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172 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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angi/o
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vessel
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aort/o
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aorta
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arteri/o
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artery
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arteriol/o
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arteriole
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cardi/o
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heart
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coron/o
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heart
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phleb/o
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vein
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ven/o
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vein
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venul/o
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venule
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Aneurysm
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Local widening of an artery caused by weakness in the arterial wall or breakdown of the wall from atherosclerosis.
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Angina
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Chest pain caused by decreased blood flow to heart muscle.
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Arrhythmia
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Abnormal heartbeat (rhythm)
Examples: Fibrillation, Flutter |
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Atherosclerosis
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Hardening of arteries with a collection of cholesterol-like plaque
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Congestive heart failure (CHF)
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Inability of the heart to pump its required about of blood. Blood accumuilates in the lungs, causing pulmonary edema.
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Hypertension
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High blood pressure.
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Essential hypertension
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HTN with no apparent cause
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Secondary hypertension
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HTN due to another illness such as kidney disease or an adrenal gland disorder.
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Myocardial Infarction
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Heart attack
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Infarction
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An area of dead (necrotic) tissue
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Shock
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A group of signs and symptoms (paleness of skin, weak and rapid pulse, shallow breathing) indicating poor oxygen sypply to tissues and insufficient return of blood to the heart.
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Angiography
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Recording via x-ray images blood vessels after the injection of contrast into the bloodstream
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Cardiac catheterization
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Introducing a catheter into a vein or artery to measure pressure and flow patterns of blood.
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Cardiac enzyme tests
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Measurements of enzymes released into the bloodstream after a heart attack.
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Doppler ultrasound
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Measuring blood flow in vessels via sound waves
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Echocardiography
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Producing images of the heart via sound waves or echoes
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Electrocardiography
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Recording electricity flowing through the heart
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Holter monitoring
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Detection of abnormal heart rhythms (arrhythmias) that involves having a patient wear a compact version of an electrocardiograph for 24 hours.
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Lipid tests
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Measurements of cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the blood
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Lipoprotein tests
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Measurements of HDL and LDL in the blood
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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
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Producing an image, by beaming magnetic waves at the heart, that gives detailed information about congenital heart disease, cardiac masses, and disease within large blood vessels.
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MUGA scan
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Imaging the motion of the heart wall muscles and assessing the function of the heart via a multiple gated acquisition scan, whijch uses radioactive chemicals
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Position emission tomography (PET) scan
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Radioactive chemica,s which release radioactive particles are injected into the bloodstream and travel to the heart. Cross-sectional images show the flow of blood and the functional activity of the heart muscle.
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Stress test
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An electrocardiograph plus blood pressure and heart rate measurements shows the heart's response to physical exertion (aka treadmill test)
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Technetium Tc 99m sestamibi scan
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A radioactive chemical (sestamibi "tagged" with technetium-99m) is injected IV and shows perfusion of blood in heart muscle. It is taken up in the area of a MI, producing "hot spots." In an ETT-MIBI exercise tolerance test, an IV radioactive substance is given before the patient reaches max heart rate on a treadmill.
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Thallium-201 scan
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A radioactive test that shows where injected thallium-201 localizes in heart muscle
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Cardioversion
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Brief discharges of electricity passing across the chest to stop a cardiac arrhythmia.
AKA defibrillation |
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Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)
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Vessels taken from the patient's legs or chest are connected to coronary arteries to make detours around blockages
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Endardectomy
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Surgical removal of the innermost lining of an artery to remove fatty deposits and clots
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Heart transplantation
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A donor heart is transferred to a recipient
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Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
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A balloon-tipped catheter is threaded into a coronary artery to compress fatty deposits and open the artery. Stents create wider openings that make the recurrence of blockages less likely.
AKA balloon angioplasty |
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Thrombolytic therapy
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Drugs such as tPA and streptokinase are injected into a patient's bloodstream to dissolve clots that may cause a heart attack
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ACS
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Acute coronary syndromes
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AMI
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Acute myocardial infarction
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BP
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Blood pressure
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CABG
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Coronary artery bypass grafting
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CAD
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Coronary artery disease
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CCU
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Coronary care unit
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CHF
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Congestive heart failure
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ECG
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Electrocardiography
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ECHO
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Echocardiography
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HTN
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Hypertension
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PCI
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Percutaneous coronary intervention
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an/o
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anus
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append/o
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appendix
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appendic/o
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appendix
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cholecyst/o
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gallbladder
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col/o
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colon
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colon/o
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colon
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duoden/o
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duodenum
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esophag/o
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esophagus
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gastr/o
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stomach
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hepat/o
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liver
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ile/o
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ileum
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jejun/o
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jejunum
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or/o
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mouth
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pancreat/o
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pancreas
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pharyng/o
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pharynx
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proct/o
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anus and rectum
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rect/o
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rectum
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sigmoid/o
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sigmoid colon
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stomat/o
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mouth
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Cholelithiasis
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Abnormal condition of gallstones
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Cirrhosis
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Chronic disease of the liver with degeneration of liver cells
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Colonic polyposis
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Condition in which polyps protrude from the mucous membrane lining the colon
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Diverticulosis
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Abnormal condition of small pouches or sacs (diverticula) in the wall of the intestine (often the colon).
Diverticulitis is inflammation and infection within diverticula. |
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
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A condition in which the contents of the stomach flow back into the esophagus
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Hepatitis
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Inflammation of the liver
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Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)
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Inflammation of the terminal (last) portion of the ileum (Crohn's Disease) or inflammation of the colon (ulcerative colitis).
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Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
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Signs and symptoms are cramping, abdominal bloating, constipation and diarrhea. Although IBS causes distressing symptoms, it does not permanently harm the intestine.
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Hepatocellular carcinoma
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Cancer (primary) of the liver
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Jaundice
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Yellow-orange coloration of the skin and other tissues, from high levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream (hyperbilirubinemia).
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Abdominal computed tomography (CT) test
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A series of cross-sectional x-ray images that show abdominal organs.
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Abdominal magnetic resonance imagine (MRI)
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Magnetic and radio waves create images of abdominal organs and tissues in all three planes of the body
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Abdominal ultrasonography
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Process of beaming sound waves into the abdomen to produce images of organs such as the gallbladder.
Endoscopic ultrasonography is useful to detect enlarged lymph nodes and tumors in the upper abdomen. |
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Barium tests
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X-ray examinations using a liquid barium mixture to locate disorders of the GI tract.
In a barium enema (lower GI series), barium is injected into the anus and rectum and x-ray images are taken of the colon. In a barium swallow (upper GI series), barium is taken in through the mouth and x-ray images reveal the esophagus, stomach, and small intestine. |
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Cholangiography
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X-ray examination of the bile ducts after the injection of contrast material through the liver (percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography) OR through a catheter from the mouth, esophagus, and stomach into the bile ducts (endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography, ERCP)
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Gastrointestinal endoscopy
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Visual examination of the GI tract with an endoscope.
Examples - esophagoscopy, gastroscopy, sigmoidoscopy |
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Hemoccult test
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Feces are placed on paper containing the chemical guaiac, which reacts with hidden (occult) blood. This is an important screening test for colon cancer.
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Liver function tests (LFTs)
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Measurements of liver enzymes and other substances in the blood. Enzyme levels increase when the liver is damaged (as in hepatitis).
Examples: ALT, AST, Alk Phos High bilirubin levels indicate jaundice caused by liver disease or other problems affecdting the liver |
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Stool culture
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Feces are placed in a growth medium (culture) to test for microorganisms (such as bacteria).
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Virtual colonoscopy
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CT scans, MRI and computers are used to produce 2- and 3-D images of the colon.
Useful to diagnose colon disease. |
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Anastomosis
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Surgical creation of an opening between two GI organs.
Examples: Gastrojejunostomy |
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Colostomy
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Surgical creation of a new opening of the colon to the outside of the body
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Ileostomy
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Surgical creation of a new opening of the ileum to the outside of the body
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Laparoscopic surgery
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Removal of organs or tissues via a laparoscope (instrument inserted into the abdomen through a small incision). It is a form of minimally invasive surgery.
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ALT, AST
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Alanine transaminase
Aspartate transaminase Both are liver enzymes measured as part of LFTs |
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BE
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Barium enema
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GB
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Gallbladder
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GERD
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Gastroesophageal reflux disease
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GI
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Gastrointestinal
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IBD
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Inflammatory Bowel Disease
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IBS
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Irritable Bowel Syndrome
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LFTs
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Liver Function Tests
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NPO
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Nothing by mouth
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TPN
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Total parenteral nutrition
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Acid phosphatase
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Measurements of the amount of the enzyme acid phosphatase in serum.
Enzyme levels are elevated in metastatic prostate cancer. Moderate elevations occur in diseases of bone and when breast cancer cells invade bone tissue. |
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Albumin
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Measurement of the amount of albumin in both the serum and the urine.
A decrease of albumin in serum indicates disease of the kidneys, malnutrition, or liver disease or may occur in extensive loss of protein in the gut or from the skin, as in a burn. The presence of albumin in the urine indicates malfunction of the kidney. |
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Alkaline phosphatase
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Measurement of the amount of alkaline phosphatase in serum.
Levels are elevated in liver diseases (e.g., hepatitis, hepatoma) and in bone diseases and bone cancer. |
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Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
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Determination of the presence of a protein called alpha-globulin in serum. The protein is normally present in the serum of the fetus, infant, and pregnant women.
In fetuses with abnormalities of the brain and spinal cord, the protein leaks into the amniotiuc fluid surrounding the fetus, so it is an indicator of spinal tube defect (spinal bifida) or anencephaly (lack of brain development). High levels are found in patients with cancer of the liver and other malignant diseases (testicular and ovarian cancers). Serum levels monitor the effectiveness of cancer treatment. Elevated levels are also seen in benign liver disease such as cirrhosis and viral hepatitis. |
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ALT
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Measurement of the enzyme called alanine transaminase in serum.
Normally present in blood but accumulates in blood w/ damage th liver cells. |
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Antinuclear antibody test (ANA)
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A sample of plasma is tested for the presence of antibodies that are found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosis.
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AST
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Measurement of the enzyme aspartate transaminase in serum.
Normally present in blood but accumulates when there is damage to the heart or to liver cells. |
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Bacterial and fungal tests
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Samples from skin lesions are analyzed microscopically to diagnose bacterial or fungal conditions
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Bence Jones protein
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Measurement of the presence of the Bence Jones protein in serum or urine.
Bence Jones protein is a fragment of a normal serum protein, an immunoglobulin, produced by cancerous bone marrow cells (myeloma cells). Normally it is not found in either blood or urine, but in multiple myeloma, high levels are detected in urine and serum. |
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Bilirubin
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Measurement of the amount of bilirubin, an orange-brown pigment, in serum and urine.
Bilirubin is derived from hemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein in RBCs. Its presence in high concentrations in serum and urine causes jaundice and may indicate disease of the liver, obstruction of bile ducts, or a type of anemia that leads to excessive destruction of RBCs. |
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Blood chemistry profile
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A comprehensive blood test that is a biochemical examination of various substances in the blood using a computerized laboratory analyzer.
Tests include measurements of calcium (bones), phosphorous (bones), urea (kidney), creatinine (kidney), bilirubin (liver), AST (liver and heart), ALT (liver), alk phos (liver and bone), globulin (liver and immune disorders) and albumin (liver and kidney) |
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Blood culture
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Test to determine whether infection is present in the bloodstream. A sample of blood is added to a special medium that promtoes the growth of microorganisms. The medium is then examined by a medical technologist for evidence of bacteria or other microbes.
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Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
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Measurement of the amount of urea in serum. A high level of serum urea indicates poor kidney function because it is the kidneys job to remove urea from the bloodstream and filter it into the urine.
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CA-125
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Protein released into the bloodstream by ovarian cancer cells.
Measurement of CA-125 determiens response to treatment. |
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Calcium
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Measurement of the amount of calcium in seurm, plasma, or whole blood. Low blood levels are associated with abnormal functioning of nerves and muscleds, and high blood levels indicate loss of calcium from bones, excessive intake of calcium, disease of the parathyroid glands, or cancer.
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Carbon dioxide (CO2)
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Blood test to mesaure the gas produced in tissues and eliminated by the lungs.
Abnormal levels may reflect lung disorders. |
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Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
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A plasma test for a protein normally found in the blood of human fetuses and produced in healthy adults only in a very small amount, if at all.
High levels of this antigen may be a sign of one of a variety of cancers, especially colon or pancreatic cancer. This test monitors the response of patients to cancer treatment. |
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Cardiac enzyme tests
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Measurements of enzymes released into the bloodstream after a heart attack.
Examples: creatinine kinase (CK), troponin I and T |
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Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
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Measurement of cerebrospinal fluid for protein, sugar and blood cells. The fluid is also cultured to detect microorganisms.
Chemical tests are performed on specimens of the fluid removed by lumbar puncture. Abnormal conditions such as meningitis, brain tumor, and encephalitis are detected. |
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Cholesterol
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Measurement of the amount of cholesterol in serum or plasma.
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Complete Blood Count (CBC)
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Determination of the numbers of leukocytes (WBCs), erythrocytes (RBCs), and platelets (clotting cells.).
The CBC is useful in diagnosis of anemia, infection, and blood cell disorders, such as leukemia. |
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Creatinine Kinase (CK-MB or CK2)
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Measurements of creatinine kinase levels.
Normally found in heart muscle, brain tissue and skeletal muscle. The presence of one form of creatinine kinase (either CK-MB or CK2) in the blood is strongly indicative of recent MI because the enzyme is released from heart muscle when the muscle is damaged or dying. |
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Creatinine
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Measurement of the amount of creatinine, a nitrogen-containing waste material, inm serum or plasma. It is the most reliable test for checking kidney function.
Because creatinine is normally produced as a protein breakdown in muscle and is excreted by the kidney in urine, an elevation in the creatinine level in the blood indicates a disturbance of kidney function. Elevations are also seen in patients on high-protein diets and with dehydration. |
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Creatinine clearance
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Measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared (filtered) by the kidneys from the blood.
Low creatnine indicates taht the kidneys are not functioning effectively to clear creatnine from the bloodstream and filter it into urine. |
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Culture
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Identification of microorganisms in a special laboratory medium.
In sensitivity tests, culture plates containing a specific microorganism are prepared and antibiotic containing disks are applied to the culture surface. AFter overnight incubation, the area surrounding the disk where growth was inhibited is measured to determine whether the antibiotic is effective against the specific organism. |
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Electrolytes
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Determination of the concentration of electrolytes in serum or whole blood.
+ charged electrolytes - Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ - charged electrolytes - Cl-, HCO3- |
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Enzyme linked immunnosorbent assay (ELISA)
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A laboratory assay (test) for the presence of antibodies to the AIDS virus.
If a patient has positive results, it is likely that his or her bloodcontains the AIDS virus. The presence of the virus stimulates WBCs to make antibodies that are detected by the ELISA assay. This is the first test done to detect AIDS infection and is foillowed by a Western blot test to confirm the results. |
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Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR, or sed rate)
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Measurement of the rate at which RBCs in well-mixed venous blood settle to the bottom of a test tube.
If the rate is slow (elevated rate), it may indicate inflammatory conditions, such as RA or conditions that produce excessive proteins in the blood. |
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Estradiol assay
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Test for the concentration of estradiol, which is a form of estrogen in serum, plasma, or urine.
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Estrogen receptor assay
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Tests performed at the time of a biopsy to determine whether a sample of tumor contains an estrogen receptor protein.
The protein, if present on breast cancer cells, combines with estrogen, allowing estrogen to promote the growth of fthe tumor. Thus if an estrogen receptor assay test gives a positive resutl, then treatment with an antiestrogen drug would retard tumor growth. If the assay is NEGATIVE, then the tumor would not be affected by antiestrogen drug treatment. |
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Glucose
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Measurement of the amount of glucose in serum and plasma.
High - diabetes, hyperthyroidism |
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Glucose tolerance test
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Test to determine how the body uses glucose.
In the first part of this test, blood and urine samples are taken after the patient has fasted. Then a solution of glucose is given by mouth. Additional blood and urine samples are obtained a half hour after the glucose is taken and again every hour for 4-5 hours. This test can indicate conditions such as diabetes, hypoglycemia, and liver or adrenal gland dysfunction. |
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Hematocrit (Hct)
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Measurement of the % blood volume occupied by RBCs.
Normal: 40-50% (males) 37-47% (females) Low = anemia |
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Hemoccult test
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Examination of small sample of stool for otherwise inapparent occult (hidden) traces of blood.
The sample is placed on the surface of a collection kit and reactions with a chemical (guaiac). + may indicate bleeding from polyps, ulcers or malignant tumors. Important screening test for COLON CANCER. |
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Hemoglobin assay (Hb or Hgb)
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Measurement of the concentration of hemoglobin in blood.
Normal: 13.5-18 (males) 12-16 (females) |
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Human chorionic gonadotropin assay (HCG or hCG)
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Measurement of the concentration of human chorionic gonadotropin (a hormone secreted by cells of teh fetal placenta) in urine.
It is detected in urine within days after fertilization of egg and sperm cells and provides the basis of teh most commonly used pregnancy test. |
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Immunoassay
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A method of testing blood and urine for the concentration of various chemicals, such as hormones, drugs, or proteins. This technique makes use of the immunological reaction between antigens and antibodies.
An assay is a determination of the amount of any particular substance in fluid or tissue. |
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Immunohistochemistry
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An antibody tagged with a radioactive or fluorescent label is spread over a tissue biopsy specimen and used to detect the presence of an antigen (protein) produced by the tissue or infection.
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Lipid tests
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Lipids are fatty substances such as cholesterol and triglycerides.
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PKU test
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Test that determiens whether the urine of a newborn baby contains substances called phenylketones.
If these ketones are present, the baby is diagnosed with a condition called phenylketonura (PKU). PKU affects infants woh lack a specific enzyme. When the enzyme is missing, high levels of phenylalanine accumulate in the blodo, affecting the infant's brain and causing mental retardation. The situiation is prevented by placing infants on a special diet that prevents accumulation of phenylalanine in the bloodstream. |
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Platelet count
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Determination of the # of clotting cells (platelets) in a sample of blood.
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Potassium (K+)
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Measurement of the concentration of K+ in serum.
Potassium combines with other minerals such as calcium and is an important chemical for proper functioning of muscles, especially the HEART MUSCLE. |
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Pregnancy test
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Measurement of hCG in blood or urine.
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Progesterone receptor assay
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Test to determine whether a sample of tumor contains a progesterone receptor protein.
+ test identifies that a breast cancer tumor would be responsive to antihomrone therapy. |
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Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
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Blood test that measures the amount of an antigen elevated in all patients with prostatic cancer and in some with an inflamed prostate gland.
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Prothrombin time
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Measurement of the activity of factors in the blood that participate in clotting.
Deficiency of any of these factors can lead to a prolonged prothrombin time and difficulty in blood clotting. The test is important as a monitor for patients taking anticoagulants, substances that block the activity of blodo clotting factors and increase the risk of bleeding. |
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Red blood cell (RBC) count
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Test in which the # of erythrocytes in a sample of blood is counted.
Low RBC -- anemia High RBC - polycythemia cera |
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Rheumatoid factor assay
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Determination of the abnormal protein rheumatoid factor in the serum.
Found in patients with RA. |
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Semen analysis
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Microscopic examination of sperm cells to detect viability and motility of sperm cells.
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Serum protein electrophoresis
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A procedure that separates proteins with an electric current. The material tested, such as serum, containing various proteins, is placed on paper or gel or in liquid and under the influence of an electric current, the proteins separate so that theyu can be identified and measure.,d
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Sodium (Na+)
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Measurement of the concentration of Na+ in the serum.
Na+ is the chief electrolyte in fluid outside cells, and it interacts with K+ within cells. It is involved in water balance, acid-base chemical balance, nerve transmission and contraction of muscles. |
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Sputum test
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Examination of mucus coughed up from a aptient's lungs to detect tumor or infection.
The sputum is examined microscopically and chemically and is cultured for the presence of microorganisms. |
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Thyroid function tests
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Tests that measure the levels of thyroid hormones such as thyroixine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) in serum. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) which is produced by the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of T4 and T3 from the thyroid gland, is also measured in serum.
These tests diagnose hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism and are helpful in monitoring response to thyroid treatment. |
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Triglycerides
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Detemrination of the amount of triglycerides in the serum.
Normal = 200-300 Elevated levels are considered to be an important risk factor for the development of heart disease. |
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Troponin
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Measurement of levels of proteins troponin I and T in the bloodstream after myocardial injury (heart attack)
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Uric acid
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Measurement of the amount of uric acid (in the seurm and urine.
High serum levels indicate a type of arthritis called GOUT. In goutm, uric acid accumulates as crystals in joints and in tissues. High levels may also cause KIDNEY STONES. |
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Urinalysis (UA)
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Examination of urine as an aid in the diagnosis of disease. Routine urinalysis involves the observation of unusual color or odor; determination of specific gravity (amount of materials dissolved in the urine); chemical tests (for protein, sugar, acetone);' and microscopic examination for bacteria, blood cells and sediment.
Urinalysis is used to detect abnormal functioning of the kidneys and bladder, infections, abnormal growths, and diabetes mellitus. |
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Western Blot
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Test used to detect infection by HIV.
It is more specific than the ELISA. A patient's serum is mixed with purified proteins from HIV and the reaction is examined. If the patient has made antibodies to HIv, those antibodies react with the purified HIV proteins and the test result is positive. |
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White blood cell (WBC) count
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Determination of the # of leukocytes in the blood.
Higher than normal counts can indicate the presence of infection of leukemia. A differential is the percentages of diff types of WBCs (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes & monocytes) in a sample of blood. It gives more specific information about leukocytes and aids in the diagnosis of infection, allergic diseases, disorders of the immune system, and various forms of leukemia. |
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Viral load test for HIV
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Measures the # of viral particles in the blood.
It is used to determine the effectiveness of antiviral treatment. |
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AED
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Automated External Defibrillator
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CPR
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Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
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ICD
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Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator
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PCR Test
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Blood test to find and analyze DNA and RNA in viruses, diagnose genetic diseases, and do DNA fingerprinting. Multiple copies of DNA or RNA are made. PCR
stands for polymerase chain. |
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Immunoglobulin
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Measurement (in serum) of proteins (antibodies) that bind to and destroy foreign substances (antigens). Immunoglobulins are made by cells of the immune system.
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ERCP
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Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
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Cardiac Catheter Ablation
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Flexible tube is threaded through blood vessels into the
heart to destroy (ablate) abnormal tissue that causes arrhythmias. |
