Abac Biol 3100 Chapter 1

Front 1

Type of molecule found within a cell used to build protein polymers

Back 1

Amino Acid

Front 2

A series of biochemical reactions in which large complex molecules are synthesized from smaller precursors

Back 2

Anabolic Pathway

Front 3

A series of biochemical reactions in which large complex molecules are degraded into smaller, simpler products

Back 3

Catabolic pathway

Front 4

a long chain monocarboxylic acid that contains an even number of carbon atoms

Back 4

fatty acid

Front 5

a group of atoms that undergo characteristic reactions when attached to a carbon atom in an organic molecule or a biomolecule

Back 5

functional group

Front 6

molecules that possess few if any electonegative atoms; do not dissolve in water

Back 6

hydrophobic

Front 7

any of a group of biomolecules that are soluble in nonpolar solvents and insoluble in water

Back 7

lipid

Front 8

the sum total of all chemical reactions in an organism

Back 8

metabolism

Front 9

a macromolecule composed of nucleotides; DNA and RNA are nucleic acids

Back 9

nucleic acid

Front 10

an amide linkage in an amino acid polymer

Back 10

peptide bond

Front 11

the process in which single-stranded RNA with a a base sequence complementary to the temple strand of DNA is synthesized

Back 11

Transcription

Front 12

Protein synthesis; the process by which the genetic message carried by mRNA directs the synthesis of polypeptides with the aid of ribosomes and other cell constitituents

Back 12

translation

Front 13

Elements needed by living organisms in very low quantities

Back 13

Trace elements

Front 14

Large organic polymers.

Back 14

Macromolecule

Front 15

Large molecule consisting of many identical or similar subunits connected together.

Back 15

Polymer

Front 16

Subunit or building block molecule of a polymer

Back 16

Monomer

Front 17

Polymerization reactions during which monomers are covalently linked, producing net removal of a water molecule for each covalent linkage

Back 17

Condensation (dehydration) reactions

Front 18

a chemic reaction that invovles the reaction of a molecule with water; the process by which molecules are broken into their constituents by adding water

Back 18

Hydrolysis reactions

Front 19

Simple sugar in which C, H and O occur in the ratio of (CH20)n, where n is at least 3

Back 19

Monosaccharides

Front 20

In this functional group, the terminal carbon forms a double bond with oxygen.

Back 20

Aldehyde

Front 21

In this functional group, the carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton

Back 21

Ketone

Front 22

A double sugar that consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage.

Back 22

Disaccharide

Front 23

Covalent bond formed between two sugar monomers by a condensation reaction

Back 23

Glycosidic linkage

Front 24

Macromolecules that are polymers of a few hundred or thousand monosaccharides

Back 24

Polysaccharides

Front 25

Diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water, but will dissolve in nonpolar solvents (e.g. ether, chloroform, benzene). Important groups are fats, phospholipids, waxes and steroids.

Back 25

Lipids

Front 26

A lipid composed of three fatty acids bonded to one glycerol by ester linkages (triacylglycerol)

Back 26

Neutral fat

Front 27

Bond formed between a hydroxyl group of glycerol and a carboxyl group of a fatty acid

Back 27

Ester linkage

Front 28

Compounds with molecular building blocks of glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group and usually an additional small chemical group attached to the phosphate.

Back 28

Phospholipids

Front 29

a polymer of amino acids connected in a specific sequence

Back 29

polypeptide

Front 30

Organic compounds which are complex polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Back 30

Proteins

Front 31

Organic molecules that store and transmit hereditary information

Back 31

Nucleic acids

Front 32

Polymer of nucleotides linked together and made of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group.

Back 32

Nucleic acid

Front 33

Nitrogenous base characterized by a six-membered ring made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms

Back 33

Pyrimidine

Front 34

Nitrogenous base characterized by a five-membered ring fused to a six-membered ring

Back 34

Purine

Front 35

Pentose sugar found in DNA

Back 35

deoxyribose

Front 36

Pentose sugar found in RNA

Back 36

ribose

Front 37

Nitrogenous base + pentose + phosphate.

Back 37

Nucleotide

Front 38

A polymer of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester linkages between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next.

Back 38

Polynucleotide

Front 39

The branch of chemistry that specializes in the study of carbon compounds.

Back 39

Organic chemistry

Front 40

Molecules containing carbon are _________.

Back 40

Organic molecules

Front 41

Carbon can form ____ covalent bonds with a variety of atoms

Back 41

four

Front 42

Molecules containing only hydrogen and carbon.

Back 42

Hydrocarbons

Front 43

_________ are the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions

Back 43

Functional groups

Front 44

A functional group that consists of a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom, which in turn forms a polar covalent bond to carbon.

Back 44

Hydroxyl group

Front 45

Functional group found in alcohols.

Back 45

Hydroxyl group

Front 46

Functional group that consists of a carbon atom double-bonded to oxygen.

Back 46

Carbonyl group

Front 47

When a carbonyl is within a carbon chain of a molecule it is a(n) _____

Back 47

Ketone

Front 48

When a carbonyl is on a terminal carbon of a molecule it is a(n) _____

Back 48

Aldehyde

Front 49

Functional group that consists of a carbon atom that is both double-bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to the oxygen of a hydroxyl group. Acts as an acid.

Back 49

Carboxyl group

Front 50

Functional group that consists of a nitrogen atom bonded to two hydrogens and to the carbon skeleton. Acts as a base.

Back 50

Amino group

Front 51

Functional group that consists of an atom of sulfur bonded to an atom of hydrogen.

Back 51

Sulfhydryl group (Thiol)

Front 52

Functional group that forms disulfide bridges between two cysteine amino acids.

Back 52

Sulfhydryl group

Front 53

Functional group which is the dissociated form of phosphoric acid which consists of phosphorus bound to four oxygen atoms (three with single bonds and one with a double bond). Acts as an acid.

Back 53

Phosphate group

Front 54

Non-polar functional group that is a carbon and surrounding hydrogens.

Back 54

Methyl group

Front 55

What 6 elements make up 97% of the mass of living organisms?

Back 55

CHONPS

Front 56

Elements needed by the body in very low quantities are called _______ elements.

Back 56

trace

Front 57

Nucleotides are joined by ____ between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next.

Back 57

phosphodiester linkages

Front 58

In a cell, solid material is primarily ___ and the solvent is ____

Back 58

organic
water

Front 59

A functional group in which something replaces the hydroxyl of a carboxyl

Back 59

Acyl

Front 60

The linkage that connects the phosphates of ATP

Back 60

Phosphoanhydride

Front 61

The peptide bond joining to amino acids is a ________ linkage

Back 61

Amide

Front 62

The linkage of two carbon with an oxygen linker

Back 62

Ether

Front 63

The capacity to do work - to move matter against opposing forces is _____.

Back 63

Energy

Front 64

Quantitative measure of disorder that is proportional to randomness (designated by the letter S).

Back 64

Entropy

Front 65

Those reactions that can occur without outside help. (Spontaneous processes/Nonspontaneous processes)

Back 65

Spontaneous processes

Front 66

Those reactions that can only occur if energy is added to a system. (Spontaneous processes/Nonspontaneous processes)

Back 66

Nonspontaneous processes

Front 67

Portion of a system's energy available to do work; is the difference between the total energy (enthalpy) and the energy not available for doing work (TS).

Back 67

Free energy (G)

Front 68

Formula for free energy

Back 68

G = H - TS

Front 69

Formula for free energy change

Back 69

ΔG = ΔH - TΔS

Front 70

∆G is the symbol for _______.

Back 70

Free energy

Front 71

In the free energy equation, ∆H is the symbol for _______.

Back 71

Enthalpy (total energy)

Front 72

In the free energy equation, ∆S is the symbol for _______.

Back 72

Entropy

Front 73

In the free energy equation, T is the symbol for _______.

Back 73

Temperature in Kelvin

Front 74

A reaction that proceeds with a net loss of free energy.

Back 74

Exergonic reaction

Front 75

An ________ (endergonic/exergonic) reaction is one that releases free energy to its surroundings.

Back 75

exergonic

Front 76

Δ G of an exergonic reaction is _____

Back 76

negative.

Front 77

Amount of energy that reactant molecules must absorb to start a reaction.

Back 77

Energy of activation

Front 78

Unstable condition of reactant molecules that have absorbed sufficient free energy to react.

Back 78

Transition state

Front 79

An energy-requiring reaction that proceeds with a net gain of free energy.

Back 79

Endergonic reaction

Front 80

An _____ (endergonic/exergonic) reaction is one that requires free energy from its surroundings.

Back 80

endergonic

Front 81

Δ G of an endergonic reaction is ____

Back 81

positive.

Front 82

Reaction in which the rates of forward and backward reactions are equal and there is no change in the concentration of products or reactants.

Back 82

Chemical Equilibrium

Front 83

The Δ G of a reaction at equilibrium is ______

Back 83

Zero

Front 84

To do work, cells manage energy resources by energy coupling, the use of an ___ (endergonic/exergonic) process to drive an ____ (endergonic/exergonic) one

Back 84

exergonic
endergonic

Front 85

Nucleoside triphosphate with unstable phosphate bonds that the cell hydrolyzes for energy to drive endergonic reactions.

Back 85

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

Front 86

The bonds between the phosphate groups of ATP’s tail can be broken by ____ reactions

Back 86

hydrolysis

Front 87

What is this functional group?
Type of molecule?

Back 87

Hydroxyl
Alcohol

Front 88

What is this functional group?
Type of molecule?

Back 88

Sulfhydryl
Thiol

Front 89

What is this functional group?
Type of molecule?

Back 89

Carbonyl
Ketone

Front 90

What is this functional group?
Type of molecule?

Back 90

carbonyl
aldehyde

Front 91

The four elements that make up most of the total weight of the human body?

Back 91

carbon
oxygen
hydrogen
nitrogen

Front 92

Difference between organic and inorganic compounds?

Back 92

organic compounds MUST contain carbon.

Front 93

How is carbon such a special and important compound in living things?

Back 93

it's very versatile.
has 4 outer valence electrons.
can combine with many many other elements through covalent bonds, esp. with itself.

Front 94

The four major groups of organic compounds found in living things?

Back 94

carbohydrates
lipids
nucleic acids
proteins

Front 95

What is simple sugar referred to as?

Back 95

monosaccharides

Front 96

Why are phospholipids important in the cell?

Back 96

phosphlipids make up cell membranes

Front 97

What are the four major types of lipids?

Back 97

Fats
waxes
phospholipids
sterols

Front 98

What is this functional group?
Where are these found?

Back 98

Phosphate
Nucleotides and phospholipids

Front 99

What is this functional group?

Back 99

Acyl

Front 100

What is this functional group?
Where are these found?

Back 100

Carboxyl
Carboxylic acid

Front 101

What is this functional group?
Where are these found?

Back 101

Amino
Amines