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25 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Punishment
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Occurs when a response is followed immediately by a stimulus change that decreases the future frequency of similar responses
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Positive punishment
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Occurs when the presentation of a stimulus/ an increase in the intensity of an already present stimulus immediately following a behavior results in a decrease in the future frequency of the behavior
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Negative Punishment
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Occurs when the termination or decrease in the intensity of an already present stimulus immediately following a behavior results in a decrease in the future frequency of the behavior
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Keys to Idnetifying/ Distinguishing Positive Punishment and Negative Reinforcement
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(a) recognizing the opposite effects of the two contingencies have on the future frequency of the behavior
(b) realizing that two different behaviors must be involved b/c the same consequence cannot serve as PP and NR for the same behavior |
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Discriminative Stimulus for Punishment
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(Sdp) A stimulus condition in the presense of which a response has a lower probability of occurence than it does in its absence as a result of response-contingent punishment delivery in the presense of a stimulus
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Punisher
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A stimulus change that immediately follows the occurence of a behavior and reduces the future frequency of that type of behavior
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Unconditioned Punisher
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A stimulus whose presentation functions as punishment without having been paired with any other punishers (primary/unlearned)
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Conditioned Punisher
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A stimulus change that functions as punishment as a result of a person's conditioning history (secondary/ learned)
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Generalized Conditioned Punisher
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A stimulus change that has been paired with numerous forms of unconditioned/ conditioned punishers Ex. reprimands- "No", social disapproval-scowl
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Problems/ Side Effects with Punishment
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-aggressive/ emotional reactions
-escape/ avoidance -behavioral contrast -undesirable modeling -NR the person punishing |
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Examples of Positive Punishment
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-reprimands
-response blocking -contingent exercise -overcorrection |
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Behavioral Contrast
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the phenomenon in which a change in one component of a mulitple schdeule that increases or decreases the rate of responding on that component is accompanied by a change n the response rate in the opposite direction on the other, unaltered component
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Response blocking
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physically intervening as soon as the person begins to emit the problem behavior to prevent or "block" the completion of the response
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contingent exercise
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an intervention in which the person is required to perform a response that is not topographically related to the problem behavior
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Overcorrection
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the learner is required to engage in effortful behavior that is directly or logically related to the problem
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Resitutional overcorrection
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the leraner is reuired to repair the damage caused by the problem behavior by returning the environment to its original state and then to engage in additional behavior that brings the environment to a condition vastly better than it was prior to the behavior
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Positive practive overcorrection
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the learner is required to repeatedly perform a correct form of the behavior or a behavior incompatible with the problem behavior, for a specified duration of time or number of repsonses
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Ethical Considerations of punishment
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-Do No Harm
-Least restrictive -Effective treatment -Create and follow ethical policy standards |
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Effective Punishment
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-Select effective/ appropriate punishers
-Early in responsse chain -consistent -gradual shift to intermittent -watch for side effects -record, graph, evaluate daily |
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Time-out from positive reinforcement
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the withdrawal of the opportunity to earn positive reinforcement or the loss of access to postive reinforcers for a specified time, contingent on the occurence of a behavior
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3 Aspects of Time-out
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(a) the discrepency between the "time-in" and the time-out environment
(b)the response-conitgent lossof access to reinforcement (c) a resultant decrease in the future frequency of the behavior |
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Nonexclusion Time-out
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participant is not completely removed physically fromt he time-in setting
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Planned ignoring
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social reinforcers are removed for a brief period, contingent on the occurence of an appropriate behavior
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Contingent observation
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the person is repositioned within an existing setting such that observation of ongoing activities remains, but access to reinforcement is lost
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Time-out ribbon
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a colored band that is placed on a child's wrist and becomes discriminative for recieving reinforcement
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