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228 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A: Dates of Personal Rule
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March 1629-November 1640
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A: Was 'Personal Rule' unusual?
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No, only one Parliament 1611-21, was infrequent and King could veto anyway
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A: Evidence of active and effective government in personal rule
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Privy Council met 1000 times
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A: International peace treaties of personal rule and why?
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Treaty of Suza with France (1629) and Treaty of Madrid with Spain (1630) to avoid need for war taxation
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A: Book of Orders issued and limitation
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January 1631 but only 1/10 reports ever submitted (Start of centralist encroachment of semi-autonomous regions?)
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A: 2 people Arrested for attack on bishops, 1 at start of personal rule 1 later
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Alexander Leighton in 1630 and Bishops Williams of Lincoln in 1637
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A: Nobility sent to their counties when, who fined, how many gentry
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Sent to counties in June 1632, William Palmer fined £1000, 248 gentry summoned before Star Chamber
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A: Why didn't Charles I start well with Scots
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Act of Revocation of 1625, only crowned in Scotland after 8 years, 1633, and his coronation has much catholic imagery
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A: Laud becomes archbishop and immediately does…
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August 1633 and immediately dissolves Puritan Feoffees for impropriations
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A: Ship money first levied and extended
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First levied in 1634 extended to all counties 1635-40
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A: When did Charles let a papal agent in for the first time since when?
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1634 since 1558
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A: Scottish canons announced and enacted. Where were the riots?
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Announced in January 1636, prayer book brought in in July 1637. Rioting in St Giles, Edinburgh
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A: Who was appointed Lord Treasurer during Personal Rule
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Bishop Juxon in 1636
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A: Who was mutilated for attacking bishops and when
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Burton, Bastwick and Prynne in June 1637
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A: Issuing of National Covenant
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February 1638
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A: Ship Money trial and verdict
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Trial started 1637 in June 1638 verdict in favour of Charles 7-5
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A: What was Charles concession to Scotland before bishops wars?
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Prayer Book withdrawn in September 1638
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A: Event of First Bishops War, first war….
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Pacification of Berwick in June 1639…First war without Parliament since 1323
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A: English opposition to Bishops war
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Lord Say and Sele and Lord Brooke imprisoned in April 1639 for refusing to fight
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A: Short Parliament dates and controversy at end
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Meets April-May 1640, Convocation continues to sit and passes Canons including etc. oath
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A: Second bishops war and general events
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August 1640 -Scots capture Newcastle and defeat English at Newburn. October 1640 - Truce of Ripon but Charles must pay £850 a day
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A: Linked Scottish and English opposition (same day as Newburn)
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Petition of 12 Peers Calls for a Parliament in August 1640. Contacted through Nathaniel Fiennes
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A: Highly religious nature of society until 1650 and previous religious settlement
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Until 1650 everyone had to attend their parish church and pay tithes and Act of Uniformity 1559
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A: Why was Charles/Laud seen as quasi-Catholic?
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Henrietta Maria was catholic, Laud offered cardinals hat, bishops returned to public office, Spanish troops marched across England in 1639
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A: Evidence that Charles wasn't absolutist
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Didn't extend monarchic powers, didn't create a standing army, told his son "be not out of love" with Parliaments
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A: Religious innovation (started by Charles) (7 facts)
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Sent bishops to their sees in 1629, Laud: imposed conformity to Prayer Book, enhanced importance of bishops, bow at name of Jesus, priests were vestments, rubbish predestination, altars railed off
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A: What book angered Puritans and when? How many puritans left England
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Book of Sports in 1633. Up to 15,000 Puritans left for the new world
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A: Evidence of Laud angering gentry, also incident in Norwich
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Removing importance of their Pews, in Peterborough in 1637 120 pews of gentry were hacked down. In Norwich Mayor refused to attend cathedral due to Laudian arguments
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A: Evidence of altar rail resistance (3 pieces)
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Churches in Devon largely ignored the order, Beckington mounted legal challenge as did St Gregory's Church
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A: Distraint of Knighthood
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Raised £165k by 1635 and 9000 forced to pay
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A: Wardship
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Raised £55k p/a
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A: Monopolies
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Popish soap brought £30k p/a but exploited loophole in 1624 act
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A: Cut in Royal expenditure
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In 1620's £500k p/a on military, in 1635 only £66k was
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A: Tonnage and Poundage
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Raised £358k in 1635
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A: Forest Laws
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Raised £40k including £20k off Earl of Salisbury
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A: Selling Crown Lands and Purveyance
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Raised £650k (1625-35) and £30k p/a respectively
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A: Financial successes, what event crippled Charles financially?
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By 1637 annual revenue of £1m, 50% higher than accession and debt cut from £2m in 1629 to £1m until Bishops Wars!
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A: How much did ship money bring and %'s
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£800k by 1640. 90% 1635-7, 80% 1638 and 25% 1639
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A: European context for fear of Catholicism (land %)
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Protestant land in Europe fell from 1/2 to 1/5 1590-1690
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A: Wentworth in England, Ireland and return
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Appointed Privy Council in 1629, sent to Ireland in 1633 returned in 1639
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A: Wentworth angering Irish
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Forcing subsidies from Parliament, forcing return of crown and church lands, preventing MP's he didn't like entering parliament
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A: Wentworth's success in Ireland
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Doubled revenues by end of 1630's to £80k p/a
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A: Why Charles lost bishops wars
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Poorly equipped army (lack of finance), lack of English or Scottish support, Wentworth's Irish threat galvanised Scots
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A: Evidence of organised Puritan opposition
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Providence Island committee and Saybrooke
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B: Meeting of Long Parliament and initial actions (3 actions)
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Meets in November 1640, Wentworth and Laud impeached (worried about evil counsel), votes Canons of 1640 illegal, receives root and branch petition
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B: Elections of Long Parliament interesting because
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Contested in around 40% of constituencies and elected Parliament more Puritan than the nation
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B: Acts of Long Parliament protecting Parliament
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Triennial act (Feb 1641 mimicking Scottish act) and Act Against Forcible Dissolution (May 1641)
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B: Religious petitions to Parliament
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Received 900 petitions about misdeed of Laudian clergy but also 26 anti-Root and Branch petitions (30,000 signatures in North Wales), 15000 signatures to root-and branch petition
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B: How did Charles and Pym exacerbate Popish fears in 1641
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1st Army Plot of May 1641 created national sense of fear, Pym's Protestation Oath (May 1641) spread alarm of popery to provinces
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B: Evidence of Strafford's absolutism
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Starfford had told Charles he was "absolves from all rules of government"
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B: Dates of Strafford's trial and execution
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Trial starts March 1641, executed in front of crowd of 200,000 in May 1641 after attainder (judicial murder)
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B: Prerogative rights abolished and when
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Between June-August 1641 tonnage and poundage, star chamber (prerogative courts), ship money, knighthood fines, forest boundaries define
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B: Anti Laudian riots during Long Parliament
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Enclosure riots and iconoclasm breaks out in March 1641 (e.g. in Wolverhampton) in 1641 commons passes acts for iconoclasm and destruction of altar rails
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B: What stopped a possible settlement of 1641 (death)?
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Death of Earl of Bedford in May 1641 meant Bridge appointments collapsed
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B: What events of October 1641 turned country towards War?
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Irish Rebellion (3,000 killed reported 20,000) and the Incident (Argyll and Hamilton attempted arrest)
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B: Why was Iris Rebellion so critical?
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Led to debate over leadership of army, required Parliament to stay in session and allowed Pym to grow opposition
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B: Who in the Irish Rebellion claimed what about Charles
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Sir Phelim O'Neill claimed Charles had told the Irish to take up arms
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B: When and by what vote did the Grand Remonstrance pass the Commons?
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In November 1641 by 159-148 (200 MP's abstained) rejected by Charles
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B: Events of January 1642
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Charles attempt on 5 members (quasi-coup) and then leaves London with his court (terrible mistake)
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B: First bill passed in commons without Royal assent and when? What was Charles response
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Militia Ordinance bill of March 1642 and Charles Commissions of Array in June 1642
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B: Open act of rebellion against Charles in 1642
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April 1642 John Hotham denies Charles entry to Hull
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B: Final peace opportunity before Civil War, when and terms?
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19 Propositions in June 1642 (demanded control of Privy Council, King's children, reform of liturgy, control of militia)
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B: Events with Bishops pre-Civil War
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Stopped from taking their seats by crowds in December 1641, excluded from House of Lords in February 1642
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B: Name of Puritan opposition in Parliament
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Junto
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B: Popular unrest in 1640
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Maytide unrest in May 1640, Lambeth Palace attacked by 500 people
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B: Explosion of print pre-Civil War
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900 publications in 1640, 2000 in 1641 and 4000 in 1642. By Jan 1642 some dealt with possible removal of King
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B: Fate of Privy Councillors by may 1641
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By may 1641 over half of the Privy Council of November 1640 had been imprisoned, exiled or disgraced. Worst evil counsel removed?
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B: Growth of Royalist party and why?
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Reaction to Pym's radicalism and growth of anarchy, 64 'Court' MP's became 119 Royalist MP's after Grand Remonstrance
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B: Scottish support for Charles
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In August 1640 18 nobles signed an anti-Covenant act supporting Charles
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B: Problems in London in late 1641
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In December 1641 Charles made army officer Lunsford head of Tower creating panic. King's Cavaliers were forced to defend Parliament
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B: Official start of Civil War
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22nd August 1642 at Nottingham
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B: Why Civil War Broke out (6 factors)
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Social unrest, religion, Irish rebellion, actions of Charles, actions of Pym, underlying constitutional issues
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C: Battle of Edgehill and victor
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October 1642, Royalists fail to get to London
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C: Turnham Green and victor
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November 1642, Royalists halted by 20000 London militia
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C: First peace talks of war and location
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Oxford negotiations in Februar 1643
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C: Royalists victories in 1643 and months
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Adwalton Moor (June), Bristol (July), Lansdown and Roundway Down (July)
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C: Turning point of 1643
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Siege and relief of Gloucester ending in Royalist failure at Newbury (September 1643
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C: Dates and names of alliances
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The Cessation with Irish Confederates and Solemn League and Covenant with Scots both September 1643
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C: Battle of Marston Moor and victor
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July 1644, Parliament wins with Scottish aid and Cromwell important
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C: 2 acts creating NMA
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NMA ordinance in Feb 1645 and Self-Denying Ordinance of April 1645
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C: Battle of Naseby and victor (+ extra fact)
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June 1645, Parliament wins with NMA/Cromwell crucial also capture propaganda of Charles links with Irish
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C: 2 Events signalling end of first Civil War
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Charles surrenders to Scots in May 1646 and Oxford surrenders in June 1646
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C: How many men did each alliance provide? (cost of scots)
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Scots provided 21,000 men (cost of £30k a month) whereas Irish allowed around 6,000 poorly equipped men in
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C: Casualties of war, soldiers and civilians
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100,000 soldiers, 70,000 civilians. 3.5% England, 6% Scotland and 41% Ireland (all 3 wars)
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C: Anecdotal effects of War (3 facts)
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In Myddle 13 of 21 men died, in Chester in 6 months from June 1647 2000 died of plague, 1/2 population of Exeter became homeless
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C: Nature and number of battles
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Became regional battles with 635 incidents in total in the First Civil War
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C: Failures of Prince Rupert
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Led effective charges at Naseby, Edgehill and Marston Moor but then merely went into baggage train
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C: Control of towns/population
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Royalist had York (10,000 ), Parliament had London (400,000), Norwich (20,000) Bristol and Newcastle (10,000 each)
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C: Control of weapons stores
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Parliament controlled main weapons stores at London, Portsmouth and Hull
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C: Control of Navy
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Parliament had Navy and spent £800k p/a on it and Bristol, Plymouth, Southampton and Hull (main ports)
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C: Importance of London
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Provided £80k for NMA, provided 70% of all customs duties, trained bands helped at Turnham Green and Newbury
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C: Access to propaganda during the war
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Parliament had 6 newspapers in circulation, Royalists only had 2
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C: Control of tax base
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East Anglia was very rich and greater population gave Parliament greater tax base
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C: Royalists administration and personal donations
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Created county committees in 1643, aristocrats controlled military districts. Relied on donations and local tax raising Earl of Worcester donated £300k during war
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C: Royalist copying parliament
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In 1644 Oxford Parliament legislated conscription and an excise tax
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C: Parliamentary administration
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Created a tax collecting bureaucracy with impersonal arbitrary powers. In July 1642 created committee of safety
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C: 5 Ordinances of 1643 (fiscal revolution)
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Assessment ordinance (specific tax from counties based on ship money), Sequestrian ordinance (confiscated 5000 Royalist property), Compulsory Loan Ordinance, Excise Ordinance (tax on beer and salt etc., Impressment ordinance
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C: Parliamentary ordinance effect on Suffolk and Kent
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In 1639 Suffolk had resisted £8k of ship money in 1644 their assessment raised £90k. In Kent paid more each month than under a year of Ship Money
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C: Behaviour of Royalists
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In April 1643 Rupert plundered Birmingham and destroyed 1/3 of the town. In 1644 Rupert sacked Bolton and killed 700 civilians
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C: 1644 as a key year for Parliament
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Parliamentary control of land increased from 40% at start of year to 70% by the end
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C: Oxford Parliament
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Met in January 1644 Gained support of 175 MP's and 82 peers but Charles called it 'mongrel' Parliament
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C: Importance of death of Pym
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Pym's death in December 1643 allowed Cromwell to come to fore, argue with Manchester and then force through creation of NMA
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C: 1643 as crucial (4 factors)
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Alliances signed, Royalist high tide halted at Newbury, Parliament made fiscal and administrative innovations, Pym's death allowed Cromwell to emerge
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C: NMA number of troops and cost
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NMA had 22,000 troops and cost £50k a month
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C: Why NMA effective? But counter-historians
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Paid regularly (58% cavalry, 76% infantry), zealously religious, militarily meritocratic BUT Kishlansky feels wasn't initially religiously radical and Woolrych says pay was that of a common labourer
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C: Why Parliament won war (5 factors)
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Better resources, better use of resources, effective alliance, won crucial battles, NMA
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C: Effectiveness of Scots (territory)
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In 8 month Scots captured 1/3 of Royalist territory in the North
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C: Royalists had most advantage in…
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a short war, otherwise natural advantage is slowly eroded. Had Royalists won at Edgehill, Marston Moor or Naseby they may have won war
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C: Role of Pym in winning Civil War
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Influential in modernising tax system and securing a favourable alliance with the Scots
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D: Date and name of initial post-war settlement proposal
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Newcastle Propositions in July 1646
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D: What was abolished and when post-war
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Episcopacy abolished in October 1646
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D: Movements of Charles in 1647
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Handed to Parliament in January 1647 (for £400k), Cornet George Joyce seizes Charles for the NMA in June 1647
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D: Early disputes between NMA and Parliament, 4 events
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Army Petition against disbanding in March 1647, Declaration of Dislike in March 1647, Parliament votes to disband some of the army in April 1647, Army declaration against their disbanding in June 1647
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D: NMA's peace treaty and date
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Heads of Proposals in July 1647
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D: NMA and MP's in the Commons
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In July 1647 60 Independent MP's flee to NMA after rioters enter commons, in August 1647 NMA occupies London and reinstates them whilst removing 11 MP's
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D: Event discussing Agreement of the People and date
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Putney debates in October 1647
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D: Treaty with Charles that he acts duplicitously to and how he acts
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Four Bills of December 1647 but Charles signs Engagement with the Scots in December 1647
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D: Why would Scots sign Engagement with Charles?
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Biggest threat to them now is Independents and the Army
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D: Evidence of unpopularity of parliament (December)
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In December 1647 there are riots in Norwich, London and Canterbury at the banning of Christmas
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D: Parliamentary reaction to Engagement
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Pass Vote of No Addresses in January 1648
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D: Dates of Second Civil War
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Starts in March 1648 ends at Preston in August 1648
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D: Why Scots failed in 2nd Civil War
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Hamilton only managed to get 16,000 soldiers when he aimed for 30,000
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D: Event symbolising change in army attitudes to Charles I and what was said
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At Windsor Prayer Meeting of April 1648 Charles was called "Charles Stuart…that man of blood"
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D: Parliamentary actions angering NMA post-second Civil War (3 actions)
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Vote of No Addresses replaced in August 1648 and negotiations for Treaty of Newport begin in September 1648, extending negotiations
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D: Why would Charles accept no peace treaty?
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He wouldn't give up his religious convictions as he saw his main duty was "to maintain the true religion"
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D: NMA actions in response to Treaty of Newport (2 actions)
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Remonstrance of Army in November 1648 (linked them with Levellers) and Pride's Purge in December 1648
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D: Date of trial and execution of Charles I
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Trial in January 1649, execution on 30th January 1649
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D: Name the 5 distinct periods 1646-9
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1. attempts at a political settlement 2. NMA and Parliament conflict 3. Conflict within the NMA 4. Rebellion and War 5. English revolution and regicide
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D: What event terrified Scots and Parliament immediately post-war
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Victory of Irish Confederates at the Battle of Benurb in June 1646
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D: Name the 7 peace deals offered to Charles 1642-8
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19 Propositions (June 1642), Oxford Proposals (March 1643), Uxbridge Proposals (Jan 1645), Propositions of Newcastle (July 1646), Heads of Proposals (August 1647), Four Bills (Dec 1647) Treaty of Newport (Sep 1648)
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D: Parliament struggling to pay NMA post-war
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By end of 1646 Parliament owed £3m to soldiers, when it tried to disband NMA owed 43 weeks pay to cavalry and 18 weeks pay to infantry
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D: Mutinying soldiers post-war
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In 1646 Parliamentarian soldiers mutinied in 20 counties, in 1647 in 17 counties
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D: Leader of Levellers and Leveller influence (pamphlets)
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John Lilburne and they published 250 pamphlets 1645-9
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D: Evidence of popular Royalism in 1647 (petitions)
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Parliament forced to ban petitions in May 1647 despite this 10,000 Dorset men called for return of the king in June 1647
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D: Areas of revolt in 2nd Civil War
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South Wales, Kent, East Anglia (siege of Colchester), Yorkshire, Navy
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D: Revolt in Kent for 2nd Civil War
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In May 1648 10,000 rebels gathered at Burnham Heath but Fairfax chased them off
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D: Evidence that regicide was highly unlikely in Parliament
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In April 1648 they had voted 165-99 to not alter "government by King, Lords and Commons"
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D: Leveller petition and number of signatures
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Leveller petition of September 1648 had 40,000 signatures, they began to appeal to army
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D: Figures of Pride's Purge
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Pride's Purge of December 1648 arrested 45 MP's, excluded 186 MP's and 86 MP's withdrew in protest
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D: How many MP's in Rump Parliament
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150 MP's
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D: Final attempt at settlement by Cromwell
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A settlement through Earl of Denbigh but Charles rebuffed it
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D: What did Cromwell and NMA see in their actions
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Providence
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D: Evidence that republicanism wasn't a driving force
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In 1643 Henry Marten was expelled from the Commons for advocating republicanism
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D: Name of court that tried Charles and number of judges as regicides
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High Court of Justice, 68 out of 135 Judges turned up and 59 signed the death warrant
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D: Evidence of Charles self-martyring
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Wrote Eikon Basilikae (36 editions) and in 1642 had said he would either "be a glorious King or a patient martyr"
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D: Strength of Army in regicides
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18 of the regicides were Army officers
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D: Why was there no settlement 1646-9 (4 factors)
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Parliament divided, NMA, King would accept nothing, role of radicals
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E: First religious radicals
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First independent Church was opened in Hull in 1644
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E: When is Monarchy and Lords abolished and England declared a commonwealth
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March 1649, declared commonwealth in May 1649
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E: Charles declared and Crowned in Scotland (2 dates)
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Declared King in Feb 1649, Crowned at Scone in Jan 1651
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E: Dates of Cromwellian Ireland (2 dates) and atrocities
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Cromwell arrives in August 1649, Cromwell leaves in May 1650. At Wexford and Drogheda 4,600 are slaughtered
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E: Loyalty oath of Commonwealth
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Oath of Engagement in January 1650
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E: Battles against Scotland and dates
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Battle of Dunbar in September 1650 and Battle of Worcester in September 1651
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E: European war and caused by what act?
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Navigation Act of October 1651 causes First Anglo-Dutch war 1652-4
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E: Date of dissolution of Rump Parliament and what replaces it with dates?
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Dissolved in April 1653 replaced by Nominated Assembly July-December 1653
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E: What form of government is adopted after failure of Nominated assembly
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Instrument of government/Protectorate in December 1653
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E: What is Cromwell offered in 1657 and in what name?
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Cromwell offered crown in February 1657 in Humble Petition and Advice, he rejected it but accepts the Humble Petition and Advice in May 1657
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E: Death of Oliver Cromwell
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Dies in September 1658
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E: Harsh religious acts in 1650
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Death penalty for adultery introduced in May 1650 and Blasphemy act of August 1650 passed
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E: Religiously moderate act
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Toleration Act of September 1650 abolishes compulsory Church attendance
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E: Failed Royalist rising during Protectorate (name, date, location)
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Penruddock's Rising in Wiltshire in March 1655
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E: Why was the Rump relatively moderate 1649-53
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140 MP's excluded by Pride's purge returned, many MP's were lawyers and didn't want law reform
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E: Makeup of first Council of State in 1649
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14 of 41 were regicides and only 19 took Oath of Engagement
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E: Transferal of land away from Catholics in Ireland
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In 1641 Catholics owned 59% whereas in 1660 this was 22%
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E: Legal achievements of the rump but limitation
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Made minor legal reforms such as abolishing use of Latin and legal privileges of MP's but ignored Hale Commission in Feb 1653
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E: High financial burden under Rump
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In December 1652 monthly assessment raised from £90k to £120k
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E: Average attendance of the Rump
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50-60 MP's
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E: Sample of Rump Acts
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Sample of 131: 5 religious, 3 law reform, 14 social problems, 6 economic and social reform whereas 74 security/taxation and 43 local government/army
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E: Argument defending rump
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Had to deal with supressing sects and aftermath of war, wasn't focused on reforming but rebuilding
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E: What was Cromwell and NMA worried about Rump in 1653
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New elections could lead to anti-NMA and maybe even Royalist Parliament
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E: What makes Cromwell reminiscent of Charles
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Dissolving Rump and then a lack of a 'legal' Parliament after, 1653-8 the Personal Rule of Cromwell?
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E: Choice of Nominated Assembly and makeup
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140 chosen by Cromwell and NMA, 4/5 gentlemen only 12 were committed fifth-monarchists
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E: Successes of Nominated Assembly (5)
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Established Civil Marriage, registration of BDM, relief for impoverished debtors, protection for lunatics and sterner measures against thieves
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E: Features of Protectorate (power of Lord Protector (nepotism))
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Lord Protector had Council of State, had to call Parliament every 3 years, could legislate by ordinance, had control of army, could veto bills, many who shared power were related
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E: Financial settlement of Protectorate
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Granted money for 30,000 soldiers and £200k for government
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E: What is Instrument of Government essentially the same as?
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Heads of Proposals of August 1647
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E: Who refused to do what when during protectorate that makes Cromwell seem like Charles?
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George Cony refused to pay customs duties and was imprisoned
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E: What did Humble Petition and Advice introduce similar to monarchy?
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Privy Council, another house, hereditary
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E: Why did Cromwell seem like King in all but name after Humble Petition and Advice?
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Secular coronation with ambassadors present, given a gold sceptre and sword of state, henceforth addresses as 'Your Highness' and lived in Whitehall
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E: Name radical groups and key facts
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Levellers, Diggers (led by Winstanley), Seekers, Ranters (possibly not real), Quakers (40,000 by late 1650's), Fifth Monarchists, Baptists
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E: Date of Leveller mutiny and where
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Mutiny at Burford in May 1649
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F: When is the Rump reinstated and who retires?
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Rump reinstated in May 1659 and Richard Cromwell retired
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F: Pro-Royalist rising, what, where, when and conclusions?
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Booth's rising in Cheshire and Lancashire in July 1659 showed lack of Royalist support
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F: When is the Rump dissolved and what replaces it until when?
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Dissolved in October 1659 and replaced by NMA Committee of Safety until December 1659 then no government for over a week
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F: Actions of Monck (3 actions)
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Oct 1659 Demands Rump, Dec 1659 begins to march south with 10,000, Feb 1660 reinstates MP's from Pride's purge
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F: When does the Rump Parliament dissolve itself and what replaces it?
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Dissolves in March 1660 and replaces by Convention Parliament in April 1660
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F: Actions of Charles Stuart encouraging restoration and when is Restoration?
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Relocates to Netherlands, Declaration of Breda of April 1660 and Charles II restored in May 1660
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F: When is Charles act regarding Civil War, what is it called and who isn't pardoned?
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Act of Free and General Pardon, Indemnity and Oblivion of August 1660. Regicides and 9 others weren't pardoned
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F: When is Convention dissolved, what replaces it?
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Convention dissolved in December 1660 replaced by staunchly Royalist Cavalier Parliament in May 1661
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F: What event changes the religious climate and immediate repurcussions.
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Venner's Rising of January 1661. Within 6 weeks 4688 Quakers imprisoned
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F: What is the date of the military and financial settlements?
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Militia act of July 1661 and Financial Settlement in November 1661
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F: Name 5 acts of Clarendon Code and their dates
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Corporation Act (Dec 1661), Act of Uniformity (May 1662), Quaker Act (May 1662) Conventicle Act (April 1664) , Five Mile Act (October 1665)
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F: Cavalier Parliament removing religious freedom
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Adopts new Prayer Book in April 1662 and Act of Uniformity May 1662
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F: What religious declaration was Charles forced to withdraw and when?
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Declaration of Indulgence of December 1662 was withdrawn in April 1663
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F: Date of Charles II marriage and to whom?
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Married Catherine of Braganza in May 1662
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F: Date of Plague in London and number of victims
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Summer of 1665 with 70,000 recorded deaths
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F: Date of Great Fire of London and effect
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September 1666. Destroyed 13,000 houses, 87 churches, 4 bridge and £3.2m worth of goods, nearly 250,000 left homeless
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F: Dates of Anglo-Dutch War (3 dates)
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Starts in March 1665, English ships sunk on Thames in June 1667, peace with Treaty of Breda in July 1667
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F: Dates of fall of Clarendon (2 dates)
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Resigns in August 1667 and flees in November 1667
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F: Oliver Cromwell's funeral (monarchical)
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Was modelled on James I and cost £60,000
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F: Financial situation in 1658 that Cromwell left
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Budget deficit of £400k p/a and debt of £2m
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F: What two themes run through the period 1658-60
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Military and Civilian disagreements, lack of leader to prevent these diagreements (Oliver's gone)
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F: Problems for all regimes 1658-60
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Public debt, unpopularity, threat of army
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F: Initial congratulations to Richard Cromwell
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Received congratulation from 28 counties and 24 towns
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F: What does Seel believe?
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Fall of protectorate marked the beginning of the end of the interregunum
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F: When Rump reinstated what problems does it have?
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Only 42 MP's assemble, would have to go to electorate soon
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F: Why was the Rump closed by Lambert?
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Closed in October 1659 because Rump had tried to purge army of 9 officers
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F: Who declared for the Rump on October 1659 (3)
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Monck, Navy and Irish army
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F: What did 17th Gentry fear?
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Feared anrachy even above tyranny
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F: Evidence of Latent Royalism
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Eikon Basilikae had 36 editions and Booth's Rising in July 169
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F: Evidence of religious dissent pre-restoration
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By end of Protectorate half of people were using Old Prayer Book ad Christmas and Easter were being celebrated
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F: Economic situation pre-restoration
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Army arrears of £900k, debt of £2.5m, tax strike without 'free' parliament, series of poor harvests
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F: Why was monarchy resotred (8 factors)
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Economic factors, Richard Cromwell, Oliver Cromwell, Charles II, the Army, failure of other forms of government, Monck and fear of anarchy
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F: Charles II reopening points of contact
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Touched 600 days after coming to throne and touched 90,000 in total
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F: Constitutional Restoration Settlement
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Triennial Act of 1664 was less strict, around 1000 pieces of legislation removed, no prerogative courts, no ship money, no knightgood fines but King could appoint own ministers and veto legislation (also Lords restored)
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F: Financial Restoration Settlement
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Granted £1.2m p/a but actual revenue around £700k p/a, annual deficit of £120k p/a. Hearth tax of 1662 introduced but didn't raise much
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F: Military Restoration Settlement
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Given control of armed forces and Navy but limited to 10,000
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F: Land Restoration Settlement
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Royalists could try and get land back through courts but Charles II did nothing to help 5000 Royalists who had lost land
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F: Restoration Settlement in Scotland and Ireland
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Scotland: Covenanter reforms removed, Charles given control of church Ireland: Parliament of May 1661 had 1 Catholic MP despite 80% Catholic
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F: What date is the Restoration Settlement trying to return the country to?
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1641
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F: Restoration's reliance on Parliament
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Between 1660 and 1681 only 2 years without a parliament
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F: Power of former Parliamentarians after restoration
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12 of 27 Privy Councillors in 1660 former Parliamentarians and only 40% of JP's were former Royalists
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F: Initial Religious Restoration Settlement
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Charles II committed to "Liberty to tender conscience" Worcester House Conference (Oct 1660) promised to curb bishops powers and leeway on Prayer Book but not turned into legislation
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F: Changes to Religious Restoration Settlement
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New Prayer Book (April 1662), Act of Uniformiry (May 1662) removed 1800 clergy and Licensing Act (1662) censored theological publications
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F: Description of Cavalier Parliament
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"More Royalist than the King"
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F: Second Anglo-Dutch War, how it went
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Started well with vctory near Lowestoft (June 1665), in June 1666 8,000 died and by summer 1666 £3.75m had been wasted
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F: Fall in Royal Revenue
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Royal revenue fell £820k in 165 to average £647k 1666-7
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F: 3 Things that made Clarendon unpopular
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Dynastic ambition (daughter married heir presumptive), Sale of Dunkirk for £300k and huge house in Piccadilly
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