Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Is the adrenal gland normally seen in ultrasound?
|
No.
|
|
|
If you do visualize an adrenal gland, what might it be?
|
If you do see one, note it, because it can be a life threatening adrenal gland tumor. Can cause hypertension in young men.
|
|
|
What are the 2 parts of the adrenal gland?
|
1) Adrenal cortex
2) Adrenal medulla |
|
|
What are the 3 zones of the adrenal cortex, from outermost to innermost?
|
1) Zona glomerulosa
2) Zona fasciculata 3) Zona reticularis (Think GFR) |
|
|
What is produced in the zona glomerulosa?
|
Aldosterone
|
|
|
What is the function of aldosterone?
|
It promotes sodium retension and potassium elimination.
|
|
|
What are the effects of having
1) no 2) too much aldosterone? |
1) death
2) hypertension |
|
|
What is produced by the zona fasciculata?
|
Cortisol
|
|
|
What are some of the functions of cortisol?
|
1. Glucogenesis
2. Circadian rhythms 3. Memory, learning, mood 4. Skeletal muscle breakdown etc. |
|
|
Cortisol is used as an _______.
|
immunodepressant
|
|
|
Hypercortisolism (excessive cortisol production) causes ____ ____.
|
Cushing's Syndrome
|
|
|
Hypocortisolim causes ___ ____.
|
Addison's Disease
|
|
|
What is produced in the zona reticularis?
|
Androgens, and to some extent, estrogens
|
|
|
What is produced in the adrenal medulla?
|
Catecholamines, such as epinephrine and norepenephrine.
|
|
|
What are the functions of the catecholamines?
|
To stimulate "fight or flight" response, increase plasma glucose, etc.
|
|
|
What is an (often benign) tumor of the adrenal gland?
|
Phaeochromocytoma
|
|
|
What are the symptoms of phaeochromocytoma?
|
1. Headache
2. Excessive sweating 3. Elevated heart rate which subsides in < 1 hour |
|
|
What are cysts often mistaken for?
|
1) hydronephrosis
2) AAA |
|
|
All tumors of the kidney should be regarded as _____, because benign disease is rare.
|
malignant
|
|
|
What is a benign kidney tumor, consisting of fat and blood vessels?
|
Angiomyolipoma = Renal hamartoma
|
|
|
What is a benign counterpart of renal cell carcinoma?
|
Adenoma
|
|
|
What is a benign counterpart of Wilms' tumor?
|
Mesoblastic nephroma
|
|
|
What is a large, well encapsulated adenoma?
|
Oncocytoma
|
|
|
What is the most common (malignant) renal cell carcinoma? (test question)
|
hypernephroma
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of hypernephroma?
|
1) Usually unilateral
2) Can metastasize to other organs easily 3) Patients present with pain, hematuria, and palpable mass 4) Can be treated with nephrectomy and wedge resection |
|
|
What is a malignant renal cancer which mostly affects the collecting system (the pelvis, urinary system, and bladder)?
|
Transitional cell carcinoma
|
|
|
Where does transitional cell carcinoma usually originate?
|
The lining of the ureters, most commonly in males
|
|
|
What can transitional cell carcinoma result in?
|
Hydronephrosis
|
|
|
Spread of renal cell carcinoma is relatively uncommon because the kidney is covered by ____ _____.
|
Gerota's fascia
|
|
|
What are common risk factors for renal cell carcinoma?
|
1) Smoking
2) Obesity 3) Hypertension 4) Long term dialysis 5) Asbestos exposure 6) Genetics |
|
|
In general, the prognosis for renal cell cancer is (bad / good). (test question)
|
good (90%+)
|
|
|
Radiation and chemotherapy are (effective / ineffective) for kidney cancers.
|
ineffective
|
|
|
What is a common starting location for renal cell carcinoma?
|
Proximal renal tubular epithelium
|
|
|
A patient suspected to have von Hippel-Landau disease should be evaluated for ____ masses.
|
renal
|
