in SSRI's.
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Goal of Cognitive Restructuring
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Get healthier and more evidence based thoughts, to adjust the imbalance between perceived risk and resource.
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Systematic Desensitization
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Wolpe. Develop a fear hierarchy (list of feared objects or situations), imagine lowest feared and combine with relaxation response and gradually work their way up. GAD.
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In Vivo Exposure
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Real life exposure, more effective than imaginal.
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Worry Imagery Exposure
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Exposure to feared images related to worries.
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Gradual Exposure
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Approaches items in fear hierarchy at decreased level of intensity and work up over time.
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Flooding/Intense Exposure
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Start at very high level of intensity.
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Interoceptive Exposure
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Panic disorder. Induction of physical sensations.
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Ritual Prevention
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OCD. Promoting abstinence from rituals that while decrease anxiety in short reinforce obsession in long term.
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Subtle Avoidance
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Distraction strategies or other "Safety behaviour". Covert avoidance.
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Breathing Retraining
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How to breath using diaphragm, different breathing relates to different emotional states. Thoratic breathing can produce hyperventilation symptoms that can lead to panic attacks.
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Mental Relaxation
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Guided imagery exercises describe positive thoughts.
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Physical Relaxation
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Progressive muscle relaxation. Tensing and releasing muscle groups.
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Mindfulness-based Stategies
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Practice sitting and moving, meditation to increase psychological well being, physical health and stress management. Cultivate state of present-focused "being".
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Virtual Reality Technology
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Virtual environment to expose individuals to objects they fear.
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Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing
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PTSD. Remember event and focus on oscillating stimulus.
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Panic Control Treatment
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Barlow. Psychoeducation, cognitive restructuring, breathing retraining, applied relaxation, interoceptive exposure and in vivo exposure.
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Cognitive Behaviour Group Therapy
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Both cognitive restructuring and exposure. Practice social interactions and role-play. Better protected against relapse against relapse than those on just medication.
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D-Cycloserine
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Antibiotic, can increase learning in exposure treatment for social anxiety, works on glutamanergic in amygdala.
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