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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is the vertebral formula of the horse?
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C7 T18 L6 S5 Cd15-21
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Name the major neck flexors?
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Sternocephalicus
Brachiocephalicus |
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Name the neck extensors
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Rhomboid
Trapezius Splenius Cervical Serratus |
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What is the action of the Longus capitis and longus colli and scalenus?
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Equine neck flexors - deep hypaxial?
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Where are the main sites for intramuscular injection?
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1.Below nuchal ligament & hands breadth in front of cranial border of scapula
2. Middle Gluteal 3. Pectorals 4 Semitendinosus/Semimembranosus |
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What are the main sites for venipuncture?
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1.Jugular
2.Lateral Thoracic 3.Cephalic 4.Saphenous |
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What is kyphosis?
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Hunched camel back
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What is Scoliosis?
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Lateral Deviation of the spine
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Which vertebrae mark the withers?
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T3-7
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What is the normal shape of the back??
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Almost straight with slight dorsal convexity in cranial thoracic region.
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What is the function of the intervertebral discs?
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Aid weight bearing, axial shock absorbtion, maintain flexibility
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How many bones comprise the sacrum?
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5
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What is the Sacroiliac joint?
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Sacral hyaline cartilage and Ilium fibrocartilage = unusual.
Point of contact between 2 flat bony surfaces |
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What are the three main ligaments stabilising the sacroiliac joint?
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Dorsal sacroiliac
Ventral sacroiliac Interosseus sacroiliac |
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What do the epaxial muscles do?
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Extend the spine.
Lateral movement when contract unilaterally |
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What do hypaxial muscles do?
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Flex the spine
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How many layers of epaxial muscles are there?
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Three groups
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Where is spinal flexibility from?
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Expaxials and elasticity of IV discs, interspinous and nuchal ligaments
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What is the main direction of movement in the thoracic spine?
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Axial rotation and Lateral Flexion
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What is the main movement in the lumber spine?
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Dorso-ventral
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When the head is lowered how are the ligaments?
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Under tension cervical spine is flexed
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When the head is raised how are the ligaments?
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Relaxed and cervical spine extended
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What is the action of contraction of rectus abdominis and internal abdominal obliques?
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Flex the back
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What is the action of psoas major and mino contractions?
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Flex the lumber back
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Which muscles are responsible for lateral flexion of the spine?
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Iliocostals and longissimus + oblique abdominals
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How can you tell if a horse has back pain?
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Resent flexing and will resist the flexion reflex
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What would be suggestive of ataxia (uncoordinated), struggles uphill, circumducts limb, weak can be pulled over>?
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Spinal cord impingement
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What are the three layers of hoof?
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Stratum externum, stratum medium, stratum internum
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Which is the thin layer of horn from the periople?
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Stratum externum
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What does the stratum internum contain?
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100s of keratinised primary laminae
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What does the stratum medium contain?
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Soild rods of horn in parallel to outer hoof surface
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Which area of foot is well vascularised and contains large amounts of collagen?
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Corium
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What is the main vascular supply to the foot?
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Medial and Lateral Digital Arteries?
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What is the main nerve supply to the foot?
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Medial and Lateral Digital Nerves
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What attaches the navicular bone to P1?
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Collateral sesamoidian ligaments
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What does the impar ligament do?
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Attaches the navicular bone to P3
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How is the pedal bone (P3) suspended?
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Interlocking laminae.
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What are the medial and lateral palmar processes?
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Perforated projections medially and laterally from P3 allowing for passage of blood vessels +nerves
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What is the coffin joint?
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P3/P2
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What is the anatomical name for the fetlock joint?
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Metatarsalphalangeal
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Which ligaments insert on PIII?
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Impar Ligament, DDFT and Common Digital Extensor
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What is the role of the navicular bursa?
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To cushion the contact of the DDFT with the Navicular bone. They touch during propulsion
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Where does the SDFT insert?
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Distal PI and Proximal P2
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Where is the hoof wall the thickest?
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The Toe
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What happens to the periople at the coronary band?
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Joins with skin epidermis
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What is the weight bearing margin of the sole?
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3-5mm
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What is the junction between the sole and the wall of hoof called?
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The White Line
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Why is the white line practically important?
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Nails must be external to it as can easily damage the sensitive corium
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What is the white line made of?
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Thin softer horn
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What is the name for the clinical condition where the white line separates from the wall?
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White Line Disease
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Where are the common places for corns to occur?
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Angle of Sole /Seat of corn
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What might be a cause of a corn?
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Pressure from heel of shoe/shod too short/left on too long
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What is a common cause of lameness from the foot?
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Puncture wound
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What might you see if there is a puncture wound at the toe?
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Drainage at the coronary band
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What is the role of the frog?
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Normal heel expansion and shock absorption
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How many collateral ligament sets are in the foot?
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3 -
Distal interphalangeal Collaterals Proximal Interphalangeal Collaterals Sesamoidian collaterals |
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What may happen if the palmar navicular fibrocartilage degenerates?
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Navicular disease
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What causes laminitis?
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Carbohydrate overload. Inflammatory mediators act on laminae.
Loss of blood supply. Loss of support for pedal bone Pedal bone can rotate down |
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What 4 factors affect hoof growth and quaility?
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1. Genetic predispostion
2.Diet eg some supplements can improve hoof growth 3.Environment eg wet = weaker horn 4.Farriery - long toes predispose to cracks. |
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How many articulations are there in the equine carpus?
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Three
1.Radiocarpal 2. Middle carpal 3. Carpometacarpal |
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Are any of the carpal bones fused in the horse?
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No
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What is the name for metacarpals 2 and 4?
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Splint bones
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What is the name for MC III
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Cannon bone
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Name the Flexor ligaments of the metacarpals?
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Suspensory Ligament
Inferior Check Ligament DDFT SDFT |
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Name the extensor ligaments of the equine forelimb.
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Common digital extensor
Lateral digital extensor Extensor carpi radialis |
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What is the role of the suspensory ligament and inferior check ligaments?
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Prevents overextension of the fetlock
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Where does the suspensory ligament run from?
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Distal carpus to Proximal sesamoids
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What continues from the palmar carpal ligament?
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Inferior check ligament
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What happens to the extensor ligaments at the pastern level??
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Common and Lateral Digital Extensors merge
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What is the Manica Flexoria?
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Band of continuous tissue with the SDFT which encircles the DDFT
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Name 5 important sheaths and bursae in the forelimb
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Digital Flexor Tendon sheath
Navicular Bursa Extensor tendon flexor sheath Carpal sheaths enclose al tendons Bicipital bursa |
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Where can you palpate an equine pulse?
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Digital, facial, transverse facial + Median
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What would you use a nerve block for?
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Lameness investigation
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Why is tendon trauma so significant?
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Passive stay apparatus
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What are the two major distal nerve blocks?
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Abaxial sesamoid and Palmar digital
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Where does the abaxial nerve block de-sensitise?
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Structures distal to the fetlock and varying proportions of sesamoids
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How many articulations are there in the equine tarsus?
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Four:
Tarsocrural Talocalcaneal centro-quartal Centrodistal Tarsalmetacarpal |
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What are the ergot and chestnut?
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Vestigial metatarsal or metacarpal pads in fore or hind leg respectively.
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What is bog spavin?
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Fluid accumulation in joint of larger hock bones
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What is bone spavin?
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Osteoarthritis of the tarsalmetatarsal or Centrodistal joints
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Are any bones in the equine tarsus fused?
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Yes: 1&2
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What is the action of the Long digital extensor of the hind limb?
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Extend digits and flex the tarsus
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What is "throughpin"
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Effusion of plantar tendon sheath (fluid swelling of the tendon sheath around the DDFT as it crosses over the hock
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What are extenspr retinaculae?
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Strong fibrous bands holding tendons in place
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How many tarsal bursae are there?
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Three
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What are the names of the tarsal bursae?
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Subcutaneous Calcaneal
Intertendinous bursa Gastrocnemius bursa |
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How many Patellar ligaments are there?
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Three: Medial, Middle and lateral
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What happens if the medial patellar ligament catches of the medial trochlear ridge?
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Upward fixation of the patella - limb locks in extension
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How many Stifle joint compartments are there?
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Two
Femoropatellar Medial femoraltibial |
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How many Ligaments are there associated with the stifle joint?
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14
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In which species would you see a third trochanter on the femur?
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Horse
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What are the three elements of the passive stay apparatus of the hind limb?
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1.Patellar locking = fix stifle
2.Reciprocal Apparatus = lock hock and stifle in unison 3.Fixation of Fetlock and Phalanges |
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What would you see with rupture to the Peroneus tertius?
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Affects the reciprocal apparatus. Can flex the stifle whilst extending the hock.
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What is the function of the passive stay apparatus?
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Reduce energy to stand
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Why does the horse swap legs?
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Uses the same muscular effort
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Nerves of the hindlimb?
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Tibial
Deep and Superficial Peroneal Lateral and Medial Dorsal Metatarsal Lateral and Medial Digital |
