Aaa Exam 2

Front 1

vesicular breath sound

Back 1

Heard over the thorax (Lung Tissue), a low pitched rustling sound with a high intensity inspiratory phase which is continuous with a less intense and shorter expiratory phase, which normally extends to less than one third of inspiratory phase.

Front 2

Diastole

Back 2

Represents the period of time when the ventricles are relaxed (not contracting).Throughout most of this period, blood is passively flowing from the left atrium (LA) and right atrium (RA) into the left ventricle (LV) and right ventricle (RV), respectively (see figure at right). The blood flows through atrioventricular valves (mitral and tricuspid) that separate the atria from the ventricles. The RA receives venous blood from the body through the superior vena cava (SVC) and inferior vena cava (IVC). The LA receives oxygenated blood from lungs through four pulmonary veins that enter the LA. At the end of diastole, both atria contract, which propels an additional amount of blood into the ventricles.

Front 3

Diastole & Systole

Back 3

A single cycle of cardiac activity can be divided into two basic phases -

Front 4

Causes for decreased intensity of normal vescular breath sound.

Back 4

1. Pleural effusion (Separation of conducting units from chest wall)
2. Pleural thickening (-do-)
3. Collapsed lung with occluded bronchus (Loss of conducting pathways)
4. Emphysema (Loss of laminar flow and low velocity airflow due to distended acinus)
5. Bronchial asthma (occlusion of conducting airways)
6. Thick chest wall (eg;Obesity)(separation of steth from the area of activity” lung”).

Front 5

Vesicle

Back 5

small vessels

Front 6

Bronchial Breath Sounds

Back 6

Breath sounds heard over the tracheobronchial tree have a higher pitch, louder, inspiration and expiration are equal and there is a pause between inspiration and expiration.

Front 7

Respiratory Exam

Back 7

1. Note the intensity of breath sounds
2. symmetry
3. length of inspiration and expiration
4. Listen for the pause between inspiration, expiration
5. Quality of pitch of the sound. 6. Compare the intensity of breath sounds between upper and lower chest in upright position.
5. Compare the intensity of breath sounds from dependent to top lung in the decubitus position.
6. Note the presence or absence of adventitious sounds.

Front 8

Systole

Back 8

the time during which the left and right ventricles contract and eject blood into the aorta and pulmonary artery, respectively. The aortic and pulmonic valves open to permit ejection into the aorta and pulmonary artery. The atrioventricular valves are closed, therefore no blood is entering the ventricles; however, blood continues to enter the atria though the vena cavae and pulmonary veins.

Front 9

ATRIAL SYSTOLE

Back 9

The end of diastole

Front 10

During atrial systole

Back 10

the atrium contracts and tops off the volume in the ventricle with only a small amount of blood. Atrial contraction is complete before the ventricle begins to contract.

Front 11

Atrial pressure

Back 11

The "a" wave occurs when the atrium contracts, increasing atrial pressure (yellow). Blood arriving at the heart cannot enter the atrium so it flows back up the jugular vein, causing the first discernible wave in the jugular venous pulse. Atrial pressure drops when the atria stop contracting.

Front 12

A fourth heart sound (S4)

Back 12

abnormal and is associated with the end of atrial emptying after atrial contraction. It occurs with hypertrophic congestive heart failure, massive pulmonary embolism, tricuspid incompetence, or cor pulmonale.

Front 13

The P wave

Back 13

Due to this atrial depolarization.

Front 14

The PR segment

Back 14

Electrically quiet as the depolarization proceeds to the AV node. This brief pause before contraction allows the ventricles to fill completely with blood.

Front 15

Heart Valves

Back 15

Open and close during the cardiac cycle in response to differences in blood pressure on their two sides.

Front 16

Phases of the Cardiac Cycle

Back 16

1. Ventricular Filling
2. Ventricular Relaxation
3. Isovolumetric Relaxation

Front 17

Ventricular Filling (Mid-to-late ventricular diastole)

Back 17

Blood flows passively into the atria, through open AV valves, and into the ventricles, where the pressure is lower.

Front 18

Ventricular Filling (Mid-to-late ventricular diastole)

Back 18

Atria contract, forcing the remaining blood into ventricles.

Front 19

Ventricular Systole
Isovolumetric Contraction

Back 19

Ventricles contract and intraventricular pressure rises, closing AV valves. Briefly, ventricles are completely closed chambers.

Front 20

Ventricular Systole
Ventricular Ejection

Back 20

Rising ventricular pressure forces semilunar valves open. Blood is ejected from the heart.

Front 21

Isovolumetric Relaxation

Back 21

Ventricles relax and ventricular pressure drops. Blood backflows, closing semilunar valves. Ventricles are totally closed off again.

Front 22

Isovolumetric Relaxation

Back 22

2. The atria have been filling with blood. When atrial pressure exceeds ventricular pressure, AV valves open and ventricular filling, phase one begins again.

Front 23

Flow of Blood through Right Side of Heart

Back 23

1. Right Atrium
2. R atrioventricular valve opens
3. R ventricle fills
4. Pulmonary semilunar valve opens.
5. Blood flows through pulmonary semilunar valve to pulmonary trunk.

Front 24

Isovolumetric Contraction

Valves are?

Back 24

AV valve is closed
Semilunar valve is closed

Front 25

Isovolumetric Relaxation valves are?

Back 25

AV valve is closed
Semilunar valve is closed

Front 26

Ventricular ejection

Back 26

AV valve is closed
Semilunar valve is open

Front 27

Ventricular Filling

Back 27

AV valve is open
Semilunar valve is closed