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27 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How multilingual nations develop?
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1. migration
2. federation 3. imperialism a. colonization b. annexation c. economic imperialism |
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speech communities
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a community sharing knowledge of the rules for the conduct and interpretation of speech
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verbal repertoire
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refers to range of linguistic resources available to individual or community
ex. taking turns talking |
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selective functionality
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an important characteristic of multilingua lverbal repertoire ,where you use a language
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concept of domain
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location, topic, participants
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assymetric principle
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in bilingual societies, languages in the repertoire of a community are not equally distributed in terms of power, prestige, vitality, or attitude
-some languages are more valued thanothers -larger the numberofroles ithas,the higher its place on the hierarchy |
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diglossia
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refers tosituationwith justtwo language varieties and that the two be moderately divergent
ex. Greek:Demotiki-lower Katharevousa- higher |
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codemixing
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switiching languages within senteces, involves every level of syntactic structure,including words, phrases clauses, and sentences
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code-switching
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multilinguals switch from one language to another in conversation
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Macknamara (1967)
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minimal degree of skill ex. knows onlythe name of food
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bloomfield (1933)
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undistinguishable from native speakers
-no loss of native language, native like control of two languages |
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Haugen (1969)
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-complete meaningful utterances in other language
-pass as a native |
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Fishman (1971)
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no society uses two languages for exactly the same purpose
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Mackey (1968)
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alternate use of two languages, degree of proficiency,condition:when you use it
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lexicon
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diff phrase for the same word
ex.soda popvs pop |
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phonology
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how words are pronounced
ex.chocolate |
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1928 LinguisticAtlas ofthe US and Canada
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to trace settlementhistory of the US as reflectedin existing dialect patterning, differences due to social levels, differencesin spoken and written english
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What is language variation? interplay of what factors:
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1.regional
2.social status 3. ethnicity 4.sex 5. age 6.styles |
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isoglosses
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lines seperating areas which used a particular item from those that did not
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isogloss bundles
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isoglosses which are clustered in approximately the same way
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social indicators
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indicates where a person is from based on there pronounciation
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social markers
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tells us what level of society person comes from
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social stereotypes
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become topic of overt comment from members of the community
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qualitative differences
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linguistic forms found in one area are categorically absent in another variety
(what you say) |
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quantitative differences
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relative frequency of pronomial apposition (how many times you say something)
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language choice
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who uses which language with whom for what purposes
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Thiery (1978)
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accepted by members of two linguistic communities
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