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139 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
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people with this have repeated re-experiencing of the traumatic event, have emotional numbing and detachment, and have hyper vigilance and chronic arousal
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Acute stress disorder
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occurs in response to traumas within one month and is short-lived, not lasting more than four weeks; symptoms similar to PTSD
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Adjustment disorder
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emotional and behavioral symptoms that arise within three months of the onset of a stressor; the stressors that lead to this disorder can be of any severity whereas the stressors for PTSD and acute stress disorder are extreme; used for people experiencing emotional and behavioral symptoms following a stressor but who do not meet criteria for PTSD, acute stress disorder, or another anxiety or mood disorder
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Re-experiencing the traumatic event
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experience intrusive images or thoughts, recurring nightmares, or flashbacks in which they relive the event
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Emotional numbing and detachment
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people become withdrawn, reporting that they feel numb and detached from others
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Hyper vigilance and arousal
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people always on guard for the traumatic event to recur
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Dissociative symptoms
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symptoms that indicate a detachment from the trauma and ongoing events; people becoming emotionally unresponsive and finding it impossible to experience pleasure
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Systematic desensitization therapy
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patient identifies what thoughts and situations create anxiety and work on them from least to most with help of relaxation techniques
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Thought-stopping techniques
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include the client's yelling loudly when realizing they are thinking about the trauma as well as learning to engage in positive activities that distract thoughts away from the trauma
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Stress management interventions
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teach clients skills for overcoming problems in their lives that are increasing their stress that may be the result of PTSD, such as marital problems or social isolation
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Affect-management therapy
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helps clients mange their negative moods better with the hope that they will be able to confront the overwhelming memories of their abuse
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Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR)
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client attends to the image of the trauma, thoughts of the trauma, and physical sensations of anxiety aroused by the trauma and at the same time, the therapist moves a finger back and forth in front of the client's eyes to elicit a series of repeated, rapid, jerky, side-to-side movements
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Somatoform disorders
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subjective experience of many physical symptoms with no organic cause
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Psychosomatic disorders
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actual physical illness present and psychological factors seem to be contributing to the illness
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Malingering
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deliberate faking of physical symptoms to avoid an unpleasant situation, such as military duty
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Factitious disorders
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Munchhausen's syndrome - deliberate faking of physical illness to gain medical attention
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Factitious disorder by proxy
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parents have faked or even created illnesses in their children in order to gain attention for themselves
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Conversion disorder
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loss of functioning in a part of the body for psychological rather than the physical reasons
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Somatization disorder
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history of complaints about physical symptoms, affecting many different areas of the body, for which medical attention has been sought but that appear to have no physical cause
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Pain disorder
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history of complaints about pain for which medical attention has been sought but that appears to have no physical cause
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Hypochondriasis
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chronic worry that one has a physical disease in the absence of evidence that one does; frequent seeking of medical attention
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Body dysmorphic disorder
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excessive preoccupation with a part of the body the person believes is defective
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La belle indifference
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people with conversion disorder appear completely unconcerned about the loss of functioning they are experiencing
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Glove anesthesia
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people lose all feeling in one hand
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Behavioral theory of conversion disorder
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people with conversion disorder attempt to behave in accord with their conception of how a person with a neurological disease would act in order to secure some end
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Dissociative identity disorder
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there are separate, multiple personalities in the same individual; these personalities may be aware of each other or may have amnesia for each other
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Dissociative fugue
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the person moves away and assumes a new identity, with amnesia for the previous identity
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Dissociative amnesia
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the person loses memory for important personal facts, including personal identity, with not apparent organic cause
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Depersonalization disorder
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there are frequent episodes in which the individual feels detached from his or her mental state of body; the person does not develop new identities or have amnesia for these episodes
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Organic amnesia
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caused by brain injury resulting from disease, drugs, accidents, or surgery
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Anterograde amnesia
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inability to remember new information
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Psychogenic amnesia
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arises n the absence of any brain injury or disease and thought to have psychological causes; rarely involves anterograde amnesia
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Retrograde amnesia
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inability to remember information form the past
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Depersonalization disorder
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have frequent episodes of depersonalization which interferes with the individual's ability to function
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Mania
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great enthusiasm for everything, fizzing over with ideas, talking and thinking quickly
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Bipolar depression
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alternation between periods of mania and periods of depression
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Depression
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energy and enthusiasm gone, slow to think, talk, and move
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Anhedonia
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lost interest in everything in life
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Psychomotor retardation
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people with depression are slowed down; they walk more slowly, gesture more slowly, and talk more slowly and quietly
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Delusions
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beliefs with no basis in reality
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Hallucinations
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seeing, hearing, or feelings things that are not real
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Major depression
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person experience either depressed mood or loss of interest in usual activities plus four other symptoms of depression chronically for at least two weeks; symptoms have to be severe enough to interfere with the person's ability to function in life
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Dysthymic disorder
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less severe form of depressive disorder but is more chronic; a person must be experiencing depressed mood plus two other symptoms of depression for at least 2 years
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Double depression
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people experiencing both major depression and dysthymic disorder; people are chronically dysthymic then occasionally sink into episodes of major depression
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Depression with melancholic features
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physiological symptoms of depression are particularly prominent
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Depression with psychotic features
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people experience delusions and hallucinations during a major depressive episode
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Depression with catatonic features
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strange behaviors from complete lack of movement to excited agitation are prominent with the depression
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Depression with atypical features
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subtype of depression with an odd assortment of symptoms
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Depression with postpartum onset
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when women had an onset of major depression within four weeks of the delivery of a child
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Depression with seasonal pattern - seasonal affective disorder
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have a least 2 years of major depressive episodes and fully recovering from them; people are depressed when daylight hours are short and recover when they are long
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Bipolar I disorder
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have manic episodes and depressive episodes
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Bipolar II disorder
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experience severe episodes of depression that meet the criteria for major depression, but their episodes of mania are milder
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Hypomania
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milder episodes of mania with less severe symptoms that do not interfere with daily life and do not involve hallucinations and delusions
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Cyclothymic disorder
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alternated between episodes of hypomania and moderate depression chronically for at least a two year period
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Rapid cycling bipolar disorder
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if a person has more than 4 cycles or mania and depression within a year
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Anterior cingulate
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plays role in body's response to stress, social behavior, and processing difficult information
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Perfrontal cortex
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reductions in volume of gray matter and reduction in metabolic activity in this place have been found in people with depression or bipolar disorder
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Hippocampus
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critical in memory and in fear-related learning and people with depression or bipolar disorder have a smaller volume of this
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Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA)
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the hypothalamus, pituitary, and adrenal cortex work together in a biological feedback system that is interconnected with the limbic system and the cerebral cortex; involved in the fight or flight response
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Cortisol
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help the body respond to the stressor by making it possible to fight the stressor or flee from it
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Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
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depressions suffered during the premenstrual period
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Behavioral theory of depression
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Peter Lewinsohn - suggests that life stress leads to depression because it reduces the positive reinforces in a person's life, the person then begins to withdraw which then results in further reduction of reinforcers, which lead to more withdrawal, and on and on
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Learned helplessness theory
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suggests that the type of stressful event is most likely to lead to depression is uncontrollable negative events; such events lead people to believe that they are helpless to control important outcomes in their environment
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Learned helplessness deficits
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belief in helplessness leads people to lose their motivation, to reduce actions that might control the environment, and to be unable to learn how to control situations that are controllable
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Helplessness depressions
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resulting when people come to believe they are helpless to control important outcomes in their environment
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Negative cognitive triad
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Beck - they have negative views of themselves, the world, and the future and jump to negative conclusions on little evidence, ignore good events, focus on the bad events
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Reformulated learned helplessness theory
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people who habitually explain negative events by causes that are internal, stable and global blame themselves for these negative events, expect to experience negative events in many areas of their life, and expect negative events to occur in the future
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Casual attribution
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explanation of why an event happened
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Depressive realism
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when asked to make judgments about how much control they have over situations that are actually uncontrollable, people with depression are quite accurate
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Ruminative response styles theory
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focuses more on the process of thinking rather than the content of thinking as a contributor to depression; when people are sad and upset they do not do anything about the causes but continue to ruminate
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Introjected hostility theory
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Freud - people with depression are blaming or punishing those who they perceive have abandoned them and are so dependent on the approval and love of others that much of their ego is made up of their images of these others; when they believe others have rejected them, they are too frightened to express their rage outwardly and instead turn anger inward on their own egos
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Contingencies of self worth
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children with insecure attachments develop expectations that they must be or do certain things in order to win the approval of others
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Excessive reassurance seeking
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constantly looking for assurances from others that they are accepted and loved
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Cohort effect
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people born in one historical period are at a different risk for a disorder than are people born in another historical period
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Tricyclic antidepressants
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help reduce the symptoms of depression by preventing the reuptake of norepinephrine and serotonin in the synapses or by changing the responsiveness of the receptors for these neurotransmitters
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Monoamine oxidase inhibitors - MAOIs
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enzyme that causes the breakdown of monoamine in the synapse and bring about increases in levels of the neurotransmitters in the synapses; treats depression
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Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors - SSRIs
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similar to tricyclic antidepressants but work more directly to affect serotonin
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Electroconculsive therapy (ECT)
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series of treatments which a brain seizure is induced by passing electrical currents through the brain and given to people with depression that have not responded to drug therapies
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Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS)
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exposes patients to repeated, high-intensity magnetic pulses on brain structures that show low metabolic activity
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Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS)
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vagus nerve is stimulated by a small electronic device; used to treat depression
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Light therapy
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helps seasonal affective disorder by resetting circadian rhythms
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Lithium
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most common treatment for bipolar disorder; seems to stabilize a number of neurotransmitter systems
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Anticonculsants, antipsycholtics, and calcium channel blockers
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effective in reducing symptoms of severe and acute mania
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Interpersonal therapy for depression - IPT
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therapists look for types of problems in depressed patients - loss of loved ones, interpersonal role disputes, role transitions, and deficits in interpersonal skills
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Anorexia nervosa
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characterized by a pursuit of thinness that leads people to stave themselves
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Bulimia nervosa
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characterized by a cycle of bingeing followed by extreme behaviors to prevent weight gain, such as self-induced vomiting
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Binge-eating disorder
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people with this regularly binge but do not engage in behaviors to purge what they eat
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Amenorrhea
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in women and girls who have begun menstruating, the weight loss causes them to stop having menstrual periods
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Restricting type of anorexia nervosa
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people with this refuse to eat as a way of preventing weight gain
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Binge/purge type of anorexia nervosa
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people with this periodically engage in bingeing or purging behaviors but these people are usually underweight and develop amenorrhea
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Bingeing
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uncontrollable eating
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Purging type of bulimia nervosa
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cycle of bingeing and then purging or using some other compensatory behavior to control weight
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Non-purging type of bulimia nervosa
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people who use excessive exercise or fasting to control their weight but do not engage in purging
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Partial-syndrome eating disorders
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behaviors that smack of anorexia or bulimia nervosa but don't meet the full criteria for the disorders
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Supportive-expression psychodynamic therapy for bulimia
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provide support and encouragement for the client's expression of feelings about problems associated with bulimia in a nondirective manner
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Tricyclic antidepressants and SSRIs for bulimia
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help reduce impulsive eating and negative emotions that drive bulimic behaviors
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Resilient children
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children who face major stressors and do not develop severe psychological symptoms or disorders
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Developmental psychopathology
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study of childhood disorders
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Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder - ADHD
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children that cannot pay attention, control their impulses, and organize their behaviors
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Conduct disorder
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children that's behaviors that violate the basic rights of others and the norms of social behavior
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Combined type of ADHD
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defined by the presence of six or more of the symptoms of inattention and six or more of the symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity
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Predominately inattentive type of ADHD
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diagnosed if six or more symptoms of inattention but fewer than six symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity are present
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Sluggish cognitive temp
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slow retrieval of information from memory and slow processing of information, low levels of alertness, drowsiness, and daydreaming
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Predominately hyperactive-impulsive type of ADHD
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diagnosed if six or more symptoms of hyperactivity-impulsivity but fewer than six symptoms if inattention are present
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Oppositional defiant disorder
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less severe pattern of chronic misbehavior than seen in conduct disorder; children with this frequently lose their temper or have temper tantrums, argue with adults, actively defy requests or rules, deliberately do things to annoy other people, blame others for their own mistakes, are easily annoyed, and are angry and resentful
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Separation anxiety disorder
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children that continue to be extremely anxious when separated from their caregivers, even into childhood and adolescence
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Behavioral inhibition
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children that are shy, fearful, and irritable as toddlers and cautious, quiet, and introverted as school age children
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Elimination disorders
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children that lose control of their bladder or bowel movements and experience shame and distress
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Enuresis
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when children wet their bed or clothes at least twice a week for three months
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Bed and pad method
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a pad is placed under a child while she sleeps and the pad has a sensor that beeps when it detects urine which wakes the child; through classical conditioning, the child learns to wake up when she has a full bladder and needs to urinate
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Encopresis
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repeated defecation into clothing or onto the floor and is rarer than enuresis
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Reading disorder - dyslexia
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involves deficits in the ability to read
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Mathematics disorder
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involves deficits in the ability to learn math
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Disorder of written expression
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involves deficits in the ability to write; children with this have severe trouble spelling, constructing a sentence or paragraph, or writing legibly
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Developmental coordination disorder
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deficits in fundamental motor skills, such as walking, running, or holding onto objects
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Communication disorders
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involve deficits in the ability to communicate verbally because of severely limited vocabulary, severe sluttering, or an inability to articulate words correctly
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Expressive language disorder
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children have a limited vocabulary, difficultly learning new worlds, difficulty in retrieving words or the right word, and poor grammar
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Mixed receptive expressive language disorder
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children have problems in understanding the language produced by others as well as in expressing their own thoughts
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Phonological disorder
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children do not use speech sounds that are appropriate for their age or dialect
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Sluttering
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children have problems in speech fluency, often including frequent repetitions of sounds or syllables
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Mental retardation
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involves deficits in a wide range of skills; defined as a significantly subaverage intellectual functioning
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Mild mental retardation
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children with this can feed and dress themselves with minimal help, may or may not have average motor skills, and can learn to talk and write in simple terms
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Moderate mental retardation
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children with this have significant delays in language development and may be physically clumsy and have trouble dressing and feeding themselves
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Severe mental retardation
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children with this have very limited vocabularies and speak in 2-3 word sentences; they have significant deficits in motor development and may play with toys inappropriately
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Profound mental retardation
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children are severely impaired and require full time custodial care and cannot dress themselves, tend not to interact with others socially
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Organic retardation
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there is clear evidence of a biological cause for mental retardation and the level of retardation tends to be more severe
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Cultural-familial retardation
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less evidence of the role of biology and more evidence of the role of environment and the retardation is less severe
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Fetal alcohol syndrome - FAS
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have low IQ, poor judgment, distractibility, difficulty in perceiving social cues, and inability to learn from experiences
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Shaken baby syndrome
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caused when a baby is shaken violently leading to intracranial injury and retinal hemorrhage and this can lead to mental retardation
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Mainstreamed
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putting children with mental retardation into regular classes
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Pervasive developmental disorders
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characterized by severe and lasting impairment in several areas of development, including social interactions, communication with others, everyday behaviors, interests, and activities
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Autism
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disorder in which children show deficits in social interaction, communication, activities, and interests; also might show milk levels of mental retardation
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Echolalia
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when children with autism repeat what others say
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Rett's disorder
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apparently normal development through the first five months of life and normal head circumference at birth but then deceleration of head growth, loss of motor and social skills already learned, and poor development of motor skills and language
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Childhood disintegrative disorder
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apparently normal development for the first 2 years followed by significant loss of previously acquired skills between ages 2-10 and abnormalities of functioning in social interaction, communication, and activities
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Asperger's disorder
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characterized by deficits in social interaction and in activities and interests that are similar to those of autism; no significant delays in language and show normal levels of curiosity about the environment and acquire most normal cognitive skills
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SSRIs for autism
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reduce repetitive behavior and aggression and improve social interactions in some people with autism
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Antipsychotic for autism
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used to reduce obsessive and repetitive behavior and to improve self control for people with autism
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Nalterxone
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drug that blocks receptors for opiates has shown to reduce hyperactivity in some children with autism
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