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41 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Roentgen signs |
- size - shape - number - location - opacity - margin |
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mass effect |
displacement of viscera |
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view if suspect GDV |
RLAT |
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views for pylorus and duodenum |
LLAT |
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views to dx free peritoneal gas |
VD, using horizontal beam |
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views to evaluate the urethra |
extended and flexed hip lateral rads |
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echogenicity |
relative brightness of a structure - hypoechoic: less, darker - isoechoic: same - hyperechoic: more, brighter |
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from hyperechoic to hypoechoic (structures) |
mineral gas structured fat renal sinus prostate spleen LNs liver, pancreas renal cortex muscle adrenal glands renal medulla fluid |
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things that cause poor abdominal serosal detail (or increased ST opacity) |
- peritoneal fluid - peritonitis - peritoneal neoplasia - cachexia --> low body fat - young animals (< 6 mos) --> low body fat |
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pneumoperitoneum |
- free gas w/in the peritoneum - increases serosal detail - can ID gas along body wall and btwn diaphragm and liver - view: horizontal beam VD in LLAT
ddx: - perforation of GIT - penetration of abdominal wall (trauma, sx) - gas-producing bacteria |
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structures in the retroperitoneum |
- kidneys - ureters - adrenal glands - medial iliac LNs - major blood vessels |
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loss of detail w/in the retroperitoneal space |
- may be unable to see renal margins - may displace abdominal contents ventrally ddx: - fluid: hemorrhage, urine - neoplasia - abscess |
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pneumoperitoneum |
gas w/in the retroperitoneal space: - usu. extension of pneumomediastinum (through aortic hilus) - penetrating wounds - gas-producing bacteria |
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normal liver |
- located beneath ribs - can extend just beyond the costal arch (on lateral) - smooth surface - lobar edges are angled - size is best evaluated on lateral - evaluate gastric angle |
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hepatomegaly |
- diffuse enlargement? or focal mass? - caudally displaced gastric axis - caudal displacement of abdominal organs - rounded lobar edges |
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microhepatia |
- cranially displaced gastric axis - less than 2 intercostal spaces on lateral view ddx: - congenital liver disease - chronic liver failure |
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gallbladder |
- doesn't radiograph well, better evaluated on U/S - mineral or gas in gallbladder can be seen on rads - full gallbladder can be seen as ventral bulge from the liver in cats |
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enlarged spleen |
- focal mass? diffuse enlargement? ddx, focal mass: - benign tumor - malignant tumor - hematoma - abscess ddx, diffuse splenomegaly, normal position: - extramedullary hematopoeisis - congestion/sedation - infiltrative neoplasia - infection - infarct ddx, diffuse splenomegaly, abnormal position: - splenic torsion |
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spleen in cats |
- can't normally see spleen in lateral views - if you can, might be enlarged |
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enlarged stomach |
ddx, enlarged, abnormal position: - GDV ddx. enlarged, normal position: - bloat - aerophagia - GI obstruction |
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stomach |
- evaluate for GI foreign bodies - evaluate for gastric wall masses - evaluate for obstruction, GDV, etc. |
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duodenum |
along R side of the body |
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normal small intestine |
- cat: less than 12mm - dog: less than 1.6X height of L5 on lateral view |
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ileus |
inability to propel ingesta aborally mechanical: physical obstruction - focal/segmental enlargement - two populations of intestine - normal and enlarged - ddx: FB, intussusception, intestinal wall mass functional: neuromuscular or vascular abnormality w/in bowel wall - generalized/diffuse enlargement - ddx: systemic illness, pancreatitis, infection, opioids, post-sx ileus |
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linear FB |
- thin, string-like foreign material - usu anchored in pylorus or under the tongue, extends into sm intestine - causes plication and bunched sm intestine - eccentric, tear-drop shaped gas |
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displacement of sm intestine in obese cats |
sm intestine displaced right and ventral |
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large intestine |
- can't usually see cecum in cats - content: fluid? feces? foreign body? - enlarged? ddx: megacolon, constipation |
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pancreas |
normally not visible - same tissue opacity as stomach, spleen, etc. |
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pancreatitis (rads) |
- can be normal rads - increased opacity/loss of serosal detail caudal to stomach - lateral and/or ventral displacement of duodenum - caudal displacement of transverse colon - better diagnosed w/ U/S |
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pancreatitis (U/S) |
- large, hypoechoic pancreas - surrounding hyperechoic mesentery |
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adrenal glands |
- normally not visible - enlarged? can caudolaterally displace cranial pole of kidney - mineralization? some is normal in cats. can be sign of adrenal carcinoma in dogs, |
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kidneys |
- left kidney is more caudal than the right - on VD, kidney size comparable to length of L2 (dogs: 2.5-3.5X; cats: 2.4-3X) - looks for mineralization |
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renomegaly |
ddx, unilateral: - hydronephrosis, perinephric, pseudocyst ddx, bilateral: - infection, lymphoma, bilateral hydronephrosis ddx, lobulated margins: - neoplasia, cysts, abscess |
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small kidneys |
ddx, old animals: - chronic renal insufficiency ddx, young animals: - renal dysplasia - renal hypoplasia |
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urinary bladder |
- not visible? possible rupture - displaced? body wall hernia - bladder wall mass? transitional cell carcinoma - can use positive and negative contrast medium |
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radiopaque stones |
cysteine, urate |
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prostate |
- can't see it in the cat ddx, enlarged, MN: - neoplasia ddx. enlarged, MI: - benign prostatic hyperplasia - prostatitis - cysts - neoplasia - abscess |
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ovaries |
- located in the peritoneum - can be found in ventral abdomen, but need to be 4x in size to be seen - can be mistaken for intestinal/peritoneal mass |
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uteromegaly |
- increased opacity between colon and bladder ddx: pyometra, mucometra, hyrometra, hemometra |
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fetal mineralization
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41-45 days in dogs 34-45 days in cats |
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lymph nodes |
- normally not visible unless enlarged medial iliac - increased opacity ventral to L6-7 - ventrally displace colon mesenteric - mid-abdominal mass effect |
