Abac Biol 2107 Openstax Chapter 7 Cellular Respiration

Front 1

Metabolic pathways which release energy by breaking down complex molecules to simpler compounds are ___(anabolic/catabolic) pathways.

Back 1

Catabolic pathways

Front 2

The citric acid cycle occurs in _________ conditions. (anaerobic/aerobic)

Back 2

aerobic

Front 3

Glycolysis is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs ___ (with/without) oxygen.

Back 3

without

Front 4

Fermentation is a partial degradation of sugars that occurs ___ (with/without) oxygen.

Back 4

without

Front 5

Reactions that result in the transfer of one or more electrons from one reactant to another are called _____.

Back 5

Oxidation-reduction reactions (redox reactions)

Front 6

The loss of electrons or hydrogens is ____.

Back 6

oxidation

Front 7

The addition of electrons or hydrogens is ____.

Back 7

Reduction

Front 8

In the equation: Na + Cl ---> Na+ + Cl-

1) What is being oxidized?

2) What is being reduced?

Back 8

1) Na

2) Cl

Front 9

In the equation: XH+ Y --> X + YH,

1) What is being reduced?

2) What is being oxidized?

Back 9

1) Y

2) X

Front 10

The carrier molecule NADH passes the electrons directly to _____ during cellular respiration.

A. Complex I

B. Complex II

C. Complex III

D. Oxygen

Back 10

complex I of the electron transport chain

Front 11

What are the three major stages of cellular respiration?

Back 11

1 glycolysis
2 citric acid cycle
3 oxidative phosphorylation (electron transport and chemiosmosis)

Front 12

Glycolysis occurs in the ___ of the cell.

Back 12

cytoplasm.

Front 13

The citric acid (Krebs) cycle occurs in the ___ of the cell.

Back 13

mitochondrial matrix.

Front 14

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in the _____ of the cell.

Back 14

mitochondria

Front 15

The electron transport chain is located in the _______ of the mitochondria.

Back 15

Inner membrane

Front 16

A small amount of ATP released during glycolysis is made by ______

A. Oxidative phosphorylation

B. substrate-level phosphorylation

C. Photophosphorylation

Back 16

substrate-level phosphorylation.

Front 17

_____ is the breakdown of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate.

Back 17

Glycolysis

Front 18

During the energy investment phase of glycolysis, how many ATP are required?

Back 18

2

Front 19

Cellular respiration is the ____ (oxidation/reduction) of glucose.

Back 19

oxidation

Front 20

How many NADH are made in the citric acid cycle from 2 acetylCoA?

Back 20

6

Front 21

How many FADH2 are made in the citric acid cycle from 2 acetylCoA?

Back 21

2

Front 22

_____ and ___ are carrier molecules that relay electrons extracted from food to the electron transport chain.

Back 22

NADH and FADH2

Front 23

Which two electron carriers donate electrons to the electron transport chain?

Back 23

NADH and FADH2

Front 24

Electrons drop in free energy as they go down the electron transport chain and are finally passed to___, forming ____.

Back 24

oxygen
water

Front 25

The electron transport chain generates no ATP directly but pumps (transports) _____ into the _____ creating a gradient referred to as a ______.

Back 25

H+
intermembrane space

proton motive force

Front 26

Electron transfer (redox reactions) in the electron transport chain causes Complex proteins to pump ___ from the ___ to the intermembrane space

Back 26

H+
mitochondrial matrix

Front 27

During ATP synthesis, H+ move back across the membrane, passing through the enzyme called ____.

Back 27

ATP synthase

Front 28

ATP synthase uses the exergonic flow of _____ to drive phosphorylation of ATP.

Back 28

H+

Front 29

The energy stored in a H+ gradient across a membrane is called a ____.

Back 29

Proton motive force

Front 30

____ couples the redox reactions of the electron transport chain to ATP synthesis.

Back 30

chemiosmosis

Front 31

Cellular respiration generates ____ total ATP molecules for each glucose molecule it oxidizes.

Back 31

32

Front 32

During respiration, most energy flows from glucose -> ______ -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> ATP.

Back 32

NADH and FADH2

Front 33

During respiration, most energy flows from glucose -> NADH and FADH2 -> ______-> proton-motive force -> ATP.

Back 33

electron transport chain

Front 34

During respiration, most energy flows from glucose -> NADH and FADH2 -> electron transport chain -> proton-motive force -> _______

Back 34

ATP.

Front 35

During respiration, most energy flows from glucose -> NADH and FADH2 -> electron transport chain -> _______-> ATP.

Back 35

proton-motive force

Front 36

one glucose molecule is oxidized to ____ CO2 molecules during cellular respiration.

Back 36

6

Front 37

_____ ATP (net) are produced by substrate-level phosphorylation during glycolysis and ____ more in the citric acid cycle.

Back 37

2
2

Front 38

Each NADH from the citric acid cycle contributes enough energy to generate a maximum of______ ATP.

Back 38

2.5

Front 39

Each FADH2 from the citric acid cycle can be used to generate about ____ ATP.

Back 39

1.5

Front 40

In some eukaryotic cells, NADH produced in the cytosol by glycolysis may be worth only ___ ATP because the electrons must be shuttled into the ____.

Back 40

1.5
mitochondria

Front 41

A yield of _____ ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation from one glucose.

Back 41

28

Front 42

Complete oxidation of glucose releases ____ kcal per mole.

Back 42

686

Front 43

Formation of each ATP requires at least ___ kcal/mole.

Back 43

7.3

Front 44

Fermentation can generate ATP from glucose by ____only.

A. Oxidative phosphorylation

B. substrate-level phosphorylation

C. Photophosphorylation

Back 44

substrate-level phosphorylation

Front 45

During fermentation, when pyruvate accepts H from NADH + H+, pyruvate is____ (oxidized/reduced) to compounds such as alcohol or lactic acid.

Back 45

Reduced

Front 46

Alcohol fermentation is the ___ (oxidation/reduction) of pyruvate to___and ___

Back 46

reduction
ethanol
carbon dioxide

Front 47

Lactic acid fermentation is the ___ (oxidation/reduction) of pyruvate to___

Back 47

reduction
lactic acid

Front 48

In fermentation, the electrons of NADH are passed to an organic molecule, regenerating ____

Back 48

NAD+

Front 49

Proteins must be digested to ______ before feeding into glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.

Back 49

amino acids

Front 50

Fats are digested to ____ and ____

Back 50

glycerol
fatty acids

Front 51

An oxidized gram of fat produces ______ kcal/g

Back 51

9

Front 52

An oxidized gram of protein produces ______ kcal/g

Back 52

4

Front 53

An oxidized gram of carbohydrates produces ______ kcal/g

Back 53

4

Front 54

_____ water molecules are required for the complete breakdown of glucose.

Back 54

6

Front 55

Oxygen at the end of the electron transport chain is being ____ (oxidized/reduced) to water.

Back 55

reduced

Front 56

The carbon dioxide we exhale is produced in ______

Back 56

the citric acid cycle

Front 57

How many water molecules would be produced when 4 NADH + 4H+ are sent through the electron transport chain?

Back 57

4

Front 58

In chemiosmosis, the flow of electrons through the electron transport chain results in the transport and build-up of H+ in the mitochondrial____

Back 58

Intermembrane space

Front 59

Where in the mitochondria does the citric acid cycle occur?

Back 59

matrix

Front 60

Where in the mitochondria are the complexes of the electron transport chain?

Back 60

inner membrane

Front 61

In the presence of oxygen, what is the maximum number of ATP's made in cellular respiration from the degradation of one glucose by oxidative phosphorylation alone?

Back 61

28

Front 62

In the presence of oxygen, what is the maximum number of ATP's made in cellular respiration from the degradation of one glucose by substrate-level phosphorylation alone?

Back 62

4

Front 63

How many ATP’s are produced in chemiosmosis from the energy of the FADH2 produced in the citric acid (Kreb’s) cycle from one glucose?

Back 63

3

Front 64

The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is involved directly in which process or event?

Back 64

accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.

Front 65

Which complex of the electron transport chain is not used when FADH2 is oxidized in chemiosmosis?

Back 65

Complex I

Front 66

Which complex of the electron transport chain is not used when NAD is oxidized in chemiosmosis?

Back 66

Complex II

Front 67

How many O2 molecules would be required for 6 NADH + 6H+ to send their electrons through the electron transport chain?

Back 67

3

Front 68

How many water molecules are produced during the complete breakdown of glucose?

Back 68

12

Front 69

A yield of _____ ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation from the NADH and FADH2 produced in the citric acid cycle from 2 acetylCoA.

Back 69

18

Front 70

A yield of _____ ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation from the NADH molecules produced in glycolysis from 1 glucose.

Back 70

5

Front 71

Cellular respiration is what type of pathway?

Back 71

Catabolic

Front 72

What are the net input molecules of glycolysis?

Back 72

Glucose
ADP + Pi
NAD+

Front 73

What are the net output molecules of glycolysis?

Back 73

Pyruvate
ATP
NADH

Front 74

What are the input molecules of the citric acid cycle? (starting with acetylCoA)

Back 74

AcetylCoA
NAD+
FAD
ADP + Pi
Water

Front 75

What are the output molecules of the citric acid cycle? (starting with acetylCoA)

Back 75

Carbon dioxide
NADH
FADH2
ATP

Front 76

What are the input molecules of oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 76

oxygen
NADH
FADH2
ADP + Pi

Front 77

What are the output molecules of oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 77

Water
NAD+
FAD
ATP

Front 78

Glycolysis occurs in _________ conditions. (anaerobic/aerobic)

Back 78

anaerobic and aerobic

Front 79

Oxidative phosphorylation occurs in _________ conditions. (anaerobic/aerobic)

Back 79

aerobic

Front 80

Fermentation occurs in _________ conditions. (anaerobic/aerobic)

Back 80

anaerobic

Front 81

In the equation: Na + Cl ---> Na+ + Cl-, What is being reduced?

Back 81

Cl

Front 82

In the equation: XH+ Y --> X + YH, What is being oxidized?

Back 82

X

Front 83

What are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation?

Back 83

electron transport and chemiosmosis

Front 84

How many NADH are made during the oxidation of pyruvate to acetylCoA?

Back 84

2

Front 85

How many ATP are produced by oxidative phosphorylation from the NADH that are made during the oxidation of pyruvate to acetylCoA?

Back 85

5

Front 86

A yield of _____ ATP is produced by oxidative phosphorylation from the NADH produced in the citric acid cycle from acetylCoA.

Back 86

15

Front 87

How many CO2 are made during the oxidation of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA?

Back 87

2