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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Psychological Assessment
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How to get a diagnosis. Systemic gathering and evaluation of information pertaining to a person with suspected abnormal behaviour. Series of scores placed within context of history, referral information, observations and life. For a good assessment need the ability to measure some aspects of this person and know how people in general fare on this measure.
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Test-retest Reliability
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Degree to which test yields same results when given more than once in same person.
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Alternate-form Reliability
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Two forms of same test, word the questions slightly different in each. If there is a high correlation, there is high alternate-form reliability.
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Internal Consistancy
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Degree of reliability within a test. to what extent do different parts of the same test yield the same result.
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Split-half Reliability
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Measures internal consistency. Compare responses on odd number test items with even number test items. If there is a high correlation there is high split-half reliability.
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Coefficient Alpha
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Average intercorrelations on a test. High coefficient alpha, high internal consistency.
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Face Variability
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User of test believes the items on the test resemble characteristics associated with concept being tested for.
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Content Validity
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Test's content includes a representative sample of all behaviours thought to be related to construct.
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Criterion Validity
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Some qualities easier to recognize than to define. Test instrument that is being evaluated.
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Construct Validity
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Importance of a test within a specific theoretical framework and can only be understood in that framework when concept being measured is abstract.
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Clinical Approach
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No substitute for clinician's experience and personal judgement.
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Actuarial Approach
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More objective standard needed, more unbiased and scientific validity. Rely on stats, empirical methods and formal values.
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Computerized Axial Tomography (CAT)
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X-ray of brain. Two dimensional image/cross section of brain.
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Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
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Non-invasive, reveals structure and functioning of brain. Uses magnetic fields.
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Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
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Computerized tomography and radioisotope imaging. Radiation is generated by injected/inhaled radioisotopes. Measure variety of biological processes and activities as they occur.
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Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test
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Neuropsychological testing. Determines relationships between behaviour and brain functioning. 9 cards with lines and shapes, copy images then draw from memory. Errors in reproducing indicates neurological problems. Problem: many false negatives.
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Halstead-Reitan
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Category test, tactual performance test, tapping test, grip strength test and auditory test.
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Unstructured Interviews
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Open ended. No specific outline. Listen and understand. Develop rapport. Problem: not much reliability or validity.
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Structured Interview
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Series of specific questions, diagnosis. Epidemiological studies. Problem: not good rapport.
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Semi-Structure Interviews
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More freedom, set of questions but can ask different way or deviate.
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Mental Status Evaluation
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Screens patient's emotional, intellectual and neurological functioning.
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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)
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Mental age divided by chronological age and multiplied by 100.
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Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales
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Assesses fluid reasoning, knowledge, visual-spatial processing, quantitative reasoning and working memory.
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Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV)
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Verbal comprehension, working memory, perceptual reasoning, processing speed. Distinguished between intellectually gifted, learning disabled and intellectually disabled.
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Projective Test
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Person resented with ambiguous stimulus will project onto stimulus their unconscious motives, needs, drives, feelings, defences and personality.
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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Projective Test. Ink on paper, people see different things. "Percepts" reflect personality.
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Exner System
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Attempted to increase reliability and validity by standardizing scoring of responses of projective tests.
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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Drawings of ambiguous social interactions. Asked to construct stories about what is happening, what led to it, thoughts/feelings of the character and what happens next.
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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Assesses many aspects of personality, detects sources of invalidity. Mostly axis 1.
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Million Clinical Multiaxial Inventory (MCMI)
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Mostly for axis 2 disorders, understanding severity of depressive syndromes and over diagnoses of personality disorders.
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Personal Assessment Inventory (PAI)
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Self administered objective inventory of adult personality. Gives information relevant for clinical diagnosis, treatment, planning and screening for psychopathology, Uses Likert scale to assess symptoms from mild to severe.
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Person by Situation Interaction
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Knowing person's typical behaviour patterns and characteristics of setting.
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In Vivo Observation
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Observations made by participant observers, key people in clients environment. Problem: time constraint and unpredictability impractical.
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Analogue Observational Setting
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Artificial setting made to elicit specific behaviours.
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Reactivity
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Change in behaviour when people know they're being observed/filmed.
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SORC
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Cognitive-behavioural assessment. Stimuli, organismic response, and consequences.
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Description
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In clinical research, classification of clinical phenomena.
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Random Assignment
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Each participant has an equal probability of being in either experimental or control group.
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Experimental Group
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Exposed to a variable that is manipulated (Independent).
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Independent Variable
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Manipulate variable
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Dependent Variable
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Behavioural responses.
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Control Group
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Experiences all aspects of experiment except manipulated variable.
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Experimental Effect
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When differences in dependent variable are found to occur as a function of manipulation of independent variable.
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Pretest
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Assessment of participants on many measures prior to treatment.
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Posttest
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To get comprehensive picture of effects of manipulated independent variable, ***** on several dependent variables.
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Placebo Effect
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Expect to get better or report improvement to please experimenter.
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Placebo
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Looks and feels like substance being tested but doesn't have active ingredient.
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Double-blind
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Participants and experimenters don't know who gets medication or placebo.
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Internal Validity
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Degree to which changes in dependent variables are a result of manipulation of independent variables. If no other explanation for different, high internal validity.
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External Validity
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Generalizability of findings or to degree that findings in investigation apply to other individuals in other settings.
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Experiments
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Allow inference of causality. Difficult because need to control many factors. Internal validity low when strict control not achieved.
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Quasi-experimental Study
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Not randomly assigned, no manipulation of independent variable. Use matching of people with all same conditions except the key variable to those with key variable. Limits cause and effect. Meaningful analysis of many aspects of disorders.
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Confound
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Two or more variables exert their influence at same time, can't establish causal role.
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Clinical Control Group
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Similar to control but have pathology similar to experimental.
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Correlational Method
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Degree of relationship between two variables. Large number, behaviour not manipulated just quantitatively measures and analyzed statistically. Inexpensive, shows if meaningful relationship between two variables. Problem: impossible to make causal inference.
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Longitudinal
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Examine early factors that precede onset of disorder. Problem: demanding
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Case Study
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Describe past and current functioning of an individual. To provide a theory of etiology, psychological makeup, course of treatment and outcome. Benefits: rich detail about individual, can generate a new hypotheses about etiology, describe rare disorders and treatment. Supply counter-example to universally accepted principles. Problems: not scientific method, can't show cause and effect. Can't provide theory, no certain generalizability, clinician's theory background can affect.
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Single-subject Designs
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Intense investigation of individual.
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ABAB (Reversal)
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Quanitative measurement of naturally occurring behaviour in environment before intervention (A phase), treatment introduced and controlled (B phase), take treatment away (A phase) then treatment returned (B phase). Benefits: no personal bias, variables are defined, observable and measured accurately. Problem: Not generalizable.
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Epidemiology
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Study of incidence and prevalence.
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Incidence
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Number of new cases of a disorder in a year.
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Prevalence
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Frequency of disorder in a populations at a given point in time. Can't easily show causality.
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Proband
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Patient of person of interest.
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Concordance
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If proband and comparison person are alike on one characteristic of interest.
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Adoption Studies
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Separate effects of genetics and environment. People adopted away.
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Cross-fostering
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Adopted kids with biological parents with disorder and adoptive parents show none plus adopted kids who's biological parents show no disorder but adoptive parents do.
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Gene-environment Interaction
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Correlation between individual's genotypes and properties of their environmental experience.
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Statistical Significance
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If extremely unlikely that obtained results could have occurred purely by chance
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Clinical Significance
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Treatment's practical utility.
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Normative Comparison
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Compares treatment results to non-disturbed samples.
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Passive Gene-environment Correlation
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Biological parents determine genotype and quality of one's early experiences.
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Evocative (reactive) Gene-environment Correlation
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Individual's heritable behaviours evoke environment response.
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Active Gene-environment Correlation
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Heritable propensities by virtue of genotype will be more likely to actively select certain environments.
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