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45 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Layers of the abdomen, list superficial to deepp

*skin


*superficial fascia


*deep fascia


*muscles


*transversalis fascia


*extraperitoneal fat


*parietal peritoneum

describe the transversalis fascia

connective tissue layer surrounding entire inner surface of abdomen

Describe how the abdomen is divided into regions

*midclavicular lines


*intertubercular plane: between the ASIS


*subcostal plane: beneath costal cartilages of ribs 10

Name the 9 regions of the abdomen, right to let, top to bottom.

R. hypochondriac epigastric L. hypochondriac


R lumbar umbilical L lumbar


R inguinal hypogastric L inguinal



How is the abdomen divided into quadrants? What are the names of the quadrants?

*one horizontal and one vertical line through the umbilicus




*right and left upper quadrants


right and left lower quadrants

Describe the linea alba

a line of connective tissue down the center of the abdomen (a ruffae)

How do the various oblique muscles (and TA) insert into the linea alba

via their respective aponeuroses

Describe the general direction and shape of external external oblique

*fibers run supra lateral to infra medial


*fibers located anterolaterally, medially becomes a external oblique aponeurosis

Describe the general direction and shape of internal abdominal oblique

*Above ASIS: fibers run infra lateral to supra medial


*Below ASIS: fibers run transverse


*fibers located anterolaterally, medially becomes internal oblique aponeurosis

Common actions of anterior abdominal muscles

*protect abdominal viscera


*compress abdomen in order to increase intra abominal pressure

How do external and internal obliques work together

Contralateral external and internal work together to achieve same function, trunk rotation ipsilateral to internal oblique


ex: right side EO and left side IO rotate to left

Describe the general structure of rectus abdominis

*2 muscles running parallel to linea alba


*fibers attached at multiple places via tendinous intersections


*intersections allow for more specific control of muscles

Describe the rectus sheath above the arcuate line

*encloses rectus abdominis


*anterior sheath formed by external Os and internal Os aponeuroses


*posterior sheath formed by internal Os and TA aponeuroses

What does the aponeurosis of internal abdominal oblique do at the rectus abdominis above the arcuate line?

splits into two to surround rectus abdominis on the anterior and posterior side

Describe the rectus sheath below the arcuate line

*surrounds rectus abdominis on the anterior side


*all 3 aponeuroses contribute to anterior sheath


*no posterior rectus sheath



What is directly deep to rectus abdominis inferior to the arcuate line?

transversalis fascia

Describe the location of the arcuate line and what it bounds

*between anterior superior iliac spines


*forms the inferior boundary of posterior rectus sheath

Describe the blood supply to the medial anterior abdominal wall

Superior epigastric aa (from internal thoracic) forms anastomosis with inferior epigastric aa (from external iliac aa from common iliac aa from abdominal aorta)

Where can you typically find the superior epigastric artery?

running through the rectus abdominis

Describe one type of venous drainage of the abdomen (epigastric)

*superior epigastric vv drain to internal thoracic vv drain to brachiocephalic vv drain to SVC




*inferior epigastric vv drain to external iliac vv drain to common iliac vv drain to IVC

Describe a second venous drainage path above the umbilicus

lateral thoracic vv drain to axillary vv drain to subclavian vv drain to brachiocephalic vv drain to SVC

Describe a second venous drainage path below the umbilicus

superficial epigastric vv drain to femoral vv drain to external iliac vv drain to common iliac vv drain to IVC

Describe the thoracoabdominal nerves

ventral rami of thoracic nerves (to T11) when medial to intercostal spaces (intercostal nerves)

Name two branches of L1 ventral ramus

*iliohypogastric


*ilioinguinal

Name the ventral ramus of T12

subcostal nerve

Grossly describe an abdominal hernia

abdominal contents (usually intestines) pushing though abdominal wall

Describe the inguinal ligament

*inferior most part of external oblique aponeurosis folded back


*attached to ASIS and pubic tubercle

What is the weekend area in the anterior abdominal wall

inguinal region

Inguinal ligament as a landmark

*external iliac artery runs underneath and becomes femoral artery


*just inferior to inguinal canal


*inferior boundary of inguinal triangle

Grossly describe the location of the inguinal canal

*oblique, inferior part of anterior abdominal wall


*super and parallel to inguinal ligament

Contents of the inguinal canal

*spermatic cord (male)


*ligamentum teres (round ligament) of the uterus

What descends through inguinal canal? Name condition if they remain undescended

*Testes descend from abdomen to scrotum via inguinal canal before birth


*Cryptochidism: undescended testes

anterior boundary of inguinal canal

external abdominal oblique aponeurosis

posterior boundary of inguinal canal

transversalis fascia

roof of inguinal canal

internal oblique and transversus abdominis fibers

floor of inguinal canal

inguinal ligament

location of superficial inguinal ring

*in external oblique aponeurosis


*superior and lateral to pubic tubercle

location of deep inguinal ring

*in transversalis fascia


*lateral to inferior epigastric artery

general location of inguinal triangle

weakened region in abdominal wall with no muscles fibers located posterolateral to superficial inguinal ring

boundaries of inguinal triangle

inferior: inguinal ligament


medial: lateral rectus abdominis


lateral: inferior epigastric a/v

Describe the more common inguinal hernia

an indirect inguinal hernia results in abdominal contents passing through deep and superficial inguinal rings (via inguinal canal) to the scrotum




begins lateral to inferior epigastric a/v

Describe a direct inguinal hernia

abdominal contents pass directly through anterior abdominal wall (usually in inguinal triangle), can continue through the wall or go into inguinal canal




begins medial to inferior epigastric a/v

Describe formation of iliopsoas muscle

Iliacus and psoas major originate separately, join together, travel under inguinal ligament, and insert on lesser trochanter

What muscle do the fibers of the lumbar plexus pass through

psoas major

Name some structures with close physical relationship to the psoas major

*kidneys


*ureters


*pancreas


*cecum/appendix


*sigmoid colon


*lumbar plexus


*abdominal aorta


*IVC


*gonadal artery


*common iliac arteries