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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Functional reserve capacity contains what volumes?
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residual volume and expiratory reserve
it does NOT include tidal and is NOT parallel to inspiratory reserve |
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Inspiratory capacity contains what volumes?
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tidal volume and inspiratory reserve volume
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What is obstruction with "pseudorestriction"?
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air trapping or hyperinflation
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Top 2 caues of pleural effusion (U.S.)
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CHF
PNA |
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Capillary permeability is NORMAL in a [transudative, exudative] effusion.
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transudative
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Most common cause of transudative effusion
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CHF
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Usual management of transudative effusions
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treat underlying cause
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What are Light's criteria?
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Pleural/serum protein ratio > 0.5
Pleural/serum LDH ratio > 0.6 LDH > 2/3 upper limit of normal (200-300 depending on lab) |
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What are Light's criteria used for?
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To determine whether a pleural effusion is transudative or exudative
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Light's criteria misidentifies ? percent of transudates as exudates.
However, it is not SPECIFIC so it overcalls exudative effusions despite this? |
25%
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What are contraindications to a chest tube?
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uncontrolled coagulopathy
site infection very small amount of pleural fluid |
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What are normal serum values for protein?
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6.3-8.2 gm/dl
roughly 6-8 |
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What are the three main indications for a chest tube?
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Effusion (esp malignant)
Empyema (or complicated effusion) Pneumothorax (esp tension, or in ventilated patient) |
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Bilateral pleural effusion: what is first step in treatment?
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diuretics
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How do you determine whether there is enough fluid to do a thoracentesis?
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ultrasound
the old way was lateral decubitus xray |
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What valve is used for the discharge of a patient with a chest tube after pleural drainage has been stopped/minimized?
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Heimlich valve
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Tactile fremitus is increased under what circumstances?
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solid consolidation (tumor)
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Egophony is increased under what circumstances?
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solid and liquid consolidation
(in liquid/effusion, the egophony is in a band just above the effusion) |
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What are the criteria for complicated parapneumonic effusion?
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ph < 7
glucose > 40 + gram strain sweet purple acid effusion |
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What are bronchial breath sounds and what do they indicate?
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harsh sounds like tracheal sounds but in lung parenchyma. They are classically heard over a consolidation in pneumonia, esp. lobar pneumonia.
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What are three positive auscultory signs of a consolidation?
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tactile fremitus
egophony whispered pectoriloquy |
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Breath sounds are [increased, decreased] over a pleural effusion.
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decreased
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