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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is AAC? (ASHA formal definition) |
"To compensate for temporary or permanent impairments, activity limitations, or participation restrictions of individuals with severe disorders of speech-language production or comprehension, including spoken and writen modes of communication."
To enhance or replace existing speech and writing. |
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What does AAC stand for? |
Augmentative (enhance) and Alternative (replace) Communication |
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Why are severe disorders stressed in AAC intervention? |
Primary Answer: Because, if a disorder is only moderate, it is likely then more efficient to use speech and language with oral communication breakdown strategies.
Secondary Answer: AAC is a slow process.
Secondary Answer: You want to improve what skills are there (use it or lose it), and therefore do not want to use AAC if they can communicate without it. |
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What are examples of temporary and permanent loses of communication for which AAC would be used as intervention? |
Temporary: Laryngitis Permanent: Apraxia, Aphasia |
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What are examples of AAC interventions used to aid comprehension? |
Keyword writing Visual schedules |
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Does AAC = equipment/devices? Why/why not? |
No! AAC does not only include devices/equipment. Physical objects, breakdown resolution strategies, and gestures are all examples of AAC without equipment/devices. |
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Concepts commonly taught to families/clients/caregivers. (myths mentioned in lecture one) |
1. AAC is not only equipment/device 2. Diagnosis doe not = AAC device/strategy 3. People use AAC to communicate wants/needs, AND everything else that a conventional communicator does using speech/writing. 4. Finding the right device/strategy for an individual happens over multiple sessions (not just one) 5. AAC does not mean you are giving up on speech 6. AAC is not a crutch 7. AAC does not interfere with speech-language development. |
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What are non-symbolic modes of communication? Examples? |
Non-symbolic modes of communication are nearly universally understood.
Examples: 1. Facial expressions 2. Body posture/orientation 3. Simple gesture 4. Vocalizations 5. Simple, concrete drawings |
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What are symbolic modes of communication? Examples? |
Symbolic modes of communication require shared knowledge of speech, signs, text, symbols used for understanding.
Examples: Abstract drawings Speech Key-word signing Phone (speech) Symbol board(s) Symbol-based communication device Symbol-based communication book, notebook |
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What are communication modes that require spelling and common knowledge about symbols (i.e., letters & words)? |
Examples: 1. Finger spelling 2. Writing 3. Alphabet board 4. Email, IM, text 5. Spelling-based communication devices |
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What are the three types of communication modes discussed in class? |
1. Non-symbolic 2. Symbolic 3. Those that require spelling & common knowledge about symbols (i.e., letters & words) |
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Who uses AAC? |
A wide variety of individuals with various diagnoses use AAC. |
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What are the myths of AAC discussed in class regarding purposes of AAC strategies? |
1. Intervention only focuses on wants and needs (Truth: we don't want them to only convey wants and needs, but some people only do this! People use AAC to communication everything conventional communicators use speech and writing for).
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What are the myths of AAC discussed in class regarding AAC evaluations? |
1. AAC intervention includes trials with various devices, selecting one device, in one session. (Truth: AAC is not only a device or technology, it is more than that. Also, finding the right AAC method for an individual rarely takes only one appointment). |
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What is the purpose of an AAC evaluation? |
"The goal of AAC intervention is to enable the person in a way that permits participation in the life he/she wants to lead."
To figure out what will help the client communicate better. Understanding:
1. Who they are 2. What communication they already have 3. Their goals/preferences 4. What they would like to do |
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What information SHOULD determine the type of AAC intervention/strategy used? |
1. Patient preferences (emphasis on preferences - if they do not prefer it, they will not use it) 2. Patient goals 3. Individuals capabilities |
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What is the iPad/Mobile Revolution? |
iPad and mobile movement have changed AAC intervention very rapidly, for the good and the bad. |
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What are some positives seen in AAC intervention/service delivery with the mobile revolution? |
1. Decreased stigma with AAC use 2. Common device --> better ability to interact with and relate to peers. 3. Multiple functions on one device 4. More options available for AAC 5. More familiar, easy to use 6. More portable than other devices 7. Less expensive, easier to purchase 8. Families more willing to accept AAC 9. Clients become partners in everything.
(bold = more directed to service delivery changes) |
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What are some negatives seen in AAC intervention/service delivery with the mobile revolution? |
1. Specialists asked to make a pre-purchesed device work for the individual (molding the child/adult to the device when it should be the other way around!) - Used to choose a device (clinician/client/caregiver) that matched the individuals needs after evaluation, and then customize it and teach them to use it well. |
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What are the 5 overarching AAC system features? |
1. Physical features 2. Output 3. Access method (Selection method) 4. Selection set 5. Message preparation |
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Why are we taught features of AAC devices, rather than the devices themselves? |
Because there are too many different devices, while features generally stay consistent. |
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What are Johston and Feeley's (2012) different types of AAC technology? |
1. No tech (no electronics) 2. Low/light tech (simple electronics) 3. Hi tech (complex, expensive)
Note: features apply to all of these different types (even no-tech). |
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What are the different categories of physical features (4)? |
1. Physical aspects (size, weight, portability) 2. Memory 3. Power (e.g., batteries?, charging?) 4. Durability & repair
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Why wont insurance fund iPads and smart phones? |
Because of durability and repair (consider what happens when your own iPhone/iPad gets broken or lost!).
Will only fund equipment that is "durable medical equipment." |
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How do insurance companies define "durable medical equipment"? |
1. Able to withstand repeated use 2. Is suitable for use in the home 3. Is generally not useful for a person in absence of illness or injury. 4. Is primarily and customarily used for medical purpose. |
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What are the three types of output features? |
1. Visual output (info-->partner) 2. Auditory output (info-->partner) 3. Electronic output (info-->other devices) |
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What are the three types of visual output? |
1. Temporary (will disappear) 2. Short-term (can save) 3. Permanent (can print) |
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What are the two types of auditory output? |
1. Digitized (recorded voice, for speech or non-speech sounds) 2. Synthesized speech (text-to-speech, computer-generated voice output, comprised of speech sounds)
Note: we have seen many improvements in synthesized speech (used to be very unintelligible and robotic sounding, now can sample vocal fold movement during open /a/ to gain a voice similiar in quality to the communicator) |
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What are examples of electronic output? |
1. Computer access 2. Full internet access 3. Environmental controls (remote, emergency siren) 4. Wireless/Wifi capability 5. Bluetooth |
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Why might a client require visual output? (J & F, 2012) |
X |
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Why might a client require Auditory output? (J & F, 2012) |
X |
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Why might a client require synthesized speech output? (J & F, 2012) |
X |
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Can text-to-speech be pre-programmed? How? |
X |
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Which speech output is absolutely essential for an “independent” (literate) communicator or someone learning literacy skills. Why?
Must “emerging” and “CD” communicators use only the other type of speech output? |
X |
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What are the two types of access method features? Examples? |
1. Direct Selection: the individual indicates the desired item in the selection set, without any intermediary steps. They point to the desired item directly, and all items are available simultaneously. Examples: 1. Pointing with physical force/pressure 2. Pointing with pysical contact/no force 3. Pointing without physical contact 4. Speech recognition 5. Pick up and exchange 6. Handwriting 7. Head light/pointers 8. Eye tracking
2. Indirect Selection: an individual can only indicate the desired items after some intermediate steps by the device or the partner. Examples: 1. Scanning with single/dual switches 2. Directed scanning (joystick, computer mouse, arrow keys) 3. Coded access (e.g. morse code) Can vary scanning pattern and speed.
Note: Read J & F (2012) for explanation of single switch & dual switch scanning. |
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What are examples of different types of supports used to make direct selection possible? |
1. Control enhancers (e.g., splints, pointers) 2. Modifications to the AAC system (e.g., larger keys, larger buttons, key guard) or adjustments to software (e.g., keypad sensitivity, acceptance time, release time). |
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Which access method is prefered? Why?
Why might someone require indirect selection methods? |
Direct selection is preferred because it takes less time and gives the communicator more autonomy.
However, if someone is paralyzed to areas of the body that would typically allow movement to independently find and select items (keep eyes in mind), then indirect selection would be required so that someone else moves through the items and the communicator can use some indicator for the partner to select an item. POOR MOTOR CONTROL IS THE ONLY REASON YOU WOULD CHOOSE INDIRECT METHODS. |
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What are the 6 types of direct access methods? |
1. Pointing with physical force/pressure 2. Pointing with pysical contact/no force 3. Pointing without physical contact 4. Speech recognition 5. Pick up and exchange 6. Handwriting |
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What are the three types of indirect access methods? |
1. Single/duel scanning 2. Directed scanning 3. Coded access |
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What is the definition of selection set? |
"The visual, auditory, and/or tactile presentation of the items from which a message can be composed by an individual using AAC."
Everything that is readily available to the user. |
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What are the 4 characteristics of selection set? |
1. Symbol modality (e.g., visual, tactile, auditory) 3. Layout 4. Navigation/traveling across pages |
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What are examples of visual symbol modality (of selection sets)? |
1. Alphabet 2. Words & phrases 3. Line drawings 4. Photographs (as symbol or as “visual scene”) 5. Special abstract symbols 6. Combination
Note: visual modality is the most common |
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What are examples of tactile symbol modality (of selection sets)? |
1. Partial objects 2. Miniatures objects 3. Raised symbols or print 4. Special tactile symbols (e.g. Braille) |
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What are examples of auditory symbol modality of selection sets? |
1. Auditory scanning (“indirect selection” access only) 2. Auditory fishing (“direct selection”) Note: this is rarely used these days so you don’t need to know this one; it’s here for completeness and because I believe it will be back with an app. So, someday. |
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Why might someone require tactile symbol modality? |
X |
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Why might someone require auditory symbol modality? |
X |
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What are the two types of pre-programmed vocabulary? |
1. Core Vocabulary: commonly used (e.g., greetings, hungry, want, have, yes/no, to be, I, am). More functor & content words.
2. Fringe Vocabulary: specific and unique to the individual (e.g., jargon, lingo, name, address).
Remember: Functor vs. Content words |
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What are the 4 types of layouts for selection sets? |
1. Grid (e.g., row-column) 2. Verticle (1 column to scroll) 3. Horizontal (1 column to swipe) 4. Integrated (visual) scene |
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What are some different types of navigation layouts for selection sets? |
Turning pages Multiple pages Dynamic displays |
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Why might some vocabulary be present in the device, but not “readily available” (part of the selection set) to the individual? |
Navigating can be difficult as well as recognizing symbols (particularly in aphasia), therefore those symbols are not "readily available". |
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How might it be confusing to families when manufacturers or or “app reviews” talk about the “vocabulary” that is in the device or app they want to sell? |
X |
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What are the three types of message preparation features? |
1. Message Options 3. Rate Enhancement Options |
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Different types of message options. |
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Different types of activation feedback options. |
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Different types of rate enhancement options (7). |
Six broad categories: a) Pre-programmed utterances f) “Morphology” |
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Why isn’t speeding up the speaking rate of TTS a useful method of rate enhancement? |
X |
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If someone uses scanning access, why isn’t “speeding up the scanning rate” a valid method of rate enhancement? |
X |
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Why does everyone REQUIRE... some form of rate enhancement?
For whom would it be particularly important to have rate enhancement? |
X |
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2 defining characteristics of "reliable" |
consistent & serves intended purpose |
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2 defining characteritics of "symbolic" |
learned & representational |
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2 defining characteristics of "active" |
not stagnant & can be developed further |
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Consdier a child stagnant IF... (2) |
In one year, he/she (1) only has a few manual signs, or (2) can only discriminate a few symbols
--Reassess and find a new device/method-- |
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Emerging Communicators |
Have no reliable means of active, symbolic communication
use non-symbolic communication
{could be adult with neologisms} |
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Why might a child have more abilities than you can observe? |
motor control, vocab provided, vision |
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Types of Communication on CCI (3) |
Emerging, Context-Dependant, & Independent |
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CCI guides... (4) |
Evaluation Intervention Counseling families Partner training |
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Book: 4 types of communicative competence |
1) linguistic (r&e language skills) 2) operational skills (technical skills) 3) social (interaction skills) 4) strategic (compensatory strategies) |
