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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
During calls for patients with suspected abdominal or GI emergencies, it is likely you will come into contact with ____________,_________,_________ and ___________.
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blood
vomitus urine and feces |
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Your general impression of the patient with a suspected abdominal or GI emergency is formed by observing what?
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patient’s posture, his or her environment, any foul odors present, and the patient’s level of consciousness.
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Airway patency and adequate circulation must be maintained, and the extent of any bleeding must be assessed by obtaining what?
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the patient’s orthostatic vital signs
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True or False?
Transport decisions are made by weighing the patient’s stability against the risk of injury to the patient and the paramedic by electing to use rapid transport with lights and sirens |
true
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What is Secondary assessment?
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Secondary assessment is accomplished with a comprehensive physical examination in which you pay special attention to the appearance of the shape, size, color, and other characteristics of the abdomen, auscultate bowel sounds, and perform percussion and palpation to assess for dullness, rigidity, guarding, pain or discomfort, rebound tenderness, fluid accumulation, and masses.
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When taking a patient’s orthostatic vital signs, a 10-beat increase in the pulse rate or a 10-mm Hg drop in blood pressure indicates what?
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a significant volume loss caused by uncontrolled bleeding.
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Reassessment includes monitoring for changes in _________ _________,
__________ ________, __________ __________, _________ __________, ________ _________ or signs of ____________________ |
pulse rate,
ECG readings blood pressure respiratory rate oxygen saturation, or signs of shock. |
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_____________________, _______________ changes in a patient’s condition warrant performing comprehensive and detailed new assessments and examinations.
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Sudden
worrisome |
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What does airway management include?
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delivery of high-concentration oxygen, prevention of aspiration, and auscultation of lung sounds, as dictated by the patient’s condition.
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Circulation may be compromised in a patient with a GI emergency by what ?
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dehydration or hemorrhage
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what are the four major conditions are responsible for abdominal and GI emergencies?
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– Hypovolemia caused by dehydration or
hemorrhage – Acute or chronic inflammation – Infection – Obstruction |
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why do pediatric patients face special challenges during abdominal and GI emergences?
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Because of their size and physiology, particularly when a congenital anomaly is present.
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__________________________, multiple medications, and other factors can complicate the care of older adults with abdominal or GI emergencies.
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Comorbidities
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What is acalculus cholecystitis?
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Inflammation of the gallbladder without the presence of gallstones.
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what is acholic stools ?
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Light, clay-colored stools indicative of liver failure.
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A condition of sudden onset of pain within the abdomen, usually indicating peritonitis.
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acute abdomen
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acute gastroenteritis is what?
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A family of conditions that revolve around a central theme of infection with fever, abdominal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.
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Linear tears to the mucosal lining in and near the anus, possibly caused by the passage of large, hard stools; a cause of lower GI bleeding.
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anal fissures
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what is appendicitis?
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inflammation of the appendix
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true or false?
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the peritoneal cavity; typically signals liver failure is called ASCITES? |
true
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What is borborygmi ?
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A bowel sound characterized by increased activity within the bowel; also called hyperperistalsis.
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what is inflammation of the bile duct?
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choleangitis
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what is inflammation of the gallbladder called?
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cholecystitis
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the present of stone within the gallbladder is called?
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cholelithiasis
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True or False?
Cirrhosis is the later stage of liver failure? |
False
Early failure |
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The term to the "slurry" of food that has been partially digested then exits the stomach and enters the duodenum is called what?
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Chyme
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What is Crohn disease?
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Inflammation of the ileum and possibly other portions of the GI tract, in which the immune sys- tem attacks portions of the intestinal walls, causing them to become scarred, narrowed, stiff, and weakened.
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Dehydration is a state in which the body lacks what?
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adequate fluids because of inadequate water intake or excess fluid loss.
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Liquid stools is called?
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Diarrhea
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Digestion is mechanical and chemical breakdown of the _______________ molecules in food into ____________ molecules that can be absorbed in the GI tract and converted to energy for cellular function.
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LARGE
SMALL |
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Diverticulitis is inflammation of pouches in what?
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the colon
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When diverticulitis is present, these pouches form a result of difficulty moving what through the colon?
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Fecus
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Diverticulum is what?
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A weak area in the colon that begins to have small outcroppings that turn into pouches; plural is diverticula.
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Endoscopy is the Insertion of a flexible fiberoptic tube into the _______________________to visualize, remove, or repair damaged or diseased tissue.
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esophagus
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DEFINE: Esophagogastric varices
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Dilated blood vessels of the esophagus, commonly caused by difficulty in blood flow through the liver; the presence of these can lead to vessel rupture.
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What is feculent?
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smelling the feces
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Define: Fistula
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An abnormal connection between two cavities
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what is inflammation of the stomach?
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Gastritis
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Gastro esophageal reflux disease (GERD)
What is this? |
A condition in which the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach opens, allowing stomach acid to move superiorly; can cause a burning sensation within the chest (heartburn); also called acid reflux disease.
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What is gastroschisis?
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A congenital malformation in which an embryo develops improperly and a portion of the GI tract develops outside of the abdominal wall instead of inside.
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Vomit with blood; can either look like coffee grounds, indicating the presence of partially digested blood, or contain bright-red blood, indicating active bleeding. WHAT IS THIS CALLED?
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hematemesis
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Hematochezia is the passage of stool in which bright red blood can be distinguished. This is caused by what?
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lower GI bleeding
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Hepatic encephalophy is impairment of brain function resulting from ___________ _______ ________ ______.
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Failure of the liver
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Hepatitis
Inflammation of the ________________, usually caused by what? |
Liver
caused by a virus |
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Hernia is the protrusion of a loop of an _________ or ___________ through an abnormal body opening.
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Organ or tissue
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Hyperperistalis: A bowel sound characterized by increase activity within the bowel. also called what?
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Borborygmi
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Hyperperistalis means what?
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Decreased bowel sounds
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Icteric is yellowish coloration of the conjunctive caused by what?
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the building of bilirubin in the blood during liver failure.
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Incarcerated is a type of hernia which an organ is trapped in the new location ; most commonly obstructs what?
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The bowel
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A type of hernia in which intestinal contents herniate through an incision, for example after abdominal surgery is called what?
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incisional
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An event where one part of the intestine folds into another part of the intestines leading to a blockage.
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intussusception
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what does IBS stand for?
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irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) A
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what is IBS?
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A condition in which patients have abdominal pain and changes in their bowel habits
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How does the pain generally be present for to be considered this disease?
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at least 3 days a month for at least 3 months to be considered this disease.
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Mallory-Weiss syndrome is what?
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A condition in which the junction between the esophagus and the stomach tears, causing severe bleeding and, potentially, death.
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true or false?
malrotation is a incorrect rotation of the intestines. |
TRUE
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what is Melena?
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Dark, tarry, malodorous stools caused by upper GI bleeding.
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mesenteric ischemia is an interruption of the blood supply to the.....?
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mesentery
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Murphy sign is pressure applied to the __________ upper quadrant of the abdomen to help detect ________________________problems.
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right
gallbladder |
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orthostatic vital signs: Assessing vital signs in two
different patient positions (for example, from a lying to a sitting position) to determine the degree of ________________________ ; also called a tilt test. |
hypovolemia
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inflammation of the pancreas is called what?
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pancreatitis
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parietal pain is pain caused by what?
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inflammation of the parietal peritoneum that is generally described as steady, aching, and aggravated by movement.
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What does PUD stand for?
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peptic ulcer disease (PUD)
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what is PUD?
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A disease in which the mucous lining of the stomach and duodenum have been eroded, allowing the acid to eat into these organs.
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Rhythmic contraction of the inte3sting and esophagus that allows material to move through them is called what?
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peristalsis
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peritonitis is what?
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Inflammation of the peritoneum
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Inflammation of the peritoneum, the protective membrane that lines the _____________ and _________________ cavities.
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abdominal
pelvic |
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portal hypertension is Increased pressure in the portal veins; caused by the inability of blood to normally flow through the ________ ; can lead to rupture of these vessels.
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liver
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portal vein is what?
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A large vessel created by the intersection of blood vessels from the GI system. The portal vein drains into the liver.
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Protuberant is a term used to described what?
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An abdomen with a convex, or distended, shape; can be caused by edema.
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Pruritis is another word for what?
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Itching
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Pyloric stenosis is what?
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Hypertrophy (enlargement) of the pyloric sphincter of the stomach; ultimately leads to intestinal obstruction, often in infants.
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true or false?
rebound tenderness is pain that the patient feels when pressure is not released as opposed to when pressure is applied; characteristic of appendicitis. |
False
When pressure IS released |
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rectal abscess is an _________________________ involving a collection of pus in the rectal walls that results from blockage of the rectal mucus ducts.
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infection
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what is referred pain ?
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Pain that feels as if it is originating from a body part other than the site being stimulated.
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scaphoid is the __________ _______that is found just beyond that most distal portion of the radius; also, concave shape of the abdomen; can be caused by _________________________.
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wrist bone
evisceration |
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TRUE OR FALSE?
soft stool is a bowel movement that is the consistency of soft- serve ice cream; can range in color from tan to dark brown. |
true
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somatic pain is localized pain, usually felt deeply, which represents irritation or injury to tissue, causing what?
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activation of peripheral nerve tracts.
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foamy, fatty stools associated with liver failure or gallbladder problems is called what?
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steatorrhea
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strangulated is the complete obstruction of __________ ____________________in a given organ as a result of compression or entrapment; an emergency situation causing death of tissue.
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blood circulation
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striae is what?
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Vertical stretch marks that occur when a person loses or gains weight rapidly.
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A loud, high-pitched sound, similar to the sound of a drum, heard on percussion of a hollow space (eg, the empty stomach or a puffed-out cheek). is called what?
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tympanic
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ulcerative colitis is generalized inflammation of the _________that results in a _________________, dilated rectum, making it prone to infection and bleeding.
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colon
weakened |
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what is umbilical ?
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The region of the abdomen surrounding the umbilicus.
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urticaria is multiple small, raised areas on the skin that may be one of the warning signs of impending anaphylaxis; also known as what?
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hives.
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visceral pain is ____________, __________ pain deep within the body, the source of which is usually difficult to pinpoint; common with _________________________ problems.
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Crampy
aching genitourinary |
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what is volvulus?
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Twisting of the bowel until a kink occurs; resulting in blocked flow.
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match the meaning to the word:
Smelling of feces. a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
F
|
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match the meaning to the word:
liquid stool: a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
G
|
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match the meaning to the word:
Dark, tarry, very malodorous tools caused by upper GI bleeding: a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
J
|
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match the meaning to the word:
an itching rash; a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
K
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match the meaning to the word:
blood in the stool that is separate; caused by lower GI bleeds: a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
C
|
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match the meaning to the word:
A bowel sound characterized by increased activity in the bowel: a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
L
|
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match the meaning to the word:
abdominal edema typically signaling liver failure: a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
H
|
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match the meaning to the word:
Foamy, fatty stools associated with liver failure or gallbladder problems: a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
N
|
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match the meaning to the word:
the region of the abdomen directly inferior to the hxyphoid process and superior to the umbilicus: a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
M
|
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match the meaning to the word:
the rhythmic contractions of the intestines and esophagus that help material to move: a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
O
|
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match the meaning to the word:
A large vessel created by the intersection of blood vessels from the gastrointestinal (GI) system that empties into the liver: a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
B
|
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match the meaning to the word:
vertical stretch marks that occur when a person lose and gaines weight rapidly a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
A
|
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match the meaning to the word:
pain when pressure is applied to the right upper quadrant of the abdomen in a specific manner; helps detect gallbladder problems: a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
E
|
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match the meaning to the word:
the insertion of a flexible tube into the esophagus with the intent of visualizing and repairing damage or disease. a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
I
|
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match the meaning to the word:
A disease in which the mucous lining of the stomach and duodenum have been eroded, allowing the acid to eat into these organs; a striae b portal vein c hematochezia d peptic ulcer disease e murphy sign f feculent g diarrhea h ascites i endoscopy j melena m. epigastric n. steatorrhea o. peristalsis |
D
|
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when patients have ___________ _________, any drug that is given may remain active within the body for _______________ than anticipated.
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liver disease
longer |
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Chronic consumption of _________ or _______ may increase the acidity in the stomach beyond the limits of the protective __________________ layers.
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alcohol
smoking mucosal |
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The _____________ veins transports _____________blood from the GI tract directly to the liver for processing of the nutrients that have been ___________________.
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portal
venous absorbed |
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The small intestine is divide into three sections. they are :
1. _____________________ 2. _____________________ 3. _____________________ |
duodenum
jejunum ileum |
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People who are ______________ are more likely to have a poor outcome from ________________ -- ______________ illness.
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immunocompromised
food-borne |
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Most peptic ulcers are the result of infection of the stomach with ___________ ____________. Another major cause is chronic use of ___________________ anti-inflammatory drugs.
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helicobacter pylori
Nonsteroidal |
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__________________ ________________ ___________________ involve inflammation of the gallbladder.
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biliary tract disorder
|
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Ulcerative _________________ is caused by inflammation of the colon.
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COLITIS
|
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____________________ ____________________ is a disease of the young; most patient are between 15 and 30 years of age, It occurs with equal incidence in men and women. There is a strong ____________ component to this disease.
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ULCERATIVE COLITIS
HEREDITARY |
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The presentation of appendicitis can be divided into the following 3 stages:
1. _________________________ 2. _________________________ 3. ___________________________ |
early
ripe rupture |
|
True or False?
Promethazine is a drug for managing patients with nausea and vomiting? |
true
|
|
True or False?
Ulcerative colitis presents with a chronic complaint of abdominal pain often in the lower right area? This pain correspond to the location of the ileum. Rectal bleeding, weight loss and diarrhea are some symptom of this condition.. |
false
|
|
True or False?
All types of severe liver damage will lead to liver failure. |
true
|
|
True or False?
Patients with peptic ulcers experience a classic experience a classic sequence of burning or gnawing pain in the stomach that subsides or diminishes immediately after eating, and then reemerge 2 to 3 hours later. |
true
|
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True or False?
Deep palpation can help you discern some of the organs and structures in the cavity and requires a level of technique usually employed in the prehospital setting. |
false
|
|
True or False?
Pain is often an unimportant finding with GI patient. The patients complaint of pain is something that a paramedic must learn to expect. |
false
|
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True or False?
The major presenting problems from GI disease typically result in pain, hypovolemia, and infection. |
true
|
|
True or False?
True absent bowel sounds, which are characterized by no sounds heard for 2 minutes, are typically not practical to discover in the prehospital setting. |
true
|
|
True or False?
the foul-smelling stools that accompany GI emergencies are to be expected? |
true
|
|
True or False?
Orthostatic vital signs are only relevant when dealing with abdominal trauma. |
false
|