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85 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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psychosis
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a broad term referring to hallucinations/delusions
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schizophrenia
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a type of psychosis with disturbed thought, language, and behavior
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Benedict Morel
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coined the terms Demence Prococe (meaning loss of mind, early premature)
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Emil Kraeplin
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used the term dementia praecox (premature loss of mind)
focused on the onset and outcome |
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Eugen Bleuler
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introduced the term schizophrenia or splitting of mind
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Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
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active manifestations of abnormal behavior, distortions of normal behavior
ex: hallucinations and disorganized speech |
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Delusions
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misinterpretation of reality
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Name some examples of delusions
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delusions of grandeur
being controlled thought broadcasting thought insertion ideas of reference |
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Hallucinations
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experience of sensory events without environmental input
auditory, visual, olfactory, tactile |
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What happens when there is a disturbance in affect?
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reduction in emotional response
anhedonia inappropriate affect emotional ambivalence |
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What are the characteristics of disturbances in speech?
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nonsensical utterances
flight of ideas loose associations repetition clang associations word salad neologism |
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Negative symptoms of schizophrenia
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absence or insufficiency of normal behavior
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Name some examples of Negative symptoms
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emotional or social withdrawal
apathy poverty of thought and speech |
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Avolition
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refers to the inability to initiate and persist in activities
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Alogia
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refers to the relative absence of speech
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Anhedonia
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lack of pleasure, or indifference to pleasurable activities
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affective flattening
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show little expressed emotion, but may still feel emotion
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Disorganized Symptom Cluster
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severe disruptions in speech, behavior, and emotion
rambling speech erratic behavior inappropriate affect cognitive slippage tangentiality loose associations |
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Disorganized Affect
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inappropriate emotional behavior
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Disorganized behavior
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unusual behaviors
catatonia (spectrum from wild agitation, waxy flexibility, to complete immobility) |
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Paranoid Type
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Intact cognitive skills
no sign of disorganized behvaior hallucinations center around a theme |
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Catatonic Type
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unusual motor responses and odd mannerisms
waxy flexibility (rare) |
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Undifferentiated Type
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people who do not fit neatly into any other category go here
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Residual Type
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had an episode in the past
still has odd beliefs |
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Schizophreniform Disorder
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schizophrenic symptoms for a few months
associated with good premorbid functioning |
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Schizoaffective Disorder
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has a mood disorder with delusions and hallucinations
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Delusional Disorder
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delusions that are contrary to reality without other major schizophrenia symptoms but do show negative symptoms
thought insertion withdrawal ideas of reference |
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What types of delusions occur in delusional disorder?
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erotomanic
grandiose jealous persecutory somatic |
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Brief Psychotic Disorder
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experience one or more positive symptom of schizophrenia followed by stress or trauma
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Shared Psychotic Disorder
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delusions from one person manifest in another
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Type 1 Schizophrenia
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positive symptoms
good response to medication optimistic prognosis no intellectual impairment |
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Type 2 Schizophrenia
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negative symptoms
poor response to medication pessimistic prognosis intellectual impairments |
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What is the prevalence of schizophrenia?
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.2 - 1.5%
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When does schizophrenia develop?
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in early adulthood but can emerge at any time
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What is the gender ratio for schizophrenia
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equal
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What are the genetic components of schizophrenia?
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inherit a tendency for schizophrenia (not a type)
risk for getting it is high if your twin has it fraternal twins have a lesser chance |
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What chromosomes are affected by schizophrenia?
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1.2.3.5.6.8.11.14.20.22
multiple genes involved |
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Smooth Pursuit Eye Movement
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tracking a moving object with the eye is deficit in those with schizophrenia
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Dopamine Hypothesis
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drugs that increase dopamine increase schizophrenia behavior
drugs that decrease dopamine reduce schizophrenia behavior |
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What are examples of drugs that affect dopamine?
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L-Dopa
Neuroleptics |
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What are some brain abnormalities that contribute to schizophrenia?
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enlarged ventricles and reduced tissue problems
hypofrontality hippocampus viral infections during prenatal development |
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hypofrontality
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less active frontal lobes (a major dopamine pathway)
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What is the medical treatment for schizophrenia?
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antipsychotic medications
behavioral community care programs social and living skills training behavioral family therapy vocational rehab |
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When are developmental disorders first diagnosed?
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in infancy, childhood, adolescence
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Name the types of developmental disorders
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ADHD
Learning disorders autism mental retardation |
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ADHD
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inattention, over activity, and impulsivity
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What must be present to be diagnosed with ADHD
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cluster 1: symptoms of inattention
cluster 2: symptoms of hyperactivity and impulsivity either one must be present |
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When do symptoms prevail in children with ADHD
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3 or 4
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What are the gender differences with ADHD
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boys out number girls 4 to 1
US has greater diagnosis |
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What are the genetic contributions of ADHD?
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familial ADHD may involve deficits on chromosome 20
D4 receptor is identified in ADHD children |
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What are the neurological contributions to ADHD
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inactivity of frontal cortex and basal ganglia
right hemisphere malfunction abnormal frontal lobe development |
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What are the causes of ADHD
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maternal smoking
constant negative feedback peer rejection and resulting social isolation |
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What is the treatment for ADHD
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stimulant medications
Ritalin Dexedrine Aderall Imipramine Clonidine |
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How does medicine affect ADHD
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it improves compliance and decrease negative behaviors
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Learning Disorders
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problems related to academic performance in reading, math, and writing
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What is the criteria for being diagnosed for a learning disorder
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discrepancy between actual and expected reading achievement
reading is low for age problem cannot be visual |
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What is the most common learning disorder?
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reading
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What are the genetic contributions to learning disorders
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runs in families
brain damage |
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What is the treatment for a learning disorder?
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remediation of basic problems
improvement of cognitive skills targeting behavioral skills Interventions |
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Autism
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significant impairment in social interactions and communication with restricted patterns of behavior, interest, and activities
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What gender is autism more prevalent in
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females with IQs lower than 35 and males with higher IQ
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When do symptoms develop in autism
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before 36 months
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What are the historical views of autism?
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bad parenting
unusual speech patterns lack of self awareness ecolalia |
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What are the true causes of autism
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genetic component
brain damage cerebellum size (small) |
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Aspergers Disorder
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social impairments
restricted and repetitive stereotyped behaviors may be clumsy and are quite often verbal intellectual |
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What are the treatments for psychosocial behavior?
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skill building and treatment of problem behaviors
address socialization deficits early intervention is critical |
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What did Lovaas do for treatment of psychosocial disorders
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he taught by imitation children with autism how to speak
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What are the integrated models for psychosocial behavioral treatments?
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focus is on the children, families, parents, schools, and their homes
build appropriate community and social support |
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Mental Retardation
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significantly sub-average IQ (below 70)
concurrent deficits or impairments in two or more areas of adaptive functioning evident before age 18 |
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Mild MR
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IQ between 50 - 70
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Moderate MR
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IQ between 35 - 55
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Severe MR
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IQ between 20 - 40
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Profound MR
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IQ below 25
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What are the characteristics of Mild MR
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indistinguishable appearance
school up to 6th grade educable develop social and communication skills live independently no brain pathology |
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Moderate MR characteristics
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distinguishable appearance
2nd grade edu trainable develop speech but no communication skilled work with supervision brain damage all SES groups |
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Severe MR characteristics
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congenial abnormalities
poor motor development prolonged training for speech and self care institutionalized learn tasks brain damage |
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Profound MR characteristics
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total supervision and nursing care
little training simple utterances physical deformities neurological damage lower life expectancy custodial retarded PMR |
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American Association of Mental Retardation
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Defines MR based on levels of assistance required like intermittent, limited, extensive, or pervasive assistance
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What is the gender ratio for MR
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males 6:1
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phenylkeronuria
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phenylalanine in blood causing amino acid to not be metabolized because of missing enzyme interfering with myelinization
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cultural familial retardation
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associated with mild MR and is caused by biological and social factors such as abuse neglect and social deprivation
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What is the difference view of MR?
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mild MR is a matter of degree and kind
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What is the developmental view of MR
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Mild MR reflects a slowing or delay of normal development
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What is the treatment for MR?
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teach skills to foster productivity and independence
educational and behavioral management living and self care skills communicating training community and supportive interventions |
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How can you prevent MR
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genetic counciling
amniocentesis cvs dietary interventions early intellectual stimulation |
