Abac Biol 1107 Campbell Chapter 5 Macromolecules

Front 1

aldehyde or ketone?

Back 1

aldehyde

Front 2

alpha or beta?

Back 2

beta

Front 3

alpha or beta?

Back 3

alpha

Front 4

aldehyde or ketone?

Back 4

ketone

Front 5

aldehyde or ketone?

Back 5

aldehyde

Front 6

aldehyde or ketone?

Back 6

ketone

Front 7

Large organic polymers.

Back 7

Macromolecule

Front 8

Large molecule consisting of many identical or similar subunits connected together.

Back 8

Polymer

Front 9

Subunit or building block molecule of a polymer

Back 9

Monomer

Front 10

Polymerization reactions during which monomers are covalently linked, producing net removal of a water molecule for each covalent linkage

Back 10

Condensation (dehydration) reactions

Front 11

A reaction process that breaks covalent bonds between monomers by the addition of water molecules.

Back 11

Hydrolysis

Front 12

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Back 12

Fuel and Building Material

Front 13

Simple sugar in which C, H and O occur in the ratio of (CH20)

Back 13

Monosaccharides

Front 14

Terminal carbon forms a double bond with oxygen. (aldehyde/ketone)

Back 14

Aldehyde

Front 15

Carbonyl group is within the carbon skeleton. (aldehyde/ketone)

Back 15

Ketone

Front 16

six carbon monosaccharides are _________

Back 16

hexose monosaccharides

Front 17

three carbon monosaccharides are __________.

Back 17

triose monosaccharides

Front 18

five carbon monosaccharides are ___________.

Back 18

pentose monosaccharides

Front 19

A double sugar that consists of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage.

Back 19

Disaccharide

Front 20

Covalent bond formed between two sugar monomers by a condensation reaction

Back 20

Glycosidic linkage

Front 21

Macromolecules that are polymers of a few hundred or thousand monosaccharides

Back 21

Polysaccharides

Front 22

Amylose and amylopectin are commonly called _______

Back 22

Starch

Front 23

Unbranched form of starch

Back 23

Amylose

Front 24

______ is the branched form of starch

Back 24

Amylopectin

Front 25

______ is the glucose polymer that is a storage polysaccharide in animals.

Back 25

Glycogen

Front 26

Linear unbranched polymer of D-glucose in Beta 1-4 linkages.

Back 26

Cellulose

Front 27

Linear unbranched polymer of N-acetylglucosamine (NAG) in Beta 1-4 linkages.

Back 27

Chitin

Front 28

Diverse group of organic compounds that are insoluble in water, but will dissolve in nonpolar solvents

Back 28

Lipids

Front 29

A lipid composed of three fatty acids bonded to one glycerol by ester linkages (triacylglycerol)

Back 29

Neutral fat

Front 30

Bond formed between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group which connects glycerol to fatty acids is called a __________ linkage.

Back 30

Ester linkage

Front 31

If there are no carbon-carbon double bonds, then the molecule is a _____ fatty acid with a hydrogen at every possible position.

Back 31

Saturated

Front 32

If there are one or more carbon-carbon double bonds, then the molecule is an _____ fatty acid — formed by the removal of hydrogen atoms from the carbon skeleton.

Back 32

Unsaturated

Front 33

What are the 3 major functions of fats?

Back 33

1.energy storage.
2.cushion vital organs.
3.insulation.

Front 34

Compounds with molecular building blocks of glycerol, two fatty acids, a phosphate group and usually an additional small chemical group attached to the phosphate.

Back 34

Phospholipids

Front 35

Lipids which have four fused carbon rings with various functional groups attached.

Back 35

Steroids

Front 36

a polymer of amino acids connected in a specific sequence

Back 36

polypeptide

Front 37

Functioning organic compounds which are complex polymers of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Back 37

Proteins

Front 38

What are the functions of proteins?

Back 38

1.Enzymes
2. defense
3. storage
4.transport
5.hormonal (signals)
6.receptors (signal responce)
7.contractile and motor
8. structural

Front 39

Building block molecule of a protein; most consist of an asymmetric carbon, termed the alpha carbon, which is covalently bonded to a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and a variable R group (or side chain).

Back 39

Amino acid

Front 40

Polymer of many amino acids joined by peptide bonds.

Back 40

Polypeptide chain

Front 41

Three-dimensional shape of a protein.

Back 41

Protein conformation

Front 42

Covalent bond formed by a condensation (dehydration) reaction that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next.

Back 42

Peptide bond

Front 43

Functional conformation of a protein found under normal biological conditions.

Back 43

native conformation

Front 44

a protein's unique sequence of amino acids.

Back 44

Primary protein structure

Front 45

Regular, repeated folding of a protein's polypeptide backbone

Back 45

Secondary protein structure

Front 46

Secondary structure of a polypeptide that is a helical coil

Back 46

Alpha helix

Front 47

Secondary protein structure is stabilized by _____

Back 47

hydrogen bonding along the backbone

Front 48

Secondary protein structure which is a sheet of antiparallel chains folded into accordion pleats.

Back 48

Beta pleated sheet

Front 49

Irregular contortions of a protein due to bonding between side chains (R groups)

Back 49

Tertiary structure

Front 50

What bonds and forces stabilize tertiary protein structure?

Back 50

1)hydrogen bonds among polar and/or charged areas 2)ionic bonds between charged R groups 3)hydrophobic interactions among hydrophobic R groups
4)van der Waals interactions among hydrophobic R groups.
5)disulfide bridges, strong covalent bonds that form between the sulfhydryl groups (SH) of cysteine monomers

Front 51

Structure that results from the interaction among several polypeptides (subunits) in a single protein.

Back 51

Quaternary structure

Front 52

A process that alters a protein's native conformation and biological activity

Back 52

Denaturation

Front 53

____________ store and transmit hereditary information

Back 53

Nucleic acids

Front 54

_____________ determines a protein's unique sequence of amino acids.

Back 54

DNA

Front 55

Nitrogenous base characterized by a six-membered ring made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms

Back 55

Pyrimidine

Front 56

Nitrogenous base characterized by a five-membered ring fused to a six-membered ring

Back 56

Purine

Front 57

Pentose sugar found in DNA

Back 57

deoxyribose

Front 58

Pentose sugar found in RNA

Back 58

ribose

Front 59

Nitrogenous base + pentose sugar + phosphate.

Back 59

nucleotide

Front 60

A polymer of nucleotides joined by phosphodiester linkages between the phosphate of one nucleotide and the sugar of the next.

Back 60

Polynucleotide

Front 61

Nucleotides are joined together by ___________ linkages between the sugar and the phosphate.

Back 61

phosphodiester

Front 62

Linear unbranched polymer of D-glucose in alpha 1-4 linkages.

Back 62

Amylose

Front 63

Which type of starch is this?

Back 63

amylopectin

Front 64

The branches formed in this polysaccharide are between carbon ____ of one glucose and carbon _____ of another glucose. These connections are _______ (alpha/beta).

Back 64

one
six
alpha

Front 65

If the polysaccharide pictured above is from animals and is highly branched, it would be called ____________

Back 65

glycogen

Front 66

A polymer of glucose in this arrangement is called____________

Back 66

amylose

Front 67

The linkages between the glucose monomers are ________ (alpha/beta).

Back 67

alpha

Front 68

The linkages between the glucose monomers are ________ (alpha/beta).

Back 68

Beta

Front 69

A polymer of glucose in this arrangement is called___________

Back 69

Cellulose

Front 70

This is an example of a ___________

Back 70

disaccharide

Front 71

A polymer in this arrangement is called______.

It is composed of _______.

The monomers and are connected ____ (alpha/beta).

Back 71

Chitin
NAG
beta

Front 72

Name the polysaccharides depicted in the drawings.

Back 72

Left to Right
Glycogen
Amylopectin
Amylose

Front 73

This is an example of a___________.

The linkage between the monosaccharides is________(alpha/beta).

Back 73

disaccharide
alpha

Front 74

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 74

a. polar

Front 75

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 75

b. non-polar

Front 76

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 76

b. non-polar

Front 77

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 77

d. basic

Front 78

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 78

c. acidic

Front 79

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 79

c. acidic

Front 80

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 80

a. polar

Front 81

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 81

d. basic

Front 82

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 82

b. non-polar

Front 83

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 83

a. polar

Front 84

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 84

b. non-polar

Front 85

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 85

a. polar

Front 86

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 86

d. basic

Front 87

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 87

b. non-polar

Front 88

This amino acid is
a. polar
b. non-polar
c. acidic
d. basic

Back 88

a. polar

Front 89

What type of molecule is this?

Back 89

Steroid

Front 90

What is this molecule?

Back 90

glycerol

Front 91

What type of molecule is this?

Back 91

unsaturated Fatty acid

Front 92

What type of molecule is this?

Back 92

phospholipid

Front 93

What type of molecule is this?

Back 93

saturated fatty acid

Front 94

What type of molecule is this?

Back 94

steroid

Front 95

What type of molecule is this?

Back 95

Fat (Triglyceride)

Front 96

deoxyribose or ribose?

Back 96

deoxyribose

Front 97

deoxyribose or ribose?

Back 97

ribose

Front 98

The primary function of DNA is ___

Back 98

Stores genetic information

Front 99

The primary function of RNA is ____

Back 99

Protein synthesis

Front 100

Which nitrogenous base is found in DNA but not RNA?

Back 100

Thymine

Front 101

Which nitrogenous base is found in RNA but not DNA?

Back 101

Uracil

Front 102

________ is the process of making new DNA using a DNA template

Back 102

Replication

Front 103

___ is the process of making mRNA from a DNA template

Back 103

Transcription

Front 104

___ is the process of making of protein using the information from mRNA

Back 104

Translation

Front 105

The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance called a _____

Back 105

Gene

Front 106

Genes are made of ____, a nucleic acid made of monomers called ________

Back 106

DNA

nucleotide

Front 107

What are two types of nucleic acid?

Back 107

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

Front 108

Protein synthesis occurs on _____

Back 108

Ribosomes

Front 109

A nucleic acid strand is a polymer of nucleotides called a _____

Back 109

polynucleotide

Front 110

Polymer of nucleotides (polynucleotide) linked together and made of a nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a phosphate group is a ____

Back 110

Nucleic acid

Front 111

Nitrogenous base + pentose + phosphate.

Back 111

Nucleotide

Front 112

___ is a nitrogenous base characterized by a six-membered ring made up of carbon and nitrogen atoms

Back 112

Pyrimidine

Front 113

Name the three pyrimidine bases.

Back 113

C= cytosine

U= uracil

T= thymine

Front 114

____ is a nitrogenous base characterized by a five-membered ring fused to a six-membered ring

Back 114

Purine

Front 115

Name the purine bases.

Back 115

A= adenine

G= guanine

Front 116

Name the pentose sugar found in DNA.

Back 116

deoxyribose

Front 117

Name the pentose sugar found in RNA.

Back 117

Ribose

Front 118

A polymers of nucleotides are joined by _____ linkages

Back 118

phosphodiester

Front 119

Phosphodiester linkages are between the ___ of one nucleotide and the ____ of the next.

Back 119

phosphate

pentose sugar

Front 120

_____ reactions between the OH group on the 3′ carbon of one nucleotide and OH group on the phosphate on the 5′ carbon on the next form the phosphodiester linkage.

Back 120

Dehydration (condensation)

Front 121

Phosphodiester linkages create a ____ of sugar-phosphate units with nitrogenous bases as appendages

Back 121

backbone

Front 122

DNA molecules have two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis, forming _____

Back 122

double helix

Front 123

In the DNA double helix, the two backbones run in opposite 5′→ 3′ directions from each other, an arrangement referred to as _____

Back 123

antiparallel

Front 124

Name the nitrogenous bases in DNA as they pair up and form hydrogen bonds.

Back 124

adenine (A) always with thymine (T)

guanine (G) always with cytosine (C)

Front 125

A=T and C=G this is called _____base pairing

Back 125

complementary

Front 126

RNA molecules usually exist as _____ polypeptide chains

Back 126

single

Front 127

In RNA, thymine is replaced by ____ so A and ___ pair

Back 127

Uracil

U

Front 128

nucleotide

Back 128

This monomer is called a ____

Front 129

DNA. Look at the sugar. It is deoxyribose.

Back 129

Would this nucleotide be found in DNA or RNA?

Front 130

RNA. Look at the sugar. It is ribose.

Back 130

Would these nucleotides be found in DNA or RNA?

Front 131

purine

Back 131

The nitrogenous base on the right is a ____ base

Front 132

pyrimidine

Back 132

The nitrogenous base on the left is a ____ base