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57 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Innate immunity
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defenses against any pathogen
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Adaptive immunity
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induced resistance to a specific pathogen
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Lady Montagu
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Had her children immunized for smallpox using the old Chinese method called variolation
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Variolation
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Inoculation of smallpox into skin (18th century)
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Jenner
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1st vaccination: Inoculated natural cowpox virus into skin to vaccinate for smallpox
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Pasteur
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Produced a rabies vaccine with rabies virus from attenuated virus made in a lab
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Humoral immunity
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Immunity due to antibodies
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bone marrow
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B cells mature in the________
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Cellular immunity
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Immunity due to T cells
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thymus
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T cells mature in the __________
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Antigen (Ag)
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a substance that causes the body to produce specific antibodies or sensitized T cells
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Epitopes
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(Antigenic determinants) Specific regions of the antigen that interact with antibodies
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Hapten
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low molecular weight antigen
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Antibodies
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globular proteins called immunoglobulins
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1 Antibody-producing plasma cells
2 Memory cells |
B cells differentiate into:
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Clonal deletion
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The elimination harmful B cells
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1 Agglutination
2 Opsonization 3 Activation of complement 4 Antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity 5 Neutralization |
What are the 5 protective mechanisms of binding antibodies to antigen?
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1 B cells
2 Dendritic cells 3 Activated macrophages |
Name the three antigen presenting cells.
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Antibody titer
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the amount of Ab in serum
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Primary response
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Antibody response that occurs after initial contact with Ag
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Secondary (memory or anamnestic)
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Antibody response that occurs after second exposure
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Naturally acquired active immunity
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Immunity resulting from infection
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Naturally acquired passive immunity
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Transfer of immunity to disease (Ab) from mother to baby
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Artificially acquired active immunity
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Immunity following immunization
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Artificially acquired passive immunity
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Immunity acquired by the administration of protective antibodies from the same or different species
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active immunity
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Immunity that is long-lasting but delayed onset
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passive immunity
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Immunity that is immediate but temporary
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Serology
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the study of reactions between antibodies and antigens
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Antiserum
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the generic term for serum because it contains Ab
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Immunoglobulins
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antibodies
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Gamma g globulin
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serum fraction containing Ab
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Attenuated whole-agent vaccines (live or active)
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May cause undetectable or mild disease.
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Attenuated whole-agent vaccines (live or active)
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May only need single dose and because agent multiplies.
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Attenuated whole-agent vaccines (live or active)
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May not require future boosters. Usually last longer than killed.
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Attenuated whole-agent vaccines (live or active)
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May cause serious disease in immunocompromised people.
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Attenuated whole-agent vaccines (live or active)
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May mutate to a pathogenic form.
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Attenuated whole-agent vaccines (live or active)
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Sabin polio vaccine
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Inactivated (killed) whole-agent vaccines
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the entire organism or virus inactivated by formalin, heat, etc.
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Inactivated (killed) whole-agent vaccines
Toxoids |
May need more than one dose because agent does not multiply.
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Inactivated (killed) whole-agent vaccines
Toxoids |
May require future boosters.
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Inactivated (killed) whole-agent vaccines
Subunit vaccines |
Will not cause disease in immunocompromised people.
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Inactivated (killed) whole-agent vaccines
Subunit vaccines |
Cannot mutate to a pathogenic form.
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Inactivated (killed) whole-agent vaccines
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May have unwanted side-effects from the cell parts not needed.
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Inactivated (killed) whole-agent vaccines
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Salk polio vaccine
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Toxoids
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inactivated toxin plus alum (adjuvant)
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Subunit vaccines
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Isolated antigens or antigenic fractions.
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Subunit vaccines
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Few unwanted side-effects.
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Nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines
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Vaccine composed of naked DNA from pathogens
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Nucleic acid (DNA) vaccines
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Genes that code for antigens and are introduced into host as vaccine and are replicated.
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Recombinant vaccines
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Vaccine inserting the genes for antigens in a vector (yeast, virus, etc.)
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Recombinant vaccines
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Vaccine uses vector which produces the antigenic subunit
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Antigen genes inserted into plants
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plants are eaten and the antigen elicits an immune response.
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Conjugated vaccine
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polysaccharide antigen joined with a protein
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Conjugated vaccine
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Polysaccharide vaccine that can be given to infants
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Adjuvants
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Aluminum salts (Alum) added to vaccines to increase host response
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Direct tests
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Test to detect antigens
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Indirect test
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Test to detect antibodies
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