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1146 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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ejection click w/ crescendo-decrescendo systolic murmur
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aortic stenosis
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sore, thick tongue + anemia + esophageal webs =
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Plummer-Vinson
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basophilic leukocytosis is associated with what leukemia?
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CML
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podocyte effacement
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minimal change disease
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describe the presentation of the patient with age-related macular degeneration
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patchy loss of vision limited to the center, OK peripheral vision, pigmentary changes in the macula
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what effect does cortisol have on the nitrogen balance of burn patients?
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nitrogen is lost
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finely granular surface of kidneys indicates what pathologic process?
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benign nephrosclerosis
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two locations for early mets of lung cancer
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axillary and internal thoracic nodes
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most common cancer of the breat
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infiltrating ductal
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what type of thyroid cancer involves production of amyloid?
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medullary
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IgG, IgM and C' in the mesangium
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membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
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name the law of Laplace for associating wall stress with pressure, radius, and wall thickness
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wall stress = (pressure x radius)/thickness
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tropical sprue affects which part of the bowel?
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the whole small bowel
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diffuse loss of myelin and axons, widespread gliosis; seen in hypertensive patients; loss of white matter
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subcortical leukoencephalopathy
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infertility + bronchiectasis
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Kartegener's
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underlying molecular mechanism of post-strep GN
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deposition of immune complexes on the epithelial side of the GBM
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acute decreases in serum Mg cause PTH to (increase/decrease/not change)
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increase
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is the spleen situated ventrally or dorsally in the abdominal cavity?
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dorsally
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histology of early chronic bronchitis shows hypertrophy of which cells?
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submucosal glands
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LCST lesions result in …
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spastic paresis (this is an UMN lesion)
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staghorn calculi are associated with what types of bacteria?
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urease-splitting bacteria (i.e. Proteus)
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cardiac abnormality with Turner's
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coarctation of the aorta
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common signs of serum sickness
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fever, arthralgias, rash, lymphadenopathy
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how does pulse pressure change with arteriosclerosis?
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decreased arterial compliance leads to increased pulse pressure
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another name for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis
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young adult with intellectual decline, seizures, and ataxia
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Leigh's disease
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most common location for volvulus
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sigmoid colon
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presentation of a patient with cystathionine deficiency
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Marfanoid habitus, retardation, high Met levels
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hepatic disorder associated with ulcerative colitis
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primary sclerosing cholangitis
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in empty sella syndrome, the sella turcica is filled with ___
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CSF
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S100 is the tumor marker for ..
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neural tumors, astrocytoma, and melanoma
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BUN and creatinine in patients with tubulointerstitial disease
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creatinine increases more than BUN
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constantly increased PR interval withOUT missed QRS complexes
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first-degree AV block
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deficiency in glucose-6-phosphatase causes …
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von Gierke's dz
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liver histology in Reye's syndrome
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microvesicular steatosis
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TRAP staining diagnoses …
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hairy cell leukemia
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most common location of "newly diagnosed" TB
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apex ("newly diagnosed" means reactivated)
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role of Angiotensin II in the kidney
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constricts the efferent arteriole
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squamous cell CA of lung can secrete…(2)
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ADH, ACTH
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hematologic neoplasm associated with t(2;8), t(8;22), and t(8;14)
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Burkitt's lymphoma
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how does acute gastritis present?
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erythematous mucosa, petechiae, heartburn, nausea, vomiting
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what specialized cell might form in an area of fat necrosis?
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multinucleated giant cell
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the antibody of scleroderma with the worst prognosis
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anti-topoisomerase (indicates diffuse scleroderma)
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type of neurofibromatosis which includes Lisch nodules
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Type I NF
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what's another causes for increased BUN with Nl creatinine?
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decreased renal perfusion
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erythema multiforme affects what body parts?
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all over (including distal extremities, differentiating it from Lyme disease, and palms and soles)
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decreased breath sounds + hyperresonance
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pneumothorax
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OD causing hyperventilation w/ respiratory alkalosis and compensatory metabolic acidosis
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salicylates
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disease caused by a mutation in mitochondrial genes
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Leber hereditary optic neuropathy
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common characteristics of MEN IIb
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medullary thyroid CA, pheochromocytoma, and mucosal neuromas
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profound fatigue/weakness, alternating diarrhea and constipation, and hyperpigmentation
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Addison's disease
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hemodynamic findings in anemia
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tachycardia, ↑stroke volume, ↑pulse pressure
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the pathogenesis of a mucopolysaccaridosis depends heavily on the involvement of what structures?
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cartilage
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glucose spills into the urine at a serum glucose level of ____
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200 mg/dL
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predisposition for aortic dissection
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cystic medial necrosis
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the defining feature of an Echinoccus cyst
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scolex
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lab findings in chronic COPD
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ph normal (actually just slightly low), pCO2 increased, HCO3 increased
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long-term neurologic sequellae of measles
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subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
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peak age of incidence of membranous GN
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fourth and fifth decades
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skin disease strongly associated with sprue
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dermatitis herpetiformis
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valvular lesion characterized by greatly elevated LA pressure toward the end of systole
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mitral regurgitation
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effect of DIC on kidney
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diffuse cortical necrosis
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osteopetrosis is a failure of what cell type?
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osteoclasts
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weak femoral pulse (compared with radial), low ab aortic pressures, failure to thrive
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coarctation of the aorta
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type of emphysema experienced by smokers
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centrilobular
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Hashimoto's thyroiditis is associated with lesions of what other organ system?
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thymus (like MG)
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atherosclerotic aneurysms typically arise in the …
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abdominal aorta
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in sickle cell dz, where in the kidney are RBCs most likely to sickle?
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vasa recta (high osmolality)
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reperfusion injury is caused by …
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free radicals
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dx of uncal herniation
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CN III problems (mydriasis, loss of accomodation)
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when does rupture of ventricular wall occur after an MI?
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5-10 days
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is atrophy due to disuse caused by a decrease in the number of cells or the number of myofibrils per cell?
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decreased # of myofibrils per cell
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source of osteoblasts after fracture
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damaged periosteum
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cardiac disorders involved with Fragile X
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aortic root dilation and MVP
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cystic medial degeneration is a risk factor
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dissecting aneurysm
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R ventricular impulse + systolic murmur in pulmonic area + fixed splitting of S2
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ASD
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what does the "borderline" mean in "borderline mucinous tumor"?
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cytologic atypia without stromal invasion
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describe the pathology of a common senile infarct
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opacification of the lens caused by swelling and vacuolation of its fibers
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describe MEN II b
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pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid CA, mucocutaneous neuromas
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patients with celiac disease have an increased risk of what cancer?
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GI lymphoma
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goblet cell hyperplasia is common in ….
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smokers
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prognosis of melanoma correlates with …
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depth of invasion
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aka graft arteriosclerosis
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graft vascular disease
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lysosomal storage disease that causes widespread areas of demyelination in the brain
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Neimann-Pick
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long-term sequellae of neonate with hypothyroidism
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mental retardation (cretinism)
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decreased serum ceruloplasmin is indicative of what disease?
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Wilson's disease
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two conditions in which the aortic pressure during diastole is lower than normal
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aortic regurgitation and PDA (in both cases blood is lost from the aorta)
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increased megakaryocytes in BM + few platelets on peripheral smear
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idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
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hamartomas in the brain + adenoma sebaceum + cardiac rhabdomyomas
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tuberous sclerosis
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____% of pheochromocytomas occur in kids
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10%
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peripheral vascular resistance (increases/decreases/no change) in severe anemia
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decreases
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koilocytosis on pap smear suggests …
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infection with HPV (NOT carcinoma in situ or severe dysplasia!)
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histologic description of aa in hypertension
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concentric laminar intimal fibrosis with plexogenic arteriopathy (right ….)
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AAA are usually the result of …
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atherosclerosis
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LMN findings in the UE and UMN findings in the LE
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syringomyelia
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increased osmotic fragility of RBCs means …
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hereditary spherocytosis
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leukocytoclastic angiitis is also known as …
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hypersensitivity angiitis
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strongest risk factor for duodenal peptic ulcer
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H. pylori infections
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pathophys of Hartnup's disease
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poor absorption of aa secondary to deficient epithelial transport (including tryptophan, a precursor for niacin)
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etiology of esophageal atresia
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posterior deviation of the tracheoesophageal septum
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oncogene associated with small cell CA of lung
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L-myc
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best way to establish the diagnosis of Budd Chiari
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hepatic venography
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slowly progressive heart failure (may or may not have chest pain)
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chronic ischemic heart disease
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thyroid CA with Psammoma bodies
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papillary
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hyponatremia, urine hypo-osmolality, and lung mass
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SIADH (small cell CA)
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cardinal signs include dec arterial P, small heart, and inc venous P
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cardiac tamponade
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predisposing conditions for pancreatitis
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EtOH and gallstones
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kid with short 4th and 5th fingers
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sickle cell disease
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how does the presence of constitutional sx affect the stage of Hodgkin's?
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Stage #B (#A would be no systemic sx)
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histology of late chronic bronchitis shows metaplasia of what cells?
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goblet cells
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findings in Marfan syndrome
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long fingers, lens problems, dissecting aortic aneurysm, MVP
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what is leukoplakia?
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white plaque on the oral mucosa for which a dx cannot be found (5% contain carcinoma)
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PDA connects …
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aorta and left pulm aa
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baby w. mental retardation, growth failure, cataracts, liver dz, aminoaciduria, n/v/d improving (but not eliminated) with removal of milk from the diet
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galactosemia
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type of leukemia in which marrow contains >30% blasts, of which >50% are erythroblasts
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M6 AML
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coronary artery finding in Kawasaki disease
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coronary artery aneurysm
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brain tumor with mucin-secreting epithelial cells w/ cilia (no calcifications)
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colloid cyst
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translocation in Burkitt's
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(8;14)
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thymomas and thymic hyperplasia are associated with what neuromuscular disorder?
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myasthenia gravis
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testes without germ cells or Sertoli cells, but Leydig cells in clumps
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Klinefelter's
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medullary CA of the thyroid produces amyloid derived from …
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calcitonin precursors
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early wrist and ankle involvement is typical of this type of muscular dystrophy
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myotonic dystrophy
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actinic keratosis predisposes to …
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SCC
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enlarged rugal folds + hyperplasia of mucous-secreting cells
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Menetrier disease
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definition of Reid index
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ratio of gland depth to total bronchial wall thickness
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Budd Chiari syndrome is most often a complication of …
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thrombogenic or myeloproliferative disorders
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thyroid CA with amyloid
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medullary
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how to differentiate TTP from ITP
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ITP does NOT have systemic sx or fragmented red cells
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TPR is (increased/decreased) in HTN
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increased
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aka protein-losing gastroenteropathy
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Menetrier disease
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healing of a large abrasion occurs by …
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movement of epithelial stem cells from the skin appendages (sweat glands, hair follicles) into the denuded area
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thyroid bx with giant cells, loss of colloid, and follicular disruption
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subacute thyroiditis
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cyanosis early in life can be caused by … (3)
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Transposition, Tetralogy, Truncus (3 Ts)
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marker used to follow a seminoma
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placental alkphos
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two serum markers that differentiate a mixed testicular tumor from a pure seminoma
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AFP and hCG
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medullary CA of the thyroid produces amyloid derived from …
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calcitonin (originate from calcitonin-secreting C cells of thyroid)
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breath smells like ___ in DKA
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acetone
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% of patients with ischemic heart disease that present dead
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25%
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two hormones from anterior pituitary that control blood glucose levels
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growth hormone, ACTH
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location of CNS venous thrombosis associated with hypercoagulable states
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sagittal sinus thrombosis
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brain tumor with three cell layers, the innermost of which are dome-shaped urothelial cells
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cysticercosis
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the structure of amyloid closely resembles …
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beta-pleated sheets
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patient with inability to adduct upon conjugate gaze, but who can converge, likely has a lesion of the …
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MLF (as in MS)
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predispositions to pulmonary abscess
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dental caries, oral surgery, sinus infections, alcoholism
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episodic diarrhea, flushing, wheezing
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carcinoid syndrome
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predisposing condition for hepatic angiosarcoma
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exposure to polyvinyl chloride
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small granulomas in the colonic mucosa
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Crohn's
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pulse pressure in aortic regurgitation
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high (e.g. 180/60)
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the type of meningitis with high lymphoytes, fibroblasts, macrophages, and plasma cells in the CSF
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chronic meningitis
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describe phenotype of XX female with 17-alpha-hydroxylase deficiency
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normal female reproductive tract but NO secondary sexual characteristics at puberty
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FAB classification of acute myelocytic anemia with differentiation
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M3
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blood flow to the heart is regulated by …
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the metabolic needs of the myocardium
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senile cardiac amyloidosis involves which type of amyloid protein?
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transthyretin (if systemic) or ANP-related fibrils (if localized to heart)
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the most common site for septic arthritis (N. gonorrhoeae)
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knee
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young girl with fever, joint swelling, hepatosplenomegaly and generalized lymphadenopathy
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Still's Dz (juvenile rheumatoid arthritis)
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insertion of 4 nucleotides into the gene for hexaminidase A
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Tay-Sachs
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etiology of male pseudohermapthroditism
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pts make testosterone, but body fails to respond appropriately to it
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dilated superficial lymphatics occur in what skin disease?
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urticaria
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hemoptysis + renal failure
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Goodpasture's
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hematologic findings in secondary polycythemia
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high RBCs, normal WBCs and platelets
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most common form of hiatal hernia
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sliding
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age of presentation of seminoma (males) and dysgerminoma (females)
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seminoma = 4th decade; dysgerminoma = 3rd decade
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reproductive tumor with endodermal sinuses that resemble primitive glomeruli
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yolk sac tumor
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cancer associations with myasthemia gravis
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thymoma & bronchogenic carcinoma
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Paget's disease of breast signifies underlying …
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adenocarcinoma
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effect of calcitonin on serum Ca
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decreases serum Ca
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apolipoprotein that helps lipoproteins bind to cell-surface receptors
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E
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lab findings in SIADH
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↑ ADH, urinary Na, ANP; ↓aldosterone
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hormone secreted by Zollinger-Ellison
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gastrin
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common location for a colloid cyst
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3rd ventricle
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histology of glioblastoma multiforme
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pseudopalisading cells with necrosis
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hypoglycermia with increased serum insulin and undetectable serum C-peptide
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factitious hypoglycemia (administration of insulin)
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a patient with chronic hemodialysis is most likely to suffer from which kind of amyloidosis?
|
beta-2- microglobulin
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cancer in what location most often causes pernicious anemia?
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stomach (ileal cancers uncommon)
|
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describe the fluid that accumulates in the abdomen with lymphatic obstruction
|
protein- and lymphocyte-rich
|
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is DiGeorge's syndrome a T or B cell defect?
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T cell
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how does an increase in peak systolic pressure affect the blood flow to the heart?
|
decreases blood flow (shuts off coronary aa blood flow)
|
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what test is likely to be abnormal in an older adult, but not reflect disease?
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anti-nuclear Ab
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the organ that most contributes to death from amyloidosis is …
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kidney
|
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how to tell the difference between fibroadenoma and fibrocytic change
|
aspirate yields fluid in fibrocytic change
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when does fibrinous pericarditis occur after an MI?
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several weeks
|
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mom's plasma levels of ___ depend on a viable fetus
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estrogens
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apolipoprotein responsible for activating lipoprotein lipase
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CII
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left ventricular peak systolic P >> aortic peak systolic pressure
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aortic stenosis
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the part of the brain first affected by Alzheimer's disease
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hippocampus
|
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neurologic sx, small liver, choreoathetosis
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Wilson's disease
|
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Native Americans are at high risk for what dz?
|
cholelithiasis
|
|
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direct toxicity of the heart by enzymes contained in eosinophilic granules
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Loffler's endocarditis
|
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gene defect in hereditary spherocytosis
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spectrin
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auscultatory findings in aortic regurgitation
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blowing holosystolic murmur along LSB
|
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Roth's spots
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endocarditis
|
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craniopharyngeoma arises from cells derived from …
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Rathke's pouch
|
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osteitis fibrosa cystica is a characteristic of what endocrine disorder?
|
primary hyperparathyroidism
|
|
|
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promyelocytic leukemia with abundant granulation in the cytoplasm
|
M3 AML
|
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the skin cancer for which patients with albinism are most at risk
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squamous cell CA
|
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cell type involved in the pathogenesis of ARDS
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neutrophils (secrete substances that damage the endothelium)
|
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bipolar cell tumor located in the cerebellum of a young child
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pilocytic astrocytoma
|
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decrease in nuclear basophilia due to Dnase activity
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karyolysis
|
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lab findings in vitamin D deficiency
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decreased Ca and P, normal ALP
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None
|
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black women with non-caseating pulmonary granulomas and hilar adenopathy
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sarcoidosis
|
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morphologic features of MVP
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myxoid degeneration
|
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risk factors for bilirubin stones
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C sinensis infection, hemolytic anemia, hepatic cirrhosis
|
|
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usual location for Meckel's diverticulum
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in the ileum near the ileocecal valve
|
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hemophilia is due to deficiency of …
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F VIII (hemophilia A), or F IX (hemophilia B)
|
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the only ovarian tumors that produce sex steroids are …
|
granulosa-theca tumors
|
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lab and blood smear findings of DIC
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decreased platelets, fragmented RBCs, increased PT/PTT, decreased fibrinogen
|
|
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anti-mitochondrial Ab
|
primary biliary cirrhosis
|
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arteriolar density in malignant hypertension is (increased/decreased)
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decreased (called arteriolar rarefaction)
|
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newborn with large L atrium and L ventricle, dilated aorta, and continuous murmur
|
PDA
|
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|
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radiographically dense crystals in the joint space
|
pseudogout
|
|
|
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why does BUN increase in burn patients?
|
urea is the product of protein breakdown, which occurs at accelerated pace in these patients
|
|
|
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HLA type associated with rheumatoid arthritis
|
HLA-DR4
|
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Hartnup disease is a deficiency in ___ metabolism
|
tryptophan
|
|
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subarachnoid hemorrages are caused by … (2)
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rupture of berry aneurysm, AVM
|
|
|
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in a child's xray, a sharply-demarcated, translucent lesion surrounded by a thin layer of bone is most likely …
|
benign cartilage
|
|
|
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characteristics of a premortem thrombus
|
lines of Zahn
|
|
|
|
SVC syndrome is associated with which cancers?
|
bronchogenic lung CA (commonly small cell and squamous cell)
|
|
|
|
pheochromocytoma and medullary thyroid CA are associated with which MEN syndromes?
|
2a and 2b
|
|
|
|
crescendo-decrescendo murmurs
|
aortic and pulmonic stenosis
|
|
|
|
paralysis of upward gaze + insomnia
|
pinealoma
|
|
|
|
enzymatic degradation of what type of collagen plays a role in osteoarthritis?
|
Type II collagen
|
|
|
|
absence of temporal relationship between P and QRS waves
|
third-degree AV block
|
|
|
|
mucous casts of small airways are known as …
|
Curschmann spirals
|
|
|
|
hepatic cysts associated with ADPKD (are/are not) associated with liver failure
|
are not
|
|
|
|
defect in Cori's disease
|
debranching enzyme (glycogen storage dz)
|
|
|
|
pathophys of why EtOH abuse causes hypoglycemia
|
low NAD+ leads to inability to absorb hydrogens from lactate to make pyruvate; without pyruvate, no gluconeogenesis can occur
|
|
|
|
random electrical activity without recognizable QRS complexes
|
v fib
|
|
|
|
FAB classification of acute megakaryocytic leukemia
|
M7
|
|
|
|
mid-cycle ovulatory pain
|
Mittelschmerz
|
|
|
|
what is the most likely H&N location for squamous cell CA in a smoker?
|
tip of the tongue
|
|
|
|
treatment for lead poisoning
|
EDTA chelation
|
|
|
|
cytoplasmic & nuclear blebbing is indicative of …
|
apoptosis
|
|
|
|
bilateral dislocation of the lenses is common in …
|
Marfan's disease
|
|
|
|
↓ breath sounds, rhonchi, wheezes, resp distress
|
asthma
|
|
|
|
presentation of Nelson's syndrome
|
extreme hyperpigmentation due to very high ACTH
|
|
|
|
rupture of an AV malformation causes what type of bleeding?
|
subarachnoid
|
|
|
|
pathogenesis of dizygotic twins
|
two eggs and two sperm unite
|
|
|
|
the "double bubble" sign on XR is typical of what dz?
|
Down's syndrome (air bubble in stomach and duodenum)
|
|
|
|
DKA causes what acid-base abnormality?
|
metabolic acidosis (inc gap)
|
|
|
|
baby has a disorder in which multiple contact blisters form. Etiology?
|
defect in basal cell tonofilaments
|
|
|
|
two mild forms of mucopolysaccharidoses (no mental retardation)
|
Morquio and Scheie
|
|
|
|
etiology of hypokalemic periodic paralysis
|
defect in Ca channels
|
|
|
|
distribution of posterior descending branch of RCA
|
posterior septum
|
|
|
|
adult polysystic kidney disease: GFR up or down?
|
down
|
|
|
|
the serologic marker that best correlates with HepB activity
|
HBeAg
|
|
|
|
site of majority of morbidity and mortality due to Chaga's dz
|
heart
|
|
|
|
brain malformation common in Trisomy 13
|
holoprosencephaly
|
|
|
|
inreased PO2 in the RV and pulm aa but NOT the RA is indicative of ….
|
VSD
|
|
|
|
lamellar bodies are composed of what?
|
surfactant
|
|
|
|
type of neurofibromatosis which includes acoustic schwannomas
|
Type II NF
|
|
|
|
most frequent serous ovarian tumor
|
serous cystadenocarcinoma
|
|
|
|
massive dilation of the aortic root withOUT evidence of atherosclerotic disease
|
syphilitic aneurysm
|
|
|
|
when GFR is reduced by 1/2, plasma creatinine …
|
doubles
|
|
|
|
when does congenital fibroelastosis usually present?
|
kids
|
|
|
|
finger-like projections on the mitral valve; histologically: fibrous core lined w/ endothelium
|
papillary fibroelastoma
|
|
|
|
clubbing with subperiosteal bone formation is associated with …
|
intrathoracic cancer
|
|
|
|
abscesses of the brain are usually caused by direct extension from …
|
middle ear
|
|
|
|
port wine stain is associated with what multifactorial disease?
|
Sturge-Weber disease
|
|
|
|
type of MI that affects all EKG leads; usually occurs in the setting of severe hypotension or shock
|
subendocardial
|
|
|
|
blood flow to upper body (>/</=) blood flow in the lower body in aortic coarctation
|
=
|
|
|
|
pansystolic murmus, loudest at the apex
|
mitral regurgitation
|
|
|
|
amoebae which ingests RBCs
|
E. histolytica
|
|
|
|
bicornuate uterus is associated with what obstetric disorder?
|
recurrent spontaneous abortion
|
|
|
|
what cell is more numerous in chronic bronchitis than normal individuals?
|
goblet cells
|
|
|
|
histology of the liver in acute icteric hepatitis
|
balooning degeneration, Councilman bodies, and interrupted bile flow (bile lakes)
|
|
|
|
what type of steroids do sertoli-leydig tumors excrete?
|
androgens
|
|
|
|
what aa is likely to be elevated in the urine of patients with cystinuria?
|
ornithine
|
|
|
|
2 things that cause the majority of maternal deaths in preeclampsia
|
cerebral hemorrhage and ARDS
|
|
|
|
this results from sperm fertilization of an empty egg
|
complete mole
|
|
|
|
one of the earliest and most severely affected brain area in Alzheimer's
|
hippocampus
|
|
|
|
crescent formation suggests ______
|
RPGN
|
|
|
|
PFTs in chronic bronchitis
|
Nl TLC, decreased FEV1
|
|
|
|
pathogenesis of galactosemia
|
autosomal dominant absence of galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase
|
|
|
|
blood smear with small, mature lymphocytes (no blast forms)
|
CLL
|
|
|
|
differentiation between Diffuse Lewy Body Disease and Parkinsonism
|
Lewy bodies are in the cortex in DLBD and absent from the cortex in Park.
|
|
|
|
etiology of familial hypercholesterolemia
|
defective LDL receptor
|
|
|
|
peripheral lung cancers
|
large cell, adeno, and bronchioloalveolar
|
|
|
|
initial step in development of atherosclerosis
|
endothelial injury
|
|
|
|
describe the lesion of erythroplasia of queyrat
|
soft, red plaque
|
|
|
|
rounded colonic growth with glands and sawtooth crypts
|
hyperplastic polyp (no malignant potential)
|
|
|
|
medullary thyroid cancer and ____ are associated with MEN Types 2 and 2b
|
pheochromocytomas
|
|
|
|
type of MI that only affects a few EKG leads; generally begins in the community
|
transmural
|
|
|
|
the size of the heart in primary (idiopathic) cardiomyopathy
|
large (leads to dilated cardiomyopathy and CHF)
|
|
|
|
"subepithelial humps" within glomeruli
|
poststrep glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
|
ACTH is very similar structurally to what other pituitary hormone?
|
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
|
|
|
|
old woman with amyloid desposition in the heart, but nowhere else (no hx of chronic conditions)
|
senile cardiac amyloidosis
|
|
|
|
lipid status of patients with nephrotic syndrome
|
hyperlipidemia
|
|
|
|
Crohn's or IC: presence of fistulas
|
Crohn's
|
|
|
|
30% of patients with cchronic pancreatitis develop …
|
diabetes mellitus
|
|
|
|
heart findings in coarctation of the aorta
|
LVH
|
|
|
|
in older patients, the presence of ____ strongly suggests CHF
|
S3
|
|
|
|
a varient of polyarteritis nodosa in which pt suffers from asthma, vasculitides, and eosinophilia
|
Churg-Strauss syndrome
|
|
|
|
steatorrhea, pruritis, sclerosing cholangitis, and cholangiolitis
|
primary biliary cirrhosis
|
|
|
|
histology of rhabdomyoma
|
benign tumor with skeletal muscle differentiation
|
|
|
|
what causes edema in septic patients?
|
increased microvascular permeability
|
|
|
|
"smudge cells"
|
CLL
|
|
|
|
ill, febrile child with large cervical lymph nodes and a desquamating skin rash on palms, soles, and mouth
|
Kawasaki disease
|
|
|
|
45, XO karyotype
|
Turner's syndrome
|
|
|
|
describe aberrant blood flow in PDA
|
blood shunted from aorta to pulmonary aa
|
|
|
|
distribution of anterior descending branch of LCA
|
anterior L ventricle, apex, and anterior 2/3 of septum
|
|
|
|
short stature + webbed neck
|
Turner's syndrome
|
|
|
|
VSD combined with R ventricular outflow obstruction, overriding aorta, and R ventricular hypertrophy
|
Tetrology of Fallot
|
|
|
|
distribution of L circumflex branch of LCA
|
lateral L ventricular wall
|
|
|
|
disease indicating osteoarthritis at a very early age
|
ochronosis
|
|
|
|
wrinkling of the aortic intima indicates ….
|
syphilitic aneurysm ("tree-barking")
|
|
|
|
urinary findings in cystinuria
|
yellow-brown, hexagonal crystals
|
|
|
|
difference between patent foramen ovale and ASD
|
patent foramen ovale is hemodynamically insignificant; ASD is large
|
|
|
|
anti-microsomal Ab in the setting of hypothyroidism
|
Hashimoto's
|
|
|
|
define ankylosis
|
stiffening of a previously movable joint
|
|
|
|
aka Osler-Weber-Rendu disease
|
hereditary hemorrhagic telangectasia
|
|
|
|
normal CSF glucose is ___ of serum glucose
|
66%
|
|
|
|
BUN and creatinine in patients with glomerular disease
|
both rise proportionately
|
|
|
|
angina of aortic stenosis is due to ….
|
LVH
|
|
|
|
orotic aciduria is a genetic defect in which pathway?
|
pyrimidine metabolism
|
|
|
|
thrombocytopenia following respiratory infection
|
ITP
|
|
|
|
auscultatory findings in aortic stenosis
|
soft S2, midsystolic click w/ cres-decres
|
|
|
|
proteinaceous granular lung precipitate with hemosiderin-laden macrophages
|
pulmonary edema (CHF)
|
|
|
|
absence of muscle tone and peristalsis in the esophagus is associated with what systemic disease?
|
scleroderma
|
|
|
|
temporal arteritis is also known as …
|
giant cell arteritis
|
|
|
|
ab pain, n/v, hallucinations, irritability, peripheral neuropathy
|
acute intermittent porphyria
|
|
|
|
type of anemia which may occur after chloramphenicol administration
|
aplastic
|
|
|
|
most common complication of hydatidiform mole
|
invasive mole (10%)
|
|
|
|
major apoplipoprotein found on HDL
|
AI
|
|
|
|
tumor marker for serous papillary cystadenocarcioma of the ovary
|
CA-125
|
|
|
|
90% of patients with syringomyelia also have _____ malformations
|
Arnold-Chiari
|
|
|
|
histology of Reye's syndrome
|
altered mitochondria
|
|
|
|
the unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia that causes death in early childhood
|
Criglar-Najar Type I
|
|
|
|
role of bcl-2 gene product
|
regulator of apoptosis
|
|
|
|
etiology of intracranial hemorrhage in Alzheimer's Disease
|
amyloid angiopathy (makes veessels weak and prone to rupture)
|
|
|
|
arteriolar diameter (increases/decreases/no change) in severe anemia
|
increases
|
|
|
|
likely locations for urinary stones to lodge
|
renal pelvis, crossing of the external artery and pelvic brim
|
|
|
|
"tram-track" glomeruli
|
membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis
|
|
|
|
inability to read (alexia), with preservation of the ability to write (agraphia), is indicative of a lesion in the …
|
left occipital cortex and splenium of CC
|
|
|
|
sequellae include kyphoscoliosis and food deformities
|
Friedreich's ataxia
|
|
|
|
most common cause of chronic meningitis
|
TB
|
|
|
|
endocrine findings in patients with congenital lack of androgen receptors
|
high testosterone (they are XY)
|
|
|
|
poor blood supply to what tissue is most likely to impair healing?
|
adipose tissue
|
|
|
|
helps in the prognosis & tx of breast cancer
|
progesterone and estrogen receptors
|
|
|
|
a patient with a VIPoma will most likely present with …
|
diarrhea (not peptic ulcers!)
|
|
|
|
AV fistulas cause what hematologic differences? (CO, TPR, etc.)
|
increased CO/HR/SV/venous O2 content, decreased TPR/diastolic BP
|
|
|
|
first step in the pathogenesis is endothelial damage (HTN, nicotine, high cholesterol)
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
|
|
patients with Down's syndrome are at risk for what leukemia?
|
ALL
|
|
|
|
hypocalcemia, glucose intolerance, hypotension, and jaundice
|
acute hemorrhagic pancreatitis
|
|
|
|
LA pressure remains greater than LV pressure in this valvular lesion
|
mitral stenosis
|
|
|
|
subdural hematomas are most often caused by damage to what vessel?
|
bridging veins (slow to develop)
|
|
|
|
morphology of a Pick body
|
intracytoplasmic spherules composed of paired helical fragments
|
|
|
|
how do we measure GFR on the wards?
|
creatinine clearance
|
|
|
|
when is pyloris stenosis usually diagnosed?
|
3-4 weeks old
|
|
|
|
an elderly person presenting with acute RLQ pain
|
diverticulitis
|
|
|
|
pancreatic pseudocyst formation is a consequence of what process?
|
pancreatitis
|
|
|
|
Ab that mediate warm-agglutinin hemolytic anemia
|
IgG
|
|
|
|
urea nitrogen:creatinine ratio in CHF
|
high (=high BUN, nl creatinine)
|
|
|
|
type of emphysema in coal miners
|
centriacinar
|
|
|
|
feared major complication of CMV infection during the last trimester
|
chorioretinitis
|
|
|
|
↓TLC with higher pressure at a given capacity
|
interstitial fibrosis (restrictive dz?)
|
|
|
|
etiology of Gilbert's dz
|
decreased bilirubin uptake by liver cells & decreased activity of glucuronyl transferase
|
|
|
|
what does heterotrophy mean?
|
normal tissue in abnormal places
|
|
|
|
resp distress in pneumonia is due to …
|
inequalities in ventilation and perfusion
|
|
|
|
skin hyperpigmentation is typical of what disease?
|
Addison's disease
|
|
|
|
"hour-glass" stomach
|
sliding hiatal hernia
|
|
|
|
colonic polyps + pigmented macules, especially on lips and buccal mucosa
|
Peutz-Jeghers
|
|
|
|
Describe Taussing-Bing malformation of the heart
|
transposition PLUS tetralogy of Fallot
|
|
|
|
baby with cyanosis of the LE only
|
aortic coarctation, infantile form (includes PDA)
|
|
|
|
uveitis + mouth or ginital ulcers
|
Behcet's syndrome
|
|
|
|
disease of the elderly in which ring-like calcifications form in medium & large aa
|
Monckeburg's arteriosclerosis
|
|
|
|
lab findings in Klinefelter's
|
↓ testosterone & inhibin; ↑ estrogen/LH/FSH
|
|
|
|
most important predictor of the metastatic potential of a carcinoid tumor
|
site and size
|
|
|
|
a lesion of the left spiral ganglion would result in …
|
ipsilateral hearing loss
|
|
|
|
how would one differentiate Monckeburg's from atherosclerosis?
|
no narrowing of the lumen in Monckeburg's
|
|
|
|
Curschmann spirals are typical of ____
|
asthma
|
|
|
|
rheumatic fever occurs ___ weeks following pharyngitis
|
1-5 weeks
|
|
|
|
small, laminated, calcific spherules seen in thyroid, neural, and ovarian tumors
|
Psammoma bodies
|
|
|
|
red, ulcerated lesions on a woman's nipple suggest underlying …
|
ductal CA
|
|
|
|
leukocytoclastic angiitis has been linked to the use of what drug?
|
penicillin
|
|
|
|
serum calcium AND phosphate both decreased (PTH high)
|
vitamin D deficiency
|
|
|
|
M-spike on serum electrophoresis; dec platelets and inc ESR
|
multiple myeloma
|
|
|
|
mechanism of pulmonary infarction
|
multiple small emboli that occlude pulm vessels
|
|
|
|
inflammatory breast cancer is characterized by …
|
dermal lymphatic invasion
|
|
|
|
two components of Sturge-Weber dz
|
port-wine stain, meningeal angiomatosis
|
|
|
|
common presentation for patients with congenital lack of androgen receptors
|
inguinal hernia or primary amenorrhea
|
|
|
|
define compliance
|
∆ volume / ∆ pressure
|
|
|
|
BUN and creatinine in burn patients
|
BUN increases, creatinine remains normal
|
|
|
|
describe Churg-Strauss
|
asthma, eosinophilia, and granulomas of skin, lung, and/or arteries
|
|
|
|
treat Wilson's disease with …
|
penicillamine
|
|
|
|
punched-out ulcers in the esophagus
|
heerpes simplex esophagitis
|
|
|
|
infection associated with megaesophagus
|
Chaga's disease
|
|
|
|
the Ab associated with primary biliary cirrhosis
|
anti-mitochondrial Ab
|
|
|
|
infantile coarctation is accompanied by what other cardiac lesion?
|
PDA
|
|
|
|
what's the difference between pseudohyperparathyroidism and pseudopseudohyperparathyroidism?
|
in pseudopseudo., the serum levels of PTH and Ca are normal
|
|
|
|
thyroid tumor that contains amyloid
|
medullary carcinoma
|
|
|
|
polycythemia vera is related to which leukemia?
|
CML
|
|
|
|
two autoAb associated with scleroderma
|
anti-Scl-70, anti-topoisomerase
|
|
|
|
dextrocardia + respiratory symptoms
|
Kartegener's
|
|
|
|
airway volume associated with a 0 cm H20 pressure
|
FRC
|
|
|
|
Dx for "cluster of grapes" kidneys in an infant
|
total renal agenesis
|
|
|
|
how to diagnose a medullary thyroid CA
|
pentagastrin-stimulated calcitonin study (evaluates thyroid C cell hyperplasia)
|
|
|
|
lab tests in DIC
|
↑PTT and PT, ↓ platelets
|
|
|
|
defect in von Gierke's dz
|
glucose-6-phosphate (glycogen storage dz)
|
|
|
|
intense eye pain, redness, and halos around lights
|
acute closed-angle glaucoma
|
|
|
|
CSF drainage of the fourth ventricle
|
foramina of Luschka and Magendie
|
|
|
|
Auer rods in M3 AML contain a substance which can cause …
|
DIC
|
|
|
|
excessive fibrous tissue formation in the stroma of a tumor
|
desmoplasia
|
|
|
|
hypokalemia is most commonly due to …
|
prolonged vomiting
|
|
|
|
most common location of primary TB
|
upper part of lower lung or lower part of upper lung, adjacent to pleura
|
|
|
|
in which muscles is fatigue in myasthenia gravis felt first?
|
the small, active mm around the eyes
|
|
|
|
plasma cell proliferation resembling multiple myeloma but without metastatic potential
|
plasmacytoma
|
|
|
|
oncogene associated with follicular and undifferentiated lymphoma
|
bcl-2
|
|
|
|
accumulation of clear fluid in the tunica vaginalis
|
hydrocele
|
|
|
|
fast mental deterioration + ataxia + LE myoclonic jerks
|
Cruetzfeldt-Jacob disease
|
|
|
|
the DPC oncogene is associated with …
|
pancreatic cancer
|
|
|
|
what happens to the NADH/NAD+ ratio in EtOH abuse?
|
increased (NAD+ more prevalent because alcohol dehydrogenase eats up NADH)
|
|
|
|
differentiation of prerenal failure and ATN
|
fraction excretion of Na <1% in prerenal failure, >2% in ATN
|
|
|
|
most frequent cause of aortic stenosis in the elderly
|
calcification
|
|
|
|
two causes of schistocytosis
|
prosthetic valves, DIC
|
|
|
|
weight loss despite eating a lot + polydipsia
|
diabetes mellitus
|
|
|
|
histologic findings in Goodpasture's
|
linear IgG deposits
|
|
|
|
characteristic histologic finding in membranous glomerulonephritis
|
diffuse thickening of caps
|
|
|
|
general type of leukemia that has cells with B cell markers
|
lymphoblastic leukemia
|
|
|
|
features of thiamine deficiency
|
cardiomyopathy, neuropathy, mammillary body degeneration (Wernicke-Korsakoff)
|
|
|
|
crypt abscesses in colonic mucosa
|
ulcerative colitis
|
|
|
|
define heterotopia
|
small amounts of normal tissue in abnormal sites
|
|
|
|
tract affects in syringomyelia
|
spinothalamic
|
|
|
|
"tree-barking", or wrinkling of the intimal surface of the aorta
|
syphilitic aneurysm
|
|
|
|
the most common long-term sequellae of rheumatic fever is …
|
mitral valve disease
|
|
|
|
the stage of Hodgkin's in which lymph nodes on both sides of the diaphragm are involved
|
stage III
|
|
|
|
seen after rapid correction of hyponatremia
|
central pontine myelinosis
|
|
|
|
Horner's syndrome can result from a lung cancer located …
|
at either apex
|
|
|
|
where does fibrinoid necrosis usually occur?
|
arteries (necrosis of media and intima, with deposition of fibrin)
|
|
|
|
child w/ harsh systolic murmur, no diastolic murmur, and increased O2 in the right ventricle
|
VSD
|
|
|
|
common presentation for Trisomy 18
|
overlapping 3rd/4th fingers, oligohydramnios, rocker-bottom feet, single umbilical aa
|
|
|
|
untreated temporal arteritis can lead to ….
|
blindness (involvement of opthalmic aa)
|
|
|
|
deficiency in beta-D-glucosidase
|
Gaucher disease
|
|
|
|
type of angina occurring at rest
|
Prinzmetal, severe unstable?
|
|
|
|
Acanthomoeba or Naegleria: affects immnocompromised only
|
Acanthomoeba
|
|
|
|
karyotype of patients with testicular feminization syndrome
|
46,XY
|
|
|
|
urine turns black when standing at room temperature
|
ochronosis
|
|
|
|
thryoid cancer involved in MEN II and III
|
medullary
|
|
|
|
the most likely dx in a woman with nipple discharge is …
|
intraductal papilloma
|
|
|
|
oligoclonal bands of IgG in CSF means…
|
myasthenia gravis
|
|
|
|
clinical features of neurosyphilis
|
personality change, affect change, hyperactive reflexes, pupillary changes in the eyes, sensorium change, intellectual decline, speech decline (PARESIS)
|
|
|
|
macrophages containing debris from ingested lymphocytes ("tingible macrophages") is a characteristic of what disease?
|
benign reactive lymphadenitis
|
|
|
|
most important anterior thyroid hormones
|
glucocorticoids and thyroid hormone
|
|
|
|
what is pentagastrin?
|
synthetic peptide used to test gastrin secretion (not endogenous to man)
|
|
|
|
autoab associated with Type I diabetes
|
anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase (enzyme present in pancreatic β cells)
|
|
|
|
atrophy of the caudate and putamen are associated with …
|
Huntington's
|
|
|
|
lesions of the ventral white commissure cause …
|
bilateral pain/temp sensation loss in the dermatomes of affected segments
|
|
|
|
% of pts with membranous GN that have edema
|
80%
|
|
|
|
opportunistic lung pathogen that stains spherically with silver stain
|
P. carinii
|
|
|
|
from what cell do medullary thyroid carcinomas originate?
|
C cells of the thyroid
|
|
|
|
histology of celiac disease
|
flattened intestinal villi
|
|
|
|
three stages of necrosis (in order)
|
pyknosis, karyorrhexis, karyolysis
|
|
|
|
type of peripheral lung cancer associated with scarred or previously traumatized lung
|
adeno
|
|
|
|
dissecting aneurysms are due to what two causes?
|
HTN and cystic medial degeneration (Marfan's) - NOT ATHEROSCLEROSIS
|
|
|
|
low ratio of urea nitrogen:creatinine
|
acute tubular necrosis
|
|
|
|
physiologic role of lipoprotein lipase
|
takes triglycerides from the chylomicrons and makes them FFA+glycerol
|
|
|
|
brain tumor with a whorled histologic pattern
|
meningioma
|
|
|
|
interstitial fibrosis _______ compliance
|
decreases
|
|
|
|
urinary findings in gallstone disease
|
high bilirubin (conjugated bilirubin spills into the urine)
|
|
|
|
megaloblastic anemia is caused by deficiency of … (2)
|
Vitamin B12 or folate
|
|
|
|
sx of UMN lesion
|
spasticity, hyperreflexia, extension of toes on Babinski test
|
|
|
|
type of amyloid that appears in inflammation (chronic infection, RA)
|
AA amyloid
|
|
|
|
hypercellular bone marrow over-producing all three cell lines (2)
|
CML and polycythemia vera
|
|
|
|
characteristics of Wermer syndrome
|
pituitary, pancreas, and parathyroid
|
|
|
|
prolactin is very similar structurally to what other pituitary hormone?
|
GH
|
|
|
|
celiac disease affects which part of the bowel?
|
proximal small bowel
|
|
|
|
outflow of CSF from the third ventricle
|
foramen of Sylvius
|
|
|
|
balooning degeneration of hepatocytes is typical of what kind of HepB infxn?
|
active
|
|
|
|
approximate age of patients with ALL
|
young kids
|
|
|
|
thyroid CA is associated with exposure to what environmental toxin?
|
xrays
|
|
|
|
when is Hirschprung's usually diagnosed?
|
first few days of life
|
|
|
|
a defect in what protein is associated with Marfan syndrome?
|
fibrillin
|
|
|
|
creatinine is (increased/decreased/nl) in postrenal obstruction
|
increased
|
|
|
|
therapy for emphysema
|
oxygen
|
|
|
|
Kid in renal failure shows loss of bone due to what hormone?
|
PTH
|
|
|
|
appearance of kidney with malignant hypertension
|
hemorrhagic, mottled appearance
|
|
|
|
manifestations of congenital rubella
|
IUGR, cardiac problems, sensory problems, hepatosplenomegaly, purpura
|
|
|
|
child with volume-overloaded right ventricle and midsystolic ejection murmur
|
ASD
|
|
|
|
what happens to compliance with emphysema?
|
increases
|
|
|
|
embolization from infective endocarditis causes …
|
multiple parietal lobe abscesses
|
|
|
|
protein whose expression correlates with neoplastic replicative ability
|
Ki-67
|
|
|
|
osteoclast activity is (increased/decreased/nl) in hyperparathyroidism
|
increased
|
|
|
|
another name for MEN II
|
Sipple syndrome
|
|
|
|
"crew haircut" or "hair-on-end" upon head xray
|
sickle cell disease
|
|
|
|
maternal diabetes is linked to what fetal heart abnormality?
|
transposition of the great vessels
|
|
|
|
cardiopulmonary arrest cause what type of acid-base imbalance?
|
mixed disorder (metabolic lactic acidosis and respiratory acidosis due to blood standstill)
|
|
|
|
differentiation between pseudohyperparathyroidism and pseudopseudohyperparathyroidism
|
Ca, P, and PTH are normal with pseudopseudohyperparathyroidism
|
|
|
|
carotid body tumors are similar to what other endocrine tumor?
|
pheochromocytomas
|
|
|
|
how long after coronary artery occlusion are changes visible on light microscopy?
|
10-12 hours
|
|
|
|
iron overload (e.g. hemolytic anemia, transfusions) can lead to what disorder?
|
secondary hemochromatosis
|
|
|
|
ECG pattern of pericarditis
|
ST elevation and upright T waves
|
|
|
|
what cardiac lesions is associated with tuberous sclerosis?
|
cardiac rhabdomyoma
|
|
|
|
strawberry nevus: regress with age or not?
|
regress with age
|
|
|
|
discrepancy in blood pressure between R and L arms, with mediastinal widening
|
aortic dissection
|
|
|
|
hematologic indices in megaloblastic anemia
|
↑MCV; Normal MCHC and MCH
|
|
|
|
XY patient with feminized genitalia & male internal reproductive organs has deficiency of …
|
5α hydroxylase
|
|
|
|
cell type that is increased in atopic asthma
|
eos
|
|
|
|
in a pt with Cushing's, high-dose dexamethasone should suppress ACTH secretion from the pituitary by at least ___%
|
50%
|
|
|
|
name some anaerobes which can cause lung abscess
|
Fusibacterium, Bacteriodes, Peptococcus
|
|
|
|
↓pH, ↓bicarb, ↓Co2 si what acid-base disorder?
|
metabolic acidosis
|
|
|
|
chronic mastitis is associated with what life change? What bug?
|
perimenopause; no bugs (it is sterile, due to inspissated mucus)
|
|
|
|
what causes the hirsutism in polycystic ovarian syndrome?
|
production of androgens
|
|
|
|
some causes for pleural transudate
|
hepatic cirrhosis, CHF, nephrotic syndrome, protein-losing enteropathy
|
|
|
|
chemotherapy for AML can cause …
|
DIC
|
|
|
|
pain in upper neck on swallowing + frequent regurgitation of food
|
Zenker's diverticulum
|
|
|
|
change in heart w/ chronic anemia
|
fatty change
|
|
|
|
describe the lab studies in a patient with isolated ACTH deficiency
|
decreased steroids (pubic hair, etc.), normal aldosterone (regulated by renin), low cortisol
|
|
|
|
levels of Ca, P, and PTH in renal failure
|
↑P b/c kidney malfunction, ↓Ca b/c P is high, ↑PTH b/c Ca is low
|
|
|
|
histology of atrial myxoma
|
scattered mesenchymal cells on myxoid background
|
|
|
|
"chicken-fat" clot that is all red and easily detached from the vessel wall
|
postmortem clot
|
|
|
|
name the members of the glycoprotein hormone family
|
LH, FSH, TSH
|
|
|
|
ocular finding in Wilson's
|
Kayser-Fleicher ring
|
|
|
|
Dressler's syndrome
|
fibrinous pericarditis (autoimmune following MI)
|
|
|
|
the effects of heparin are best assessed with what test?
|
aPTT
|
|
|
|
the essential underlying cause of cor pulmonale
|
increased pulmonary aa pressure
|
|
|
|
laboratory findings in empty sella syndrome
|
all pituitary hormone levels normal
|
|
|
|
obese people are predisposed to hypoxemia of (peripheral/central) origin
|
peripheral (intermittent obstruction of airway due to fatty neck)
|
|
|
|
cancers associated with Virchow's nodes (supraclavicular)
|
lung, H&N, stomach (left node only)
|
|
|
|
name some myeloproliferative disorders
|
polycythemia vera, myeloid metaplasia w/ myelofibrosis, CML
|
|
|
|
area of liver most sensitive to ischemic injury
|
pericentral vein zone (zone 3)
|
|
|
|
ECG findings in subendocaardial infarction
|
non-specific
|
|
|
|
results from incomplete splitting of the embryo
|
siamese (conjoined) twins
|
|
|
|
ITP is characterized by autoAb against …
|
glycoprotein IIb/IIIa of platelets
|
|
|
|
pathogenesis of testicular feminization syndrome
|
lack of androgen receptor
|
|
|
|
hyperplasia of the stratum spinosum of the skin is called …
|
acanthosis
|
|
|
|
repeated episodes of stable angina pectoris cause what histologic changes?
|
small patches of fibrosis with vacuolization of damaged myocytes
|
|
|
|
ground-glass nuclei are typical of what kind of hepatitis B infection (active, chronic, etc.)?
|
chronic active hep B
|
|
|
|
do TIAs produce gross changes in brain appearance?
|
no
|
|
|
|
lab tests in Graves dz
|
↑ RAIU, T4, T3, T3 resin uptake; ↓ TSH
|
|
|
|
key words for Whipple's disease
|
submucosal macrophages, bacillary bodies
|
|
|
|
cyanosis later in life can be caused by … (3)
|
VSD>ASD>PDA
|
|
|
|
acute mastitis is associated with what life change? What bug?
|
breast feeding, S. aureus
|
|
|
|
what CA is increased in Plummer Vinson?
|
squamous CC of esophagus
|
|
|
|
benign nephrosclerosis is often the result of what chronic dz?
|
hypertension
|
|
|
|
generalized bleeding occurs around what platelet count?
|
~15,000-20,000
|
|
|
|
presentation of Budd Chiari
|
nontender hepatomegaly, ascites
|
|
|
|
cardiac findings in coarctation of the aorta
|
LVH
|
|
|
|
blockage of common bile duct produces what sx?
|
RUQ pain and ↑ direct bilirubin
|
|
|
|
patient with tachypnea, bilateral interstitial & alveolar infiltrates, bilateral crackles
|
ARDS
|
|
|
|
virilization, hypertension, and hypokalemia are associated with what enzyme deficiency?
|
11-hydroxylase
|
|
|
|
TB's effect on the heart
|
constrictive pericarditis
|
|
|
|
presents with abdominal (but not peripheral) ascites
|
obstruction of liver vasculature
|
|
|
|
explain why renin is high in ADPKD
|
cysts decrease perfusion, leading to the release of renin
|
|
|
|
the lab findings in euthroid sick syndrome
|
normal T4 and TSH, low T3
|
|
|
|
selective proteinuria w/ nephrotic syndrome
|
minimal change disease
|
|
|
|
hypertension, hypokalemia, and hypernatremia
|
Conn's syndrome (excessive cortisol)
|
|
|
|
dx of cystinuria
|
(+) nitroprusside cyanide test on urine
|
|
|
|
aka endodermal sinus tumor
|
yolk sac tumor
|
|
|
|
fragmentation and complete lysis of nuclei
|
karyorrhexis
|
|
|
|
trauma to the right midclavicular line, 5th intercostal space would cause …
|
pneumothorax
|
|
|
|
what age group is affected by volvulus?
|
elderly
|
|
|
|
most common presentation of patients with pancreatic cancer (in head of pancreas)
|
obstructive jaundice (high alkphos and conjugated bilirubin)
|
|
|
|
↑pH, ↓bicarb, ↓Co2 is what acid base disorder?
|
resp alkalosis
|
|
|
|
autosomal recessive disease in which the renal tubules cannot resorb the aa cystine
|
cystinuria
|
|
|
|
results from a deficiency of homogentisate oxidase
|
alkaptonuria
|
|
|
|
this results in partial mole
|
1 or 2 sperm + 1 egg (rarely progresses to choriocarcinoma)
|
|
|
|
postcoital bleeding is associated with …
|
invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix
|
|
|
|
long, narrow, coiled endometrial glands (no atypia)
|
secretory endometrium
|
|
|
|
treatment for leaukemia predisposes to what type of stone?
|
uric acid
|
|
|
|
AAA are almost always the result of …
|
atherosclerosis
|
|
|
|
Troussau's sign indicates … (2)
|
pancreatitis or hypocalcemia
|
|
|
|
memory loss, confusion, and confabulation
|
Korsakoff syndrome (thiamine deficiency)
|
|
|
|
therapy for dumping syndrome
|
small, more frequent meals that are higher in fat
|
|
|
|
lung tumor associated with Eaton-Lambert syndrome
|
small cell CA
|
|
|
|
reproductive phenotype of pt with Turner's
|
"fibrous streaks" for ovaries; normal female reproductive tract; low estrogen secretion
|
|
|
|
what cell-surface marker is (+) in most B cell lymphomas?
|
CD20
|
|
|
|
etiology of renal osteodystrophy/secondary hyperparathyroidism
|
kidneys fail to keep phosphate in; P inhibits calcitriol synthesis; Ca ↓ and PTH ↑
|
|
|
|
morphine & barbiturates can cause hypoxemia of (peripheral/central) origin
|
central
|
|
|
|
characteristic histologic feature of apoptosis
|
peripheral aggregation of chromatin
|
|
|
|
wide pulse pressure is typical of ….
|
aortic regurg (160/50)
|
|
|
|
sclerosing cholangitis is associated with what chronic bowel disease?
|
ulcerative colitis
|
|
|
|
most common cause for Hashimoto's thyroiditis
|
anti-TPO Ab
|
|
|
|
edema + frothy urine
|
nephrotic syndrome
|
|
|
|
hypersegmented polys is a dead giveaway for …
|
folate or B12 deficiency
|
|
|
|
ADPKD can ectopically secrete…
|
renin
|
|
|
|
special kinds of cells seen in thyroid bx of patients with Hashimoto's thyroiditis
|
Hurthle cells
|
|
|
|
flat penile plaque with atypical squamous epithelium (on the penis)
|
Bowen's dz
|
|
|
|
causes of pernicious anemia
|
B12 or folate deficiency, atrophic gastritis, resection of stomach or small bowel
|
|
|
|
the DCC oncogene is associated with …
|
carcinomas of the colon
|
|
|
|
ACTH level in 21 hydroxylase deficiency
|
cortisol cannot be made; therefore ACTH high
|
|
|
|
compressed breast glands with lobular orientation suggests …
|
sclerosing adenosis
|
|
|
|
differentiation between subacute lymphocytic and granulocytic thyroiditis
|
lymphocytic is usually painless; granulocytic is painful
|
|
|
|
psoriasis is associated with what autoimmune arthritis?
|
rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
|
|
syndrome of muscle rigidity, hyperpyrexia, CNS alterations, and heart alterations
|
neuroleptic malignant syndrome (caused by antipsychotics and amoxipine)
|
|
|
|
cause of anemia in patients taking RT inhibitors or protease inhibitors
|
decreased production from the marrow
|
|
|
|
genetics of Kartegener's
|
autosomal recessive, defect in dynein
|
|
|
|
other causes for membranous glomerulonephritis
|
gold rx, penacillamine, SLE, Hep B, DM
|
|
|
|
differentiation of acute pericarditis and dissecting aortic aneurysm
|
pleuritic pain with pericarditis (i.e. pain with breathing)
|
|
|
|
a Meckel's diverticulum occurs when ____ fails to atrophy completely
|
vitelline duct
|
|
|
|
bone marrow expansion in the calvarium occurs in … (2 dzs)
|
sickle cell, thalassemia
|
|
|
|
role of angiostatin
|
anti-angiogenesis
|
|
|
|
dissecting aneurysms are associated with what genetic disease?
|
Marfan's (cystic medial necrosis)
|
|
|
|
greenish-brown rings around the edge of the cornea
|
Kayser-Fleicher ring (pathognomic for Wilson's)
|
|
|
|
hernia that appears inferolateral to pubic tubercle and medial to femoral vein
|
femoral hernia
|
|
|
|
what type of course does MS take? (progressive, waxing-waning, etc.)
|
waxing-waning
|
|
|
|
another name for anti-Ro
|
anti-SS-A (associated with Sjogren's)
|
|
|
|
a placenta has many small plaques on the amniotic surface. MD should be concerned about defects in which organs?
|
kidney
|
|
|
|
PFTs in asthma
|
↓ FVC, ↓ FEV1, ↑ TLC
|
|
|
|
apocrine metaplasia (does/does not) increase risk for CA
|
does not
|
|
|
|
pleomorphic adenoma: benign or malignant?
|
benign
|
|
|
|
black urine upon standing and debilitating arthritis
|
alkaptonuria
|
|
|
|
effacement of lymph nodes with small lymphocyte population
|
follicular lymphoma
|
|
|
|
muscle tissue stains with …
|
desmin
|
|
|
|
organism w/ acute bacterial endocarditis
|
S. aureus
|
|
|
|
most common cause of hypothyroidism in kids
|
Hashimoto's
|
|
|
|
fragmented, hyperchromatic nuclei with small blebs containing cytoplasm and nuclear fragments
|
apoptosis
|
|
|
|
a test that assesses DNA damage and evaluates carcinogenicity in vitro
|
Ames test
|
|
|
|
histopath of Reidel's thyroiditis
|
fibrous reaction with gland destruction
|
|
|
|
when blood is lost in trauma, how does the body maintain BP?
|
constriction of veins and venules
|
|
|
|
hematologic finding in mumps
|
increased serum amylase
|
|
|
|
kidney findings in HUS
|
intimal thickening of small aa and glomerular thrombosis or collapse
|
|
|
|
Lisch nodules
|
NF-1
|
|
|
|
how to differentiate intestinal TB from Crohn's
|
both have granulomas, but only TB will have a positive AFB stain
|
|
|
|
what type of amyloid deposition is expected secondary to chonic bronchiectasis?
|
AA
|
|
|
|
anemia causes a decrease in (pO2, O2 sat, O2 content)
|
O2 content (pO2 and sat unaffected)
|
|
|
|
two general causes for RPGN
|
Goodpasture's and vasculitides (temporal arteritis, Wegner's, etc.)
|
|
|
|
type of cardiomypathy suffered by pt with rheumatoid arthritis
|
restrictive (i.e. amyloid)
|
|
|
|
HLA types associated with diabetes mellitus
|
HLA-DR3 and HLA-DR4
|
|
|
|
radiographic finding in coarctation of the aorta
|
notching of the inferior surfaces of the ribs
|
|
|
|
patients with Nelson's syndrome have a history of…
|
adrenalectomy
|
|
|
|
opthalmoplegia + rigidity in axial skeleton + bradykinesia
|
progressive supranuclear palsy
|
|
|
|
osteosarcoma is associated with what germline mutation?
|
Rb
|
|
|
|
the most significant factor predisposing a patient to breast cancer
|
positive family history
|
|
|
|
granulomas necessarily must have what kind of cells?
|
epithelioid histiocytes
|
|
|
|
CSF flows out of the lateral ventricles into the third ventricle through …
|
foramina of Monroe (there are two, one from each ventricle)
|
|
|
|
type of twins that develop from a single fertilized egg that subsequently splits at the blastocyst stage
|
monozygotic twins
|
|
|
|
c-ANCA
|
Wegner's granulomatosis
|
|
|
|
defect in McArdle's dz
|
muscle phosphorylase (glycogen storage dz)
|
|
|
|
THE symptom of angina
|
chest pain (i.e. if there is no pain, it's not angina!)
|
|
|
|
complications of measles
|
pneumonia, encephalitis, otitis media
|
|
|
|
osteoclast activity is (increased/decreased/normal) in osteomalacia
|
normal
|
|
|
|
fibrous scar following MI predisposes to …
|
ventricular aneurysm (also mural thrombi)
|
|
|
|
most grave histologic finding in fibrocystic change; indicates high risk for progression to carcinoma
|
epithelial hyperplasia
|
|
|
|
hallmark PFT of obstructive lung dz
|
↓ FEV1/FVC ratio
|
|
|
|
etiology of varicose veins
|
faulty venous valves causing high venous P in the legs
|
|
|
|
memory loss, ataxia, and urinary incontinence
|
normal-pressure hydrocephalus
|
|
|
|
mucosal neuromas + marfanoid habitus
|
MEN IIb
|
|
|
|
wall-to-lumen ratio in HTN is (increased/decreased)
|
increased (hypertrophy of arteriolar walls)
|
|
|
|
has Auer rods
|
M3 AML
|
|
|
|
a patient with uncontrollable shaking of the hand when making purposeful movements most likely has a lesion of the …
|
cerebellum
|
|
|
|
tuberous sclerosis is associated with what brain neoplasm?
|
astrocytoma
|
|
|
|
site of vitamin A storage
|
"Ito" cells (fat-containing mesenchymal cells in the liver's space of Disse)
|
|
|
|
"fried-egg" appearance of bone marrow biopsy
|
hairy cell leukemia
|
|
|
|
R ventricle pressure is (increased/decreased) in mild CHF
|
increased
|
|
|
|
patient with renal dysfunction, hematuria, sinus infections, nasal perforation …
|
Wegner's
|
|
|
|
etiology of eclampsia
|
placental infarction
|
|
|
|
cancers that secrete EPO
|
renal cell CA, hepatocellular CA, cerebellar hemangioma
|
|
|
|
how is the urine affected by bile duct obstruction?
|
conjugated bilirubin is water soluable & excreted in the urine; urine is light brown
|
|
|
|
coma + oxalate crystals in urine + metabolic acidosis
|
ethylene glycol poisoning
|
|
|
|
Characteristic
|
Disease
|
|
|
|
Cruetzfeldt-Jacob disease typically involves deposition of ___ in the brain
|
amyloid
|
|
|
|
to determine if RBCs are covered with IgG, do a …
|
direct Coomb's test (mix anti-IgG Abs with RBCs and see if agglutination occurs)
|
|
|
|
approximate age of patients with AML
|
middle adulthood (20-45 yo)
|
|
|
|
describe the appearance of the endometrium with anovulation
|
proliferative endometrium with stromal breakdown
|
|
|
|
port wine stain: regress with age or not?
|
not
|
|
|
|
what does the peripheral smear show in HUS?
|
schistocytes or (according to First Aid) poikilocytes
|
|
|
|
another name for Burkitt's lymphoma
|
small non-cleaved cell lymphoma
|
|
|
|
after blood flow ceases, pressure in the venous system _______ (inc/dec/no change)
|
increases (all pressures equilibrate)
|
|
|
|
AIDS-associated lymphoma occurs in ___% of patients
|
6-8%
|
|
|
|
another name for MEN I
|
Wermer syndrome
|
|
|
|
urea nitrogen:creatinine ratio in postrenal obstruction
|
high (=high BUN, high creatinine)
|
|
|
|
autoantibodies against GP IIb/IIIa
|
idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP)
|
|
|
|
"mosaic pattern of newly-formed bone" on histology
|
Paget's disease
|
|
|
|
bombesin is the tumor marker for …
|
neuroblastoma, small cell CA, gastric & pancreatic carcinomas
|
|
|
|
pathophysiology of stress-induced gastric ulcer
|
pepsin released in response to stress > causes excess acid secretion
|
|
|
|
connective tissue stains with …
|
vimentin
|
|
|
|
a Baker's cyst represents …
|
enlarged semimembranous bursa on the back of the knee
|
|
|
|
in bx specimens, Giardia looks like …
|
crescent-shaped protozoa
|
|
|
|
a young person presenting with acute RLA pain
|
acute appendicitis
|
|
|
|
approximate age of patients with CML
|
older adulthood (~45 yo)
|
|
|
|
Budd-Chiari syndrome is usually produced by occlusion of the …
|
hepatic vein
|
|
|
|
autoimmune disease associated with esophageal disorders
|
scleroderma
|
|
|
|
long-term sequellae of CML and polycythemia vera
|
myeloid metaplasia with myelofibrosis ("Bone marrow burn-out")
|
|
|
|
how to differentiate primary aldosteronism from secondary aldostronism
|
renin (high with secondary, low with primary)
|
|
|
|
to determine if mom's serum has anti-Rh IgG, do a …
|
indirect Coomb's test (mix mom's serum with Rh+ RBCs)
|
|
|
|
presentation of patients with 11 hydroxylase deficiency
|
late (teenage) presentation of androgen excess (not usually adrenal insufficiency)
|
|
|
|
when the placenta is directly attached to the myometrium (without an intervening layer of decidua), the appropriate term is…
|
placenta accreta
|
|
|
|
three most common reasons for a spontaneous abortion
|
Triploidy, trisomy 16, and Turner's
|
|
|
|
IVDU with nephrotic syndrome that does NOT resolve with steroid tx
|
focal segmental GN (RPGN)
|
|
|
|
histology of skin lesions in SLE
|
granular IgG deposits at the DE jxn
|
|
|
|
endometrial glands within the myometrium
|
andenomyosis
|
|
|
|
how does contractility affect pulse pressure?
|
decreases SV; therefore, decreases PP
|
|
|
|
etiology of complete androgen resistance
|
absence of androgen receptors
|
|
|
|
conditions for which ESR is decreased
|
polycythemia, sickle cell disease, and CHF
|
|
|
|
histology of Gilbert's dz
|
liver bx totally normal!
|
|
|
|
to make this dx, at least 4% of the lymphocytes must show the specific break-point on the X chromosome
|
Fragile X
|
|
|
|
lethargic infant with misshapen long bones, corneal clouding, gingival hypoplasia, restricted joint movements, coarse features, and NO hepatomegaly
|
I-cell disease (lack of M6P on lysosomal proteins)
|
|
|
|
difference between infantile and adult forms of aortic coarctation
|
adult: stenosis distal to insertion of ductus; infantile: stenosis proximal
|
|
|
|
aortic pulse pressure in aortic stenosis (compared with normal aortic valve)
|
decreased (due to decreased blood flow into aorta during systole)
|
|
|
|
most lung cancers arise from malignant transformation of …
|
bronchial epithelium
|
|
|
|
chielosis, dermatitis, and glossities can be due to what vitamin deficiency?
|
riboflavin
|
|
|
|
what causes foot process effacement in minimal change disease?
|
lymphokine production by T cells
|
|
|
|
Dx this: woman died from 3-wk illness consisting of fever, anemia, jaundice, hemorrhagic phenomena; blood smear showed decreased platelets and "bizarre" RBCs
|
TTP
|
|
|
|
oncogene associated with neuroblastoma
|
N-myc
|
|
|
|
patient has T cells with cerebriform nuclei and skin sx. Dx?
|
Sezary syndrome
|
|
|
|
"fried egg" cells, or cells with round nuclei and cleared cytoplasm
|
oligodendroglioma
|
|
|
|
small, triangular infarctions in the spleen
|
sickle cell disease
|
|
|
|
concentric, laminated thickening of arterioles due to smooth mm proliferation ("onion-skinning")
|
hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
|
|
|
|
describe joint aspirate in patient with Reiter's syndrome
|
non-inflammatory (similar to rheumatoid arth)
|
|
|
|
brain and spinal cord malformations that cause herniation of the cerebellum through the foramen magnum
|
Arnold-Chiari malformations
|
|
|
|
total peripheral resistance (increases/decreases) when a kidney (or other organ) is removed
|
increases (TPR = 1/R1+1/R2+1/R3…)
|
|
|
|
common metastatic site for melanoma
|
serosal surface of the intestines
|
|
|
|
type of hematopoietic disorder with lacunar cells
|
nodular sclerosing Hodgkin's dz
|
|
|
|
↑pH, ↑bicarbonate, ↓Co2 indicates what acid-base disorder?
|
mixed alkalosis
|
|
|
|
child with small ventricles and thickened endocardium; histology shows elastic tissue
|
endocardial fibroelastosis
|
|
|
|
HLA types associated with SLE
|
HLA-DR2 and HLA-DR3
|
|
|
|
BRCA-1 is associated with which two locations of cancer?
|
breast and ovarian
|
|
|
|
IGF-1 level in Laron dwarfism
|
low (no GH to stimulate liver to make IGF-1)
|
|
|
|
autosomal dominant disease characterized by episodic mm weakness after exercise or high-CHO meals
|
hypokalemic periodic paralysis
|
|
|
|
oxygen requirements of the heart are directly related to …
|
stroke work (area of rectangle on pressure-volume loop)
|
|
|
|
type of lymphoma with pruritis, night sweats, and cervical lymphadenopathy
|
Hodgkin's disease
|
|
|
|
the biggest risk factor for developing ovarian CA is …
|
age
|
|
|
|
changes in RA pressure and CO in compensated heart failure
|
RA pressure increases, CO maintained
|
|
|
|
central lung cancers
|
small cell, squamous cell
|
|
|
|
phenotype of patients with testicular feminization syndrome
|
female, with a blind sac for vegina, testes in the labia, and lack of other female organs
|
|
|
|
polyhydramnios is often due to …
|
esophageal atresia
|
|
|
|
quick occulsion of the pulmonary trunk can cause…
|
acute cor pulmonale (RV failure)
|
|
|
|
frequent renal finding in DIC
|
diffuse cortical necrosis
|
|
|
|
features of von-Hippau Lindau
|
hemangiomas of the retina, cerebellum, and/or medulla; high risk for RCC
|
|
|
|
contents of a pancreatic pseudocyst
|
pancreatic juices and enzymes
|
|
|
|
reduplication of renal arcuate artery elastic lamina and fibrosis of the media
|
benign (hypertensive) nephrosclerosis
|
|
|
|
role of VEGF
|
angiogenesis
|
|
|
|
triploidy associated with osteum primum type of ASD
|
Down's syndrome
|
|
|
|
dimpling of the skin with underlying breast cancer is due to …
|
lymphedema of the sites of attachement for the suspensory ligaments
|
|
|
|
isozyme of CK associated with heart damage
|
MB
|
|
|
|
fibrocystic change of the breast (does/does not) increase risk for CA
|
does not
|
|
|
|
most common cause of metabolic alkalosis
|
rx with loop or thiazide diuretics
|
|
|
|
levels of GHBP in the blood are proportional to levels of …
|
GH receptors
|
|
|
|
what thyroid disease confers an increased risk of thyroid lymphoma?
|
Hashimoto's
|
|
|
|
___ is responsible for producing the majority of new bone that will reunite a fracture
|
periosteum
|
|
|
|
two diseases involving hyaline membranes in the lung
|
ARDS (aka DAD) and hyaline membrane disease of the newborn
|
|
|
|
PAS + deposits on the epithelial side of the GBM
|
membranous GN
|
|
|
|
leakage of CSF into the nasal cavity can result from trauma to the …
|
cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone
|
|
|
|
can pulmonary edema be treated with O2 therapy?
|
yes
|
|
|
|
2.5 yo kid with crampy ab pain, red stool, abdominal distension, and palpable stomach mass. Dx?
|
intussussception
|
|
|
|
patients with temporal arteritis should be monitored for …
|
blindness
|
|
|
|
increased bleeding time results from …
|
platelet problem
|
|
|
|
lab findings in von Willebrand's disease
|
nl platelets, nl PT, increased PTT, increased BT
|
|
|
|
type of breast cancer with the best prognosis
|
tubular CA
|
|
|
|
lymphoma with small lymphs that have indented nuclei
|
follicular cleaved
|
|
|
|
pathogenesis of crescendo-ing chest pain
|
thrombosis w/ or w/o previous atherosclerosis
|
|
|
|
patient with polyuria, polydipsia, hyponatremia, lethargy, irritability
|
psychogenic polydipsia
|
|
|
|
Plummer-Vinson confers an increased risk for what cancer?
|
squamous cell CA of the esophagus
|
|
|
|
systolic murmur radiating to the neck
|
aortic stenosis
|
|
|
|
Reed-Sternberg cells have what two markers on their surfaces?
|
CD30 and CD15
|
|
|
|
Dupuytren's contracture is caused by the interaction of ___ (a cell type) with collagen fibrils in the palmar fascia
|
myofibroblast cells
|
|
|
|
etiology of necrosis of tumors
|
failure of blood supply to keep up with rapid growth
|
|
|
|
histology of Berger's dz
|
mesangial IgA deposits
|
|
|
|
mean systemic filling pressure is found where on a graph of CO vs. RA pressure?
|
intersection of graph with X axis
|
|
|
|
etiology of Hirschprung's disease
|
absence of ganglion cells in distal large bowel
|
|
|
|
anterior horn lesions result in …
|
muscle weakness & hyporeflexia (this is a LMN lesion)
|
|
|
|
ring-like calcifications of vessel walls
|
Monckeburg's arteriosclerosis
|
|
|
|
what type of anemia do Paget's disease patients suffer from?
|
replacement anemia (BM replaced)
|
|
|
|
signs and sx of fructosuria
|
none - usually asx
|
|
|
|
elderly patient with spike on urine/serum electrophoresis, but no identifiable mass or bone lesion
|
MGUS
|
|
|
|
when a lymph node becomes the site of a metastatic carcinoma, the cancerous cell proliferate in which part?
|
subcapsular sinuses
|
|
|
|
the most likely etiology for urinary obstruction in a male with lymphoma is …
|
enlarged retroperitoneal lymph nodes
|
|
|
|
phenotype and life span of a 47,XXX individual
|
normal female phenotype and normal life span
|
|
|
|
syndrome associated with port-wine stain
|
Sturge-Weber disease
|
|
|
|
creatinine is (increased/decreased/nl) in CHF
|
normal
|
|
|
|
young patient with intermittent chest pain at rest
|
Prinzmetal's angina
|
|
|
|
aka "onion-skinning"
|
hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis
|
|
|
|
vasculitis affecting young men who smoke heavily
|
Buerger's disease
|
|
|
|
cytochrome oxidase (mitochondrial enzyme) defect
|
Leigh's disease
|
|
|
|
nuclear shrinking and increased basophilia due to DNA condensation
|
pyknosis
|
|
|
|
port-wine stain + seizures + mental retardation + hemiplegia
|
Sturge-Weber disease
|
|
|
|
is a pleomorphic adenoma completely curable with surgery?
|
yes, but tends to recur because its difficult to completely excise
|
|
|
|
FAB classification of acute monocytic leukemia
|
M5
|
|
|
|
80% of gallstones in the US are composed of ___
|
cholesterol monohydrate
|
|
|
|
predispositions for gastric cancer
|
pernicious anemia, chronic gastritis, bacterial infection, neoplastic polyp
|
|
|
|
A patient's tongue deviates toward the right. What mm and nerve are affected?
|
right hypoglossal (CN XII); right genioglossus
|
|
|
|
a young patient with rhabdomyoma should be examined for what skin defect?
|
tubers (tuberous sclerosis)
|
|
|
|
presentation of hereditary angioedema
|
painful inflammation of the lips and mucous membranes
|
|
|
|
describe MEN II a
|
pheochromocytoma, medullary thyroid CA, hyperparathyroidism
|
|
|
|
for what disease does HTN put the patient at highest risk?
|
CVA
|
|
|
|
how do we differentiate PCOS and late-onset 21 hydroxylase deficiency?
|
FSH/LH ratio is >3 in PCOS, normal in CAH
|
|
|
|
B cell Ag expressed on mature B cells
|
CD20
|
|
|
|
Reed-Sternberg cells stain for…
|
CD30, CD15
|
|
|
|
epithelial hyperplasia (does/does not) increase risk for CA
|
does
|
|
|
|
what limits long-term success of heart transplant?
|
graft vascular disease (arteriosclerosis)
|
|
|
|
most common cardiac tumor in kids
|
cardiac rhabdomyoma
|
|
|
|
PAS (+) cytoplasmic granules in hepatocytes
|
alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency
|
|
|
|
genetics of Marfan's
|
autosomal dominant, defect in gene on Ch 15 encoding fibrillin
|
|
|
|
genetics of CML
|
t(9;22), chimeric bcr-abl gene product encodes tyrosine kinase
|
|
|
|
histologic liver bx finding in Reye's syndrome
|
large liver mitochondria with disrupted cristae
|
|
|
|
markers used to dx schwannoma or melanoma
|
S-100
|
|
|
|
child, normal at birth, progressively loses motor coordination, has cherry-red spot on macula, and dies by age 4
|
Tay-Sachs
|
|
|
|
another name for Crohn's
|
regional enteritis
|
|
|
|
usual initial location of pseudomyxoma peritonei
|
ovary or appendix
|
|
|
|
eosinophilic substantia nigra inclusions of Parkinson's
|
Lewy bodies
|
|
|
|
what type of anemia is most often seen in patients with renal failure?
|
normocytic, normochromic
|
|
|
|
role of thrombospondin
|
interferes with angiogenesis, tumor growth, and mets
|
|
|
|
pulmonary HTN predisposes to …
|
arterial thrombosis
|
|
|
|
common form of thyroid carcinoma with "cell balls"
|
papillary thyroid carcinoma
|
|
|
|
skin + mucous membrane blisters with intraepidermal IgG and C3 deposition
|
pemphigus vulgaris
|
|
|
|
cystic medial necrosis can produce what vascular pathology?
|
dissecting aneurysm
|
|
|
|
distribution of right coronary artery
|
posterior L ventricule and posterior 1/3 of septum
|
|
|
|
clinical triad of Wernicke's
|
ataxia, eye movement problems, and cognitive deficits
|
|
|
|
Dx of pleural effusion with thick, white upper layer and thin, clear lower layer
|
tumor obstructing the thoracic duct (white stuff are chylomicrons)
|
|
|
|
glucocerebrosides that accumulation within macrophages, and cause "erlenmyer flask" xray
|
Gaucher disease
|
|
|
|
appearance of erythroplasia of Queyrat
|
shiny, red penile lesion over CA in situ
|
|
|
|
long-term sequellae of EtOH-induced fatty liver change
|
none! Most regress completely w/ removal of EtOH.
|
|
|
|
acute mastitis typically affects what patient population?
|
premenopausal women who breast-feed
|
|
|
|
herniation of the mucosa at the jxn of the pharanyx and esophagus, leading to filling with food
|
Zenker's diverticulum
|
|
|
|
how to differentiate ectasia of the spermatic duct from varicocele
|
varicocele disappears when supine
|
|
|
|
most frequent primary malignant brain tumor
|
glioblastoma multiforme
|
|
|
|
renal cell carcinoma produces what substance?
|
EPO
|
|
|
|
causes of hypoventilation of peripheral origin
|
rib fracture, phrenic nerve paralysis, polio, suffocation, tetanus
|
|
|
|
approximate age of patients with CLL
|
elderly adults (~40-65 yo)
|
|
|
|
most common presentation of patient with von Gierke's disease
|
infant with hypoglycemia, lactic acidosis, and ketosis
|
|
|
|
histology of Whipple disease
|
PAS + foamy macrophages
|
|
|
|
intracytoplasmic bodies that stain brighly eosinophilic
|
Lewy bodies
|
|
|
|
most common cause of primary hypoparathyroidism
|
surgical hypoparathyroidism (resection or cutting off blood supply)
|
|
|
|
genetics of follicular lymphoma
|
Ig heavy chain and bcl-2 juxtaposed; t(14;18)
|
|
|
|
brain tumor with "whorled" pattern
|
meningioma
|
|
|
|
increased Reid index occurs in ____
|
chronic bronchitis
|
|
|
|
most common congenital heart malformation
|
VSD
|
|
|
|
what are the plasma levels of GH and IGF-1 in acromegaly?
|
both increased
|
|
|
|
lab findings in Laron dwarfism
|
↑ growth hormone, ↓ IGF-1, ↓↓ growth hormone binding protein
|
|
|
|
worst prognostic sign of adenocarcinoma
|
extension into the serosa (i.e. stage)
|
|
|
|
hyperpigmentation is commonly seen in …
|
Addison's disease
|
|
|
|
child with megaloblastic anemia, mental retardation, and high levels of orotic acid in the urine
|
orotic aciduria (defect in pyrimidine metabolism)
|
|
|
|
children w/ pyloric stenosis may develop what acid-base abnormality?
|
metabolic alkalosis
|
|
|
|
bone marrow cells have accumulation of ___ in Gaucher disease
|
glucosylceramide
|
|
|
|
PE of coarctation of the aorta
|
strong UE pulse, weak LE pulse
|
|
|
|
apolipoprotein found exculsively on chylomicrons; essential in their production
|
B48
|
|
|
|
lack of melanin (albinism) predisposes to what carcinomas?
|
SCC and BCC
|
|
|
|
describe the changes in atrophic gastritis
|
gastric epithelium turns into intestinal epithelium (goblet cells replace parietal/chief cells)
|
|
|
|
histologic difference between apoptosis and necrosis
|
apoptosis involves single, scattered cells, and does not elicit inflammatory response
|
|
|
|
pituitary failure following parturition
|
Sheehan syndrome
|
|
|
|
explain Klumpke's paralysis
|
injury (during delivery) of lower brachial plexus (C8-T1), resulting in paralysis of intrinsic mm of hand and sensory loss of inner hand
|
|
|
|
shape of ulceration with E. histolytica
|
"flask-shaped ulcer"
|
|
|
|
triad in Plummer Vinson syndrome
|
glossitis, iron-deficiency anemia, and esophageal webs
|
|
|
|
what is the antibody marker for Wegner's?
|
c-ANCA
|
|
|
|
liver disease secondary to occlusion of hepatic veins or IVC
|
Budd-Chiari disease
|
|
|
|
cell senescence is timed by _____
|
telomerase
|
|
|
|
what hormone is really, really high in burn patients?
|
cortisol
|
|
|
|
cardiac enzyme changes seen in unstable angina
|
increased up to 2x normal
|
|
|
|
cytokine crucial in the pathogenesis of septic shock
|
TNF
|
|
|
|
lab findings in vitamin D deficiency
|
↓ Ca, P, and Vit D
|
|
|
|
a patient w/ renal failure has anemia. What to treat with?
|
EPO
|
|
|
|
weakness + increased freckles + n/v + orthostatic hypotension
|
Addison's disease
|
|
|
|
urinary stones predispose to …
|
acute pyelonephritis
|
|
|
|
extravascular hemolysis following initiation of meds suggests …
|
G6PD deficiency
|
|
|
|
epidural hematomas are most often caused by damage to what vessel?
|
middle meningeal aa.(talk and die)
|
|
|
|
sequellae of retroperitoneal fibrosis
|
bilateral hydronephrosis
|
|
|
|
define marantic endocarditis
|
small, sterile vegetations on the heart valves secondary to prolonged illness (e.g. cancer)
|
|
|
|
how does one differentiate subacute lymphocytic thyroiditis from subacute granulocytic thyroiditis?
|
lymphocytic is usually painless
|
|
|
|
innervation of external anal sphincter
|
pudendal nn
|
|
|
|
most common cause of ambiguous genitalia?
|
21 hydroxylase deficiency (80-95%)
|
|
|
|
ACE is located …
|
in the alveolar caps in the lung
|
|
|
|
pulmonary, sinus, and renal involvement
|
Wegner's granulomatosis
|
|
|
|
characterized by sparse bony trabeculae
|
osteoporosis
|
|
|
|
3 aa that should be avoided in Maple Syrup Urine dz
|
valine, isoleucine, leucine
|
|
|
|
three types of ovarian tumors that can cause precocious puberty due to steroid synthesis
|
fibroadenoma, granulosa-theca (or just granulosa), sertoli-leydig
|
|
|
|
best serum marker for MI in first 8 hrs
|
troponin
|
|
|
|
the two most common types of breast cancer
|
lobular and ductal
|
|
|
|
hypoglycemia with increased serum insulin and increased C-peptide
|
insulinoma
|
|
|
|
liver finding in Wilson's
|
(+) stain with Prussian blue; secondary hemochromatosis
|
|
|
|
pathogenesis of Guillan-Barre
|
autoimmune attack on myelin
|
|
|
|
hairy cell leukemia is dxed how?
|
stain for TRAP
|
|
|
|
genetic syndrome associated with cystic hygromas
|
Turner syndrome
|
|
|
|
TB in the GI tract usually occurs in the …
|
ileocecal region
|
|
|
|
under conditions of prolonged low Mg, PTH is (increased/decreased/nl)
|
decreased
|
|
|
|
pathophys of hereditary angioedema
|
deficiency of C1 inhibitor, resulting in decreases in early complement components (esp C4)
|
|
|
|
etiology of Laron dwarfism
|
congenital absence of GH receptors
|
|
|
|
t(15;17)
|
M3 AML
|
|
|
|
two antibodies produced during an infection with M. pneumo
|
cold agglutinin and strep MG
|
|
|
|
sx of LMN lesion
|
hyporeflexia, fasciculations, hypotonia, atrophy
|
|
|
|
failure of O2 to increase the arterial PO2 is diagnostic of …
|
pulmonary shunt (i.e. occlusion of a pulmonary aa)
|
|
|
|
describe the fluid that accumulates in the abdomen with hepatic cirrhosis
|
transudate - hypocellular, protein-poor
|
|
|
|
gastric pain, hyperpigmentation, garlic breath odor, white lines on fingernails suggest poiwoning with what heavy metal?
|
arsenic
|
|
|
|
karyotype and phenotype of patients with congenital deficiency of androgen receptor
|
genotypic male (XY) with female phenotype
|
|
|
|
similarities between seminoma and dysgerminoma
|
both are radiosensitive, made up of sheets of uniform cells, and can be aggressive if other tumor types are present (yolk sac, choriocarcinoma, etc.)
|
|
|
|
"onion-skinning" of arterioles in the kidney
|
malignant HTN
|
|
|
|
scleerosing adenosis is often a component of _____
|
fibrocystic change of the breast
|
|
|
|
what type of graft occurs when a patient gets a tissue with identical HLA alleles?
|
syngeneic allograft
|
|
|
|
low HR with high pulse pressure and hx of fainting
|
complete (3rd degree) heart block
|
|
|
|
lab features of Turner's
|
↓ estrogen, ↓ inhibin, ↑ FSH; normal growth hormone, thyroid hormone
|
|
|
|
innervation of internal anal sphincter
|
pelvic nn (parasym preganglionic)
|
|
|
|
most common type of breast cancer
|
invasive ductal
|
|
|
|
young male with bowel infarction due to thrombus occluding a muscular artery
|
polyarteritis nodosa
|
|
|
|
pain in the anatomic snuff box after a fall is pathognomonic for …
|
scaphoid fx
|
|
|
|
conjugated hyperbilirubinema + uniformly black liver
|
Dubins-Johnson syndrome
|
|
|
|
in RDS, the alveolar exudate consists of …
|
fibrin
|
|
|
|
unique histologic feature of papillary CA of thyroid
|
Psammoma bodies
|
|
|
|
t(11;14)
|
multiple myeloma, mantle cell lymphoma, and small cell lymphoma
|
|
|
|
lymphatic drainage of the testes
|
para-aortic lymph nodes
|
|
|
|
predisposition for papillary necrosis
|
DM
|
|
|
|
Paget's disease typically affects what patient population?
|
elderly
|
|
|
|
difference between Raynaud phenomenon and Raynaud disease
|
phenomenon is secondary to another dz (i.e. SLE, vasculitides)
|
|
|
|
5-year mortality rate of dilated cardiomyopathy
|
70% (BAD!)
|
|
|
|
sings of lost aeration in one lung
|
dullness to percussion, tracheal deviation (toward the side of the dullness), dyspnea
|
|
|
|
"pulseless disease"
|
Takayasu's arteritis
|
|
|
|
fertilization of an ovum by two different sperm can result in what type of mole?
|
partial mole
|
|
|
|
complete hydatidiform moles mets __% of the time
|
2%
|
|
|
|
most common cause of membranous glomerulonephritis
|
idiopathic
|
|
|
|
blunted colonic villi
|
celiac sprue
|
|
|
|
autoimmune disease that should be considered in any 15-45 yo female with poorly -defined sx
|
SLE
|
|
|
|
46,XY pt with vagina but no uterus, and no secondary sexual characteristics
|
male pseudohermaphrodite
|
|
|
|
what organ produces amyloid?
|
liver
|
|
|
|
a common site for Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in male AIDS patients
|
testes
|
|
|
|
megakaryocytes in BM in multiple myeloma have cytoplasmic inclusions of …
|
immunoglobulins
|
|
|
|
area of liver most sensitive to toxic injury
|
periportal zone (zone 1)
|
|
|
|
wavy, itchy lines on a whole family; lines have dark spot at one end
|
scabies
|
|
|
|
tumors of the penis, vagina, and anorectal area drain into what lymph nodes?
|
medial side of horizontal chain of superficial inguinal nodes
|
|
|
|
sharp, stabbing chest pain relieved by sitting up and leaning forward
|
acute pericarditis
|
|
|
|
arteriolar wall thickness is (increased/decreased) in HTN
|
increased
|
|
|
|
karyotype & phenotype of patients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
|
genotypic female (XX) but virilized external genitalia
|
|
|
|
HLA B27 is associated with which diseases? (4)
|
Reiter's, ankylosing spondylitis, IBD, psoriasis
|
|
|
|
osteoblast numbers are (increased/decreased) in osteomalacia
|
increased (make more osteoid, which just cannot be calcified)
|
|
|
|
hallmark of osteomalacia
|
increased osteoid (uncalcified)
|
|
|
|
high Hct + splenomegaly + high LAP
|
polycythemia vera
|
|
|
|
leukemia with promonocytes and monocytes in the bone marrow
|
M4 AML (myelomonocytic leukemia)
|
|
|
|
triad in Meig's syndomre
|
R hydrothorax, ascites, and ovarian fibroma
|
|
|
|
lung cancer NOT associated with smoking
|
bronchioloalveolar
|
|
|
|
lab findings in Hashimoto's thyroiditis are …
|
nearly normal, with anti-microsomal Ab
|
|
|
|
explain Erb's paralysis
|
injury (during delivery) of upper brachial plexus (C5-C6) resulting in waiter's tip
|
|
|
|
most frequent cause of sudden cardiac death
|
ischemic heart disease
|
|
|
|
paralytic sx following a mild URI
|
Guillan-Barre
|
|
|
|
hematologic findings suggesting prerenal azotemia
|
serum urea nitrogen ↑, serum creatinine nl
|
|
|
|
FAB classification of acute myelocytic anemia without differentiation
|
M2
|
|
|
|
substance secreted by carcinoid tumor
|
serotonin
|
|
|
|
fall of > 10 mm Hg in systolic P upon inspiration
|
pulsus paradoxus (characteristic of cardiac tamponade)
|
|
|
|
distended fourth ventricle with hypoplastic (or absent) cerebellum
|
Dandy-Walker malformation
|
|
|
|
vascular resistance in upper body (>/</=) vascular resistance in the lower body in aortic coarctation
|
upper body resistance > lower body resistance
|
|
|
|
how to differentiate TTP from HUS
|
HUS does NOT involve CNS manifestations
|
|
|
|
breath smelling like acetone is suggestive of …
|
DKA
|
|
|
|
disease that clinically resembles pellagra
|
Hartnup's disease
|
|
|
|
describe MEN I
|
pituitary, pancreas, and parathyroid
|
|
|
|
lab findings in patients with severe, chronic anemia
|
increased 2,3-DPG, CO, red cell [H+]
|
|
|
|
why don't neonates have sickle cell crises, even when they are homozygous?
|
higher concentration of HbF, which is unmutated
|
|
|
|
PMNs infiltrate the cardiac muscle @ ___ <time>
|
1 day; peak at 2-3 days
|
|
|
|
deficiency of these two enzymes can cause congenital adrenal hyperplasia
|
11-beta-hydroxylase and 21-hydroxylase
|
|
|
|
features of osteomalacia AND osteitis fibrosa cystica
|
renal osteodystrophy/secondary hyperparathyroidism
|
|
|
|
apoplipoprotein found on VLDL/IDL/LDL; essential in their production
|
B100
|
|
|
|
specific location of P450 enzymes
|
pericentral vein zone of the liver (zone 3)
|
|
|
|
underlying molecular mechanism of diabetic nephropathy
|
deposition of advanced glycosylated end-products (AGEs) in BM and mesangium
|
|
|
|
histology of lichen planus
|
"sawtooth" DE jxn
|
|
|
|
whichi s prolonged in hemophilia: PT or PTT?
|
PTT
|
|
|
|
substance responsible for aspirin-derived asthma
|
leukotrienes
|
|
|
|
pathogenesis of progressive supranuclear palsy
|
widespread neuronal loss and gliosis in subcortical sites
|
|
|
|
etiology of edema in alcoholic patients
|
decreased plasma colloid oncotic pressure
|
|
|
|
amenorrhea, hirsutism, and enlarged ovaries
|
polycystic ovarian syndrome
|
|
|
|
ALL with small, regular cells and large nuceli
|
L1
|
|
|
|
keloids have (many/few) fibroblasts and (much/little) collagen
|
few fibroblasts, much collagen
|
|
|
|
leukemia with increased #s of leukocytes and metamyelocytes
|
CML
|
|
|
|
markers for hairy cell leukemia
|
pan-B (CD19 and 20), monocyte (CD11c), IL2 receptor (CD25)
|
|
|
|
Ag present on T cells, granulocytes, and plasma cells (NOT B cells!)
|
CD43
|
|
|
|
pale gray discoloration of the renal papillae
|
papillary necrosis
|
|
|
|
rupture of a pancreatic pseudocyst puts the patient at risk for what disorder?
|
GI hemorrhage (cysts are full of digestive enzymes)
|
|
|
|
most likely cause for increased aPTT and bleeding time
|
von Willebrand disease
|
|
|
|
pathogenesis of ITP
|
antiplatelet Ab
|
|
|
|
pericarditis following MI
|
Dressler syndrome
|
|
|
|
nephritic syndrome with subepithelial humps
|
post-strep GN
|
|
|
|
a patient with leg claudication is also likely to have what other complaint?
|
impotence (both are typical of arteriosclerotic occlusive disease)
|
|
|
|
describe tuberous sclerosis
|
rhabdomyoma, cortical hamartomas, facial angiofibromas, seizures, mental retardation
|
|
|
|
diagnosis of 21 hydroxylase deficiency
|
increased serum 17-OH progesterone
|
|
|
|
anti-IgG IgM is common in which disease?
|
RA
|
|
|
|
what hormone might be increased in medullary thyroid CA?
|
calcitonin (originate from calcitonin-secreting C cells of thyroid)
|
|
|
|
what does a yolk sac tumor secrete?
|
alpha fetoprotein
|
|
|
|
osteoclast activity is (increased/decreased/nl) in Paget's disease
|
increased
|
|
|
|
"Indian-file" type of breast cancer
|
invasive lobular
|
|
|
|
effect of sickle cell disease on kidney
|
papillary necrosis
|
|
|
|
ERCP findings in primary sclerosing cholangitis
|
alternating dilated and constricted bile ducts ("beads on a string")
|
|
|
|
rupture of chordae tendinae cause what murmur?
|
mitral regurgitation
|
|
|
|
etiology of S3
|
volume-overoaded right ventricle
|
|
|
|
where is Vitamin K made in the body?
|
by gut bacteria
|
|
|
|
the congenital heart malformation with little hemodynamic significance
|
patent foramen ovale
|
|
|
|
when did this MI take place: coagnulative necrosis with PMNs but few macrophages
|
2-4 days
|
|
|
|
rings in the distal esophagus at the squamocolumnar jxn
|
Schatzki's rings
|
|
|
|
% of trisomy 21 patients with congenital cardiac disease
|
20%
|
|
|
|
microscopic scarred areas in the spleen which contain hemosiderin and Ca deposits
|
chronic congestive splenomegaly
|
|
|
|
type of emphysema in patients with α1-antitrypsin deficiency
|
panacinar
|
|
|
|
type of arthritis that affects large joints in obese people; Heberden nodes are common (DIP) as are Bouchard (PIP); PE includes crepitus
|
osteoarthritis
|
|
|
|
this type of arthritis affects women <40yo; symmetric involvement
|
rheumatoid arthritis
|
|
|
|
presentation is anterior knee pain and tenderness under over the patella; pain worse when sitting or climbing stairs
|
chondromalacia
|
|
|
|
endocarditis that can occur in any valve but rarely causes insufficiency; associated with antiphospholipid Ab syndrome
|
Libman-Sacks endocarditis
|
|
|
|
another name for Paget's disease of bone
|
osteitis deformans
|
|
|
|
HLA-B27 diseases
|
psoriasis, Ankylosing spondylitis, IBD, Reiter's
|
|
|
|
most common extraintestinal manifestation of IBD
|
anemia
|
|
|
|
ankylosing spondylitis is associated with what valvular defect?
|
aortic insufficiency
|
|
|
|
sacroilitiis, uveitis, and aortitis
|
ankylosing spondylitis
|
|
|
|
conjunctivitis, urethritis, arthritis
|
Reiter's
|
|
|
|
what does a Schober test do?
|
shows diminished anterior flexior of the lumbar spine (A. spondylitis)
|
|
|
|
Takayasu's arteritis is also called…
|
"pulseless disease"
|
|
|
|
reddish/bluish mottling of extremities secondary to atheroembolism-induced emboli following an intraarterial procedure
|
livedo reticularis
|
|
|
|
Libman-Sacks endocarditis is associated with what systemic dz?
|
SLE
|
|
|
|
type of cyst that complicates rheumatoid arthritis
|
baker's cyst
|
|
|
|
describe Homan's sign
|
pain with dorsiflexion of the foot (diagnostic of DVT, but rare)
|
|
|
|
describe the rash of ulcerative colitis
|
pyoderma gangrenosum: large, painful ulcers that drain a purulent discharge
|
|
|
|
skin dz, bilateral hilar adenopathy, and pulmonary disease
|
Sarcoidosis
|
|
|
|
typical skin manifestation of sarcoid
|
erythema nodosum (red, painful plaques on the legs)
|
|
|
|
Gottron sign
|
flat, violaceous papules over the knuckles (sign of dermatomyositis)
|
|
|
|
Ab pain, glomerulonephritis, arthralgia, and rash
|
Henoch-Schonlein purpura
|
|
|
|
desquamating erythema, cervical adenopathy, and anuerysms of the coronary arteries
|
Kawasaki dz
|
|
|
|
purpura, ab pain, glomerulonephritis (no GI bleeds)
|
cryoglobulinemia
|
|
|
|
cryoglobulinemia is associated w/ what viruses?
|
Hep B or C
|
|
|
|
describe the crystals in gout
|
needle-shaped, strongly (-) birefringent (bright yellow when parallel)
|
|
|
|
ditto for pseudogout
|
rhomboid, weakly (+) birefringent (blue when parallel)
|
|
|
|
morning stiffness + DIP
|
osteoarthritis
|
|
|
|
describe swan-neck deformity
|
hyperextension of PIP with flexion of DIP (rheumatoid arthritis)
|
|
|
|
describe boutonniere deformity
|
extension of the DIP
|
|
|
|
involvement of lungs, upper airways, kidneys, and joints
|
Wegener's granulomatosis
|
|
|
|
serology for Wegener's
|
C-ANCA
|
|
|
|
rhinits, asthma, vasculitis, and eosinophilia
|
Churg-Strauss syndrome
|
|
|
|
"benign form of sarcoidosis"
|
Lofgren syndrome
|
|
|
|
vasculitis that may cause visceral ischemia
|
polyarteritis nodosa
|
|
|
|
osteonecrosis is associated with what genetic dz?
|
sickle cell
|
|
|
|
a bunch of "tender points" but no definitive lab data
|
fibromyalgia syndrome
|
|
|
|
drugs that precipitate drug-induced lupus
|
phenytoin, procainamide, quinidine, hydralazine, isoniazid
|
|
|
|
multisystem disorder involving the eyes; has painful mucous membrane ulcers, and knee and ankle arthritis
|
Behcet syndrome
|
|
|
|
peripheral vacular dz that affects men under age 40 who smoke
|
Buerger's dz
|
|
|
|
older patient with wt loss, fatigue, and pain in the neck, shoulders, hips, thighs
|
polymyalgia rheumatica
|
|
|
|
rheumatoid arthritis + splenomegaly and neutropenia
|
Felty syndrome
|
|
|
|
patients with disc herniation at L5-S1 may present with nerve root compression at what level?
|
S1
|
|
|
|
standing on toes tests what nerve root?
|
S1
|
|
|
|
The Achilles reflex tests what nerve root?
|
S1
|
|
|
|
pain made worse by lying down at at night may be a sign of …
|
malignancy or infection
|
|
|
|
tibial stress fractures are also called…
|
shin splints
|
|
|
|
acute pain after lifting heavy objects that resolves with rest and NSAIDs
|
disk herniation
|
|
|
|
anterior compartment syndrome presents as …
|
footdrop
|
|
|
|
4 mm of the rotator cuff
|
supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis
|
|
|
|
loss of passive ROM in the shoulder indicates …
|
"frozen shoulder"
|
|
|
|
young boy with short stature and painless limp
|
Legg-Clave-Perthes disease
|
|
|
|
adolescent boy with pain near the tibial tuberosity when extending the knee against resistance
|
Osgood-Schlatter's disease
|
|
|
|
most common type of glenohumoral dislocation
|
anterior (>90%)
|
|
|
|
type of fracture that occurs following a fall on an outstretched hand
|
scaphoid fx
|
|
|
|
causes tenderness and swelling of the anatomical snuff box
|
de Quervain's disease
|
|
|
|
Finkelstein test
|
patient makes fist around own thumb and pain in anatomical snuff box occurs on ulnar deviation
|
|
|
|
flattening or loss of the 5th knuckel prominence due to displacement of the metacarpal toward the palm
|
Boxer's fx
|
|
|
|
ligament typically injured with eversion of the ankle
|
medial
|
|
|
|
most common cause of sciatica
|
herniated disk
|
|
|
|
straight leg test is (+ or -) in sciatica
|
+
|
|
|
|
progressive weakness and numbness of the LE bilaterally with urinary retention
|
cauda equina syndrome
|
|
|
|
other manifestations of cauda equina syndrome
|
saddle anesthesia and a lax anal sphincter
|
|
|
|
nerve most likely to be injured in fx of the distal humerus
|
radial nerve
|
|
|
|
damage to the radial nerve results in …
|
wristdrop
|
|
|
|
damage to the ulnar nerve results in…
|
claw hand
|
|
|
|
injury to this nerve causes thenal atrophy
|
median nerve
|
|
|
|
lachman test and anterior drawer test are likely to be + with this injury
|
ACL tear
|
|
|
|
injury that causes knee catching, locking and clicking
|
torn medial meniscus
|
|
|
|
pain worse at night and relieved by aspirin
|
osteoid osteoma
|
|
|
|
forced valgus bending of the knee may cause …
|
rupture of the medial meniscus
|
|
|
|
due to median nerve compression by the transverse carpal ligament
|
carpal tunnel syndrome
|
|
|
|
aching pain without neurologic sx
|
muscle strain
|
|
|
|
common cause of hip pain; pain exacerbated by standing and external rotation
|
trochanteric bursitis
|
|
|
|
syndrome in which the arm cannot be raised completely due toa small and elevated scapula
|
Sprengel's deformity
|
|
|
|
positive "stoop sign"
|
spinal stenosis
|
|
|
|
Pain, pallor, paralysis, paresthesia, poikilothermia, pulselessness
|
compartment syndrome
|
|
|
|
tenderness over the lateral epicondyle of the humerus (extensor muscles at their origin)
|
tennis elbow/lateral epicondular tendonitis
|
|
|
|
tenderness over the medial epicondyle of the humerus (flexor muscles at their origin)
|
golfer's elbow/medial epicondylar tendonitis
|
|
|
|
protrusion of the scapula can be due to what nerve injury?
|
long thoracic
|
|
|
|
"crunching" upon neck movement with no spasm, tenderness to palpation, or neurologic deficits
|
whiplash
|
|
|
|
lateral deviation of the great toe accompanied by lateral displacement of the extensor and flexor hallucis longus tendons
|
bunion
|
|
|
|
nail clubbing with large join polyarthritis
|
hypertrophic osteoarthropathy
|
|
|
|
how to assess L4
|
patellar reflex
|
|
|
|
how to assess L5 (motor)
|
walking on heels
|
|
|
|
how to assess L4 (motor)
|
knee flexion/extension (squatting)
|
|
|
|
assessed by having patient walk on toes
|
S1 motor
|
|
|
|
assessed by hip adduction
|
L2 motor
|
|
|
|
used to detect a torn meniscus
|
Apley test
|
|
|
|
how to detect a knee effusion
|
bulge sign ("milking")
|
|
|
|
direct inguinal hernias are due to what defect?
|
breakdown of transversus abdominalis aponeurosis and transversalis fascia
|
|
|
|
nerve that runs with the spermatic cord through the inguinal canals
|
ilioinguinal
|
|
|
|
small bowel receives its blood supply from the …
|
superior mesenteric aa.
|
|
|
|
what embryological defect puts an infant at risk for inguinal hernia?
|
patent processus vaginalis
|
|
|
|
clotting factor that complexes with vWF
|
F VIII
|
|
|
|
role of vWF in the clotting cascade
|
bridge between platelet and damaged vessel
|
|
|
|
drug that causes release of F VIII from storage sites
|
desmopressin
|
|
|
|
WBC 200,000 with no blast forms; primarily PMNs
|
CML
|
|
|
|
median age for presentation of CML
|
45 yo
|
|
|
|
how to differentiate polycythemia vera from CML
|
leukocyte alkaline phosphatase
|
|
|
|
genetics of CML
|
t(9:22), bcr-abl translocation
|
|
|
|
drug that specifically inhibits the translocation in CML
|
imanitib mesylate (Gleevac)
|
|
|
|
cure rate with BM transplant in patients with CML
|
50%
|
|
|
|
neurotransmittor affected by sertraline
|
serotonin (SSRI)
|
|
|
|
most common method of suicide in males > 65 yo
|
firearms
|
|
|
|
type of pituitary cell that secretes growth hormone
|
somatotrophs
|
|
|
|
inhibitor of growth hormone release
|
somatostatin
|
|
|
|
somatomedins are also known as….
|
insulin-like growth factors (IGFs)
|
|
|
|
role of somatomedins
|
produced by liver, inhibit release of GH from the pituitary and mediate GH effect on tissues
|
|
|
|
type of lung cancer that may secrete GH ectopically
|
squamous cell
|
|
|
|
type of lung cancer that may secrete ADH ectopically
|
small cell - oat cell
|
|
|
|
pathophys of myasthenia gravis
|
Ab to nicotinic Ach receptor
|
|
|
|
type of antibiotic likely to exacerbate MG
|
aminoglycosides (risk for neuromuscular blockade)
|
|
|
|
drug used to diagnose MG
|
edrophonium
|
|
|
|
chocolate cysts are made up of what?
|
hemosiderin, benign glands and stroma
|
|
|
|
infertility due to endometriosis is secondary to …
|
scarring of the adnexa
|
|
|
|
drugs that can be used in endometriosis
|
danazol, estrogen/progesterone OCPs, GnRH agonists
|
|
|
|
lesion of R spinothalamic tract would result in …
|
loss of pain/temp on opposite side beginning one level below and extending caudally
|
|
|
|
lesion of R lateral corticospinal tract would result in …
|
spastic paresis of R side below lesion (LCST controls voluntary movement)
|
|
|
|
lesion of R posterior white column would result in ...
|
loss of two-pt touch, vibration, proprioception on R side below lesion
|
|
|
|
the only one of the "big 3" tracts that crosses is … (PC, LCST, STT)
|
spinothalamic tract
|
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posterior columns and CST decussate at what level?
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medullary pyramids
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children w/ pyloric stenosis may develop what acid-base abnormality?
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metabolic alkalosis
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characteristic histologic finding in membranous glomerulonephritis
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diffuse thickening of caps
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% of pts with membranous GN that have edema
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80%
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peak age of incidence of membranous GN
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fourth and fifth decades
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etiologic agent that may be involved in membranous GN
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Hep B
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most common type of disk herniation
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posterolateral herniation of the nucleus propulsus (affects spinal nerve one level below)
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a pulsatile mass in the abdomen is most likely a …
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AAA
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which is higher: BP in the abdominal aorta, or in the thoracic aorta?
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ab aorta (column of blood due to upright posture)
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an anerysm larger than ___ should be surgically treated
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6 cm
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lab values in pseudohypoparathyroidism
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high PTH, low Ca and P
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patient presentation in Chaga's disease
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GERD, constipation
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a tender goiter with pain radiating to the ear indicates …
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subacute thyroiditis
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LMN findings in the UE and UMN findings in the LE
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syringomyelia
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complete loss of P waves on EKG usually means …
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a fib
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why must we be careful in administering O2 to a severely hypoxic individual?
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reduces respiratory drive and therefore increases Co2 retention
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megacolon and megaesophagus may be due to what parasitic infxn?
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Chaga's disease
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most common brain tumor in adults
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glioblastoma multiforme
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3 cardinal sx of aortic stenosis
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angina, syncope, and extertional dyspnea
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most common inherited cause of unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
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Gilbert disease
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prevalence of Gilbert dz
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common: 3%-7%
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very black liver is indicative of …
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Dubin-Johnson syndrome
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name two etiologies for conjugated hyperbilirubinemia
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Dubin-Johnson, Rotor syndrome
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name two etiologies for unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia
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Gilbert, Crigler-Najar
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narrow QRS complexes indicate …
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supraventricular arrhythmia
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undulating baseline voltage and absence of P waves indicates…
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a fib
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diastolic murmur preceeded by opening snap
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mitral stenosis
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maculopapular rash that begins on the head and spreads down the body
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measles
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pain on lateral or upward eye movement suggests …
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german measles/rubella
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mucocutaneous manifestation of measles
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Koplik's spots: white papules on erythematous base
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systolic cres-decres murmur at the apex
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aortic stenosis
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what does the Valsalva maneuver accomplish?
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increases preload to L side of heart
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holosystolic murmur heard best at the apex and in the axilla
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mitral regurg
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most common cause of sudden cardiac death in preadolescent and adolescent kids
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hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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PE findings in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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loud S4, apical impulse, systolic murmur
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echo findings in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
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anterior motion of mitral valve, asymmetric LVH, early closing/reopening of aortic valve
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EKG findings in hyperkalemia
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peaked T waves, prolonged PR, progressive widening of QRS
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EKG in AV block
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no relationship/skewed relationship between P and QRS waves
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the motor arm of the corneal reflex is mediated by what nerve?
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facial (VII)
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the afferent arm of the corneal reflex is mediated by what nerve? (be specific!)
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opthalmic division of trigeminal (V-1)
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describe the ocular exam in a patient with retinal detachment
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dilation of both pupils when light shined into eye with detachment
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Sx of increased intracranial pressure
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nausea, vomiting, h/a
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jaundice w/ enlarged, palpable but nontender gallbladder
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cancer of the head of the pancreas
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acute transplant rejection shows what on xray?
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patchy infiltrates
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neutrophil count in acute transplant reaction
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low (lymphs high)
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where does one palpate the external inguinal ring?
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1/2 inch above the midpoint of the inguinal ligament
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to determine the extent of aortic regurg, the catheter tip should be placed …
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in the aortic root
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the median umbilical ligament is a remnant of the …
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urachus
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name two ways to test CN XI
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shrugging or turning head
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pleuritic chest pain, SOB, afebrile, absent breath sounds and dullness to percussion. Make the Dx.
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pleural effusion
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to which side does the tongue deviate in a CN XII lesion?
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toward the side of the lesion
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increased tactile fremitus is seen in …
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lung consolidation
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"appendicitis on the left"
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diverticulitis
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