A Urinary System

Front 1

The urinary system consists of 2 kidneys ___ ureters, and ___ urinary bladder, and one urethra.

Back 1

2, 1

Front 2

The kidneys lie at the posterior abdominal wall at T-- to L___

Back 2

T12 to L3

Front 3

The lateral surface of the kidney is ____ and the medial surface Is _____. The slit is the ____ with nerves, blood vessels and lymphatics.

Back 3

convex, concave
hilum

Front 4

Kidney has 3 layers of protective connective tissue: 1. renal fascia - ____ most covering deep to parietal peritoneum. 2 Andipose Capsule or Perirenal Fat Capsule- a layer of andipose tissue for ______. 3The renal capsule of fibrous tissue . These layers: 1, 2, and 3 are outter to ____ with renal capsule most innner.

Back 4

outter
cushioning
inner

Front 5

Kidney functions include: regulation of blood volume and ______, regulation of osmoraity of body fluids. Osmolarity is measure of molar concentration of particles.

Back 5

Pressure

Front 6

The kidney is the size of a bar of ___ and retroperitoneal.

Back 6

soap

Front 7

The outer 1cm of the kidney is the ______

Back 7

cortex

Front 8

The outer part of the kidney lobe contains the renal cortex, renal capsule, and _____

Back 8

nephron

Front 9

The renal medulla is the _____ part of the kidney lobe.

Back 9

middle

Front 10

The minor calyx is in the ____ papilla.

Back 10

renal

Front 11

Functions of the kidney: secretes _____ which activates _______ which activates aldosterone. Aldosterone controls BP by sodium retention. Raises BP.

Back 11

resin
angiotensin II

Front 12

The medial cavity occupied by blood and lymphatic vessels, urine collecting structures, and _____ tissue is called the renal ____

Back 12

andipose
sinus

Front 13

Extensions of the cortex called renal columns project toward the sinus and divide the medulla into 6 to 10 _____ pyramids.

Back 13

renal

Front 14

Each renal pyramid is shaped like a ____ or conical. The broad base faces the ____. The blunt point facing the sinus or the lower part of the renal pyramid is the renal ____

Back 14

cone
cortex
papilla

Front 15

Kidney functions: filters blood plasma, eliminates waste, and returns useful substances to the _____

Back 15

blood

Front 16

Kidney functions: the kidney secretes ______ for RBC formation.

Back 16

ethrropoietin

Front 17

Kidney functions: regulates the ___ / ___ balance.

Back 17

acid/base

Front 18

The papilla of each renal pyramid is nestled in a cup called a minor calyx which collects _____. Two or three minor calyxes converge to form a ____ calyx.

Back 18

urine
major

Front 19

Functions of the kidney: deotxifies free radicals and _____

Back 19

drugs

Front 20

Functions of the kidney: gluconeogenesis or the formation of _____ from other sources.

Back 20

glucose

Front 21

Functions of the urinary system: Urine formation which includes: glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular ______.

Back 21

secretion

Front 22

Functions of the urinary system: urine and renal function and tests and Urine _____ and eliminaiton.

Back 22

storage

Front 23

There are 3 openings at the renal pelvis: the renal artery, a branch of the _____ ____, the renal vein which drans the blood and transports to the inferior _____ _____and the ureter which transports urine from kidney to urinary bladder.

Back 23

abdominal aorta
IVC

Front 24

The renal medulla contains the renal pyramids which contain the renal _____, minor ____, and ____ calyx, and renal columns.

Back 24

papillae,
calyx,
major

Front 25

The nephron is the basic structural and functional unit of the ____ and it is located in the renal _____

Back 25

kidney
cortex

Front 26

The collecting duct is not a part of the ______

Back 26

nephron

Front 27

Excretion is separation from body fluids and ++++++ them.

Back 27

eliminating

Front 28

Excretion In the respiratory system, ____ is excreted.

Back 28

CO2

Front 29

Excretion In the integumentary system, water, salts, _____ acid, and urea are eliminated.

Back 29

lactic

Front 30

Excretion: In the digestive system: water, salts, CO2, ____ bile pigments, and cholesterol are eliminated

Back 30

lipids

Front 31

Excretion: In the urinary system, many metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs, ____, salts, H+, and water.

Back 31

hormones

Front 32

_____ wastes are the main waste products.

Back 32

nitrogenous

Front 33

Nitrogenous waste products include: urea, proteins or amino acids with NH2 removed which forms ammonia and the liver converts to ____

Back 33

urea

Front 34

Nitrogenous wastes: uric acid comes from nucleic acid metabolism. Gout comes from too much _____ ____

Back 34

uric acid

Front 35

Nitrogenous Wastes:
Creatinine is created by _____ phosphate catabolism.

Back 35

creatine

Front 36

Nitrogenous Wastes:
Renal Failure: Azotemia Increased BUN or Increased ______ wastes in the blood. Uremia comes from the toxic wastes that accumulate.

Back 36

nitrogenous

Front 37

Angiotensin II is changed from Angiotensin I by angiotensin converting _____ secreted by the lung. Renin, which comes from the ____, activates Angiotensin I.

Back 37

enzyme

Front 38

Angiotensin II and Aldosterone increase _____ ____

Back 38

blood pressure

Front 39

Agiotensin II causes constriction of the ____ arteriole. Angiotensin II also causes increase in glomerular filtration and ____ pressure.

Back 39

efferent
blood

Front 40

Angiotensin II also reduces resistance to tubular _______

Back 40

reabsorption

Front 41

Angiotensin II reduces urine volume but ______ is high.

Back 41

concentration

Front 42

The kidney renal fascia binds it to ______ wall.

Back 42

abodimnal

Front 43

The PCT or promimal convoluted tubule is the longest most coiled simple ____ with brush border.

Back 43

cuboidal

Front 44

The Neprhon loop is u shaped with _____ and descending loops.

Back 44

ascending

Front 45

Renal Tubule: the thick part is simple cuboidal and intial part of _____ limb and part or all of ascending limb. Active transport of _____

Back 45

salts

Front 46

The thin segment is simple sqaumous and very water _____

Back 46

permeable

Front 47

The collecting duct is not a part of the _____, but several DCT's join.

Back 47

nephron

Front 48

The renal medulla includes the renal pyramids and the space between the pyramids is the renal ______

Back 48

columns

Front 49

Path of Blood thru the kidney
Renal Artery: Interlobar arteries first up renal columns between lobes. Next, ____ arteries over pyramids. Next, interlobular arteries up into the cortex. Next, _____ arterioles. Next, glomerulus, a cluster of capillaries. Next, ____ arterioles near medulla and vasa recta. Next peritubular capillaries. Next interlobular veins to arcuate veins to interlobar veins to renal vein.

Back 49

arcuate
afferent
efferent

Front 50

what arteries are up in the renal columns between the lobes?

Back 50

The Interlobar Arteries

Front 51

What arteries are over the pyramids but not interlobar?

Back 51

The arcuate arteries

Front 52

The main function of the loop of Henle is to maintain osmolarity Na and _____ balance.

Back 52

water

Front 53

The renal medulla includes the renal pyramids, renal papillae, minor calyx, major calyx, and _____ ______

Back 53

renal columns

Front 54

The renal corpuscle includes the glomerulus and _____ capsule.

Back 54

bowman's

Front 55

The function of the PCT is _____

Back 55

reabsorption

Front 56

Tubular rebsorption is the process of reclaiming water and solutes from the _____ fluid and returning them to the _____. PCT functions in reabsorption.

Back 56

tubular
blood

Front 57

ADH and And Aldosterone are hormones that regulate the ____

Back 57

DCT

Front 58

A drop in BP induces aldosterone secretion.Aldosterone also increases when Na falls or K rises. It stimulates the kidney to secrete _____. Renin produces angiotension I which angiotensin II converting enzyme converts to angiotensin II

Back 58

renin

Front 59

The filtration Membrane
The fenestrated endothelium or 70-90 mm pores exclude _____ cells.

Back 59

blood

Front 60

The filtration Membrane
Basement Membrane: Made of proeoglycan gel of _____charge that excludes molecules > than 8mm

Back 60

negative

Front 61

The Glomerular Filtration Rate
Filtrate formed per minute
GFR= NFP X Kf= 125ml/min or 180L/day for ____. For females, 105ml/min or 150L/day. The filtration coefficient kf depends on permeability and surface area of the ______ barrier.

Back 61

males
filtration

Front 62

Glomerular Filtration Rate or GFR
99% of the filtrate is reabsorbed and 1to 2 liters of urine _____

Back 62

excreted.

Front 63

Effects of GFR abnormalities
Increased GFR, urine output increases which lead to dehydration or ______ depletion.

Back 63

electrolyte

Front 64

Effects of GFR abnormalities
Decreased GFR leads to wastes reabsorbed which makes ______ possible

Back 64

azotemia

Front 65

GFR is controlled by adjusting glomerular blood pressure thru autoregulation, _____ control, and hormonal mechanism: renin and angiotensin.

Back 65

sympathetic

Front 66

Renal Autoregulation of GFR
Increased BP constricts afferent arteriole which dilates efferent _____

Back 66

arteriole

Front 67

Renal Autoregulation of GFR
Decreased BP leads to dilate afferent arteriole which ______ efferent arteriole.

Back 67

constricts

Front 68

Renal Autoregulation of GFR
Increased BP constricts afferent arteriole which ______efferent arteriole

Back 68

dilates

Front 69

Renal Autoregulation of GFR Stable for BP range of 80 to 170 mm Hg which is systolic. Cannot _____ for extreme BP

Back 69

compensate

Front 70

Negative Feedback control of GFR
High GFR leads to rapid flow of ____ in renal tubules, which is sensed by macula densa receptors which cause an unidentified _____ secretion which leads to _____ constriction of the afferent arterioles which reduces GFR

Back 70

filtrate
paracrine
constriction

Front 71

Sympathetic Control of GFR
Strenuous exercise or acute condtions like circulatory shock stimulate afferent arterioles to ______

Back 71

constrict

Front 72

Sympathetic Control of GFR
Decreased GFR and ____production redirect blood flow to heart, brain, and skeletal muscles in exercise.

Back 72

urine

Front 73

Hormonal Control of GFR
A drop in BP signals the kidney to produce Renin which produces Angiotensin I in the ____

Back 73

liver

Front 74

Hormonal Control of GFR
Angiotensin I and angiotensin-converting _____ produces Angiotensin II, which produces______ of the efferent arterioles elevates blood pressure.

Back 74

enzyme
vasocontriction

Front 75

Hormonal Control of GFR
Alodosterone is secreted from the andrenal cortex. Aldosterone increases the reabsorption of Na and water. Increases Blood vol and _____

Back 75

pressure

Front 76

Effects of Angiotensin II- Causes _____ of the efferent arteriole, which increases glomerular blood _____ and filtration and reduces blood pressure in the ______ capillary. Reduced BP in the peritubular capillary reduces resistance to tubular _____ . As tubular reabsorption increases, urine volume is less but concentration is high.

Back 76

constriction
pressure
peritubular
reabsorption

Front 77

The kidneys collaborate with the lungs to regulate _____and acid-base balance of the body fluids.

Back 77

pCO2

Front 78

The kidneys regulate blood volume and pressure by eliminating or conserving ____ as necessary.

Back 78

water

Front 79

The kidneys carry out the final step in synthesizing the hormone calcitrol and thereby contribute calcium ______

Back 79

homeostasis

Front 80

An elevated BUN, or blood area nitrogen is called _______and may indicate renal insufficiency. May progress to uremia.

Back 80

azotemia

Front 81

Blood circulation in the kidney
Aorta to _____to segmental artery to interlobar artery to _____ artery to interlobular artery to afferent arteriole to glomerulus

Back 81

renal artery
arcuate artery

Front 82

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion: 1_____ filtration creates a plasma like filtrate of the blood.2 Tubular reabsorption: Removes useful useful solutes from the filtrate and returns them to the ____
3. Tubular Secretion: Removes additonal ____ from the blood and adds them to the filtrate. 4. Removes water from the urine and returns it to the blood concentration wastes.

Back 82

glomerular
blood
wastes

Front 83

PCT rebsorbs 65% of GF to peritubular ______

Back 83

capillaries

Front 84

The PCT has great length, prominent microvilli, and many ______ for active transport. Reabsorbs greater variety of chemicals than other parts of nephron.

Back 84

mito

Front 85

Tubular Secretion of PCT and Nephron Loop:
Waste removal includes urea, uric acid, bile salts, _______ and many drugs.

Back 85

catecholamines

Front 86

Tubular Secretion of PCT and Nephron Loop
Acid Base Balance Secretion of hydrogen and ______ ions regulates the ____ of body fluids.

Back 86

bicarbonate
ph

Front 87

Tubular Secretion of PCT and Nephron Loop
Primary function of Nephron Loop: Water ++++++ and generates ______ gradient, allows collecting duct to concentrate urine. Also involved in electrolyte reabsorption.

Back 87

conservation
salinity

Front 88

Peritubular Capillaries
Blood has unsually high COP or colloid osmotic ++++++ and BHP or blood hydrostatic ++++++ is only 8mm Hg or lower. Even lower when constricted by angiotensin II. Favors reabsorption.

Back 88

pressure
pressure

Front 89

Peritubular Capillaries
Water absorbed by ++++++ and carries other solutes with it called solvent _____

Back 89

osmosis
drag

Front 90

DCT and Collecting Duct
The principal cells are receptors for ______ Intercalated cells are involved in _______ balance.

Back 90

hormones
acid/base

Front 91

DCT and Collecting Duct
Function: Decreases ____by renin release and angiotensin II formation.

Back 91

BP

Front 92

DCT and Collecting Duct 2
Adrenal Cortex secretes _______. It promotes Na reabsorption which promotes _______ reabsorption which maintains BP.

Back 92

aldosterone
water

Front 93

DCT and Collecting Duct
Effects of ADH- dehydration stimulates _______. The hypothalamus stimulates the posterior ______. The posterior pituitary secretes ADH and ADH increases +++++ reabsorption.

Back 93

hypothalamus
pituitary
water

Front 94

DCT and Collecting Duct 2
Effects of PTH or parathyoid _____. Increases blood Ca2+ ande increases ______ reabsorption. PTH decreases phosphate _______ and decreases bone formation. Stimulates kidney production of _______

Back 94

hormone
calcium
reabsorption
calcitrol

Front 95

DCT and Collecting Duct 2
Opposing effect of atrial natriuretic peptide or ANP Increases ____ by stimulating the right atrium to secrete ANP. Promotes -------- and water excretion and blood volume. It inhibits the renin/ alodosterone pathway and BP drops.

Back 95

BP
Na

Front 96

Control of Water Loss
Producing ---------- Urine
NaCl reabsorbed by cortical CD. Water remains in the urine.

Back 96

Hypotonic

Front 97

Control of Water Loss
Producing hypertonic urine.
Dehydration leads to increased ____ which increases apuaporin channels which increase CD's water ______

Back 97

ADH
permeability

Front 98

The efferent arteriole must connect with the ++++++ capillaries.

Back 98

peritubular

Front 99

The PCT must connect with Bowman's capsule and the DCT must connect with the ______ duct.

Back 99

collecting

Front 100

The male urethra has 3 regions: the prostatic urethra which during orgasm receives semen, the +++++ urethra which passes thru the pelvic cavity between corpus spongiosum and corpus ++++++. the 3rd part of the male urethra is the ______ urethra.

Back 100

membraneous
cavernosum
spongy

Front 101

The male urethra has 3 regions: the prostatic urethra which during orgasm receives semen, the +++++ urethra which passes thru the pelvic cavity between corpus spongiosum and corpus ++++++. the 3rd part of the male urethra is the ______ urethra.

Back 101

membraneous
cavernosum
spongy

Front 102

The male urethra has 3 regions: the prostatic urethra which during orgasm receives semen, the +++++ urethra which passes thru the pelvic cavity between corpus spongiosum and corpus ++++++. the 3rd part of the male urethra is the ______ urethra.

Back 102

membraneous
cavernosum
spongy

Front 103

The male urethra has 3 regions: the prostatic urethra which during orgasm receives semen, the +++++ urethra which passes thru the pelvic cavity between corpus spongiosum and corpus ++++++. the 3rd part of the male urethra is the ______ urethra.

Back 103

membraneous
cavernosum
spongy

Front 104

Osmolarity is 4x as concentrated deep in the ____
Medullary portion of collecting duct is more permeable to water than to ++++

Back 104

medulla
NaCl

Front 105

Countercurrent Multiplier= multiplies the +++++ in medulla. Recaptures +++++ and returns it to the renal medulla.

Back 105

salinity
NaCl

Front 106

Countercurrent Multiplier multiplies the salinity in the medulla. Descending limb reabsorbs _____ but not salt. Concentrates _____ fluid.

Back 106

water
tubular

Front 107

Countercurrent Multiplier multiplies the _____ in the medulla. In the ascending limb, reabsorbs Na, ____, and ____

Back 107

salinity
K
Cl

Front 108

Countercurrent Multiplier The ascending limb maintains high osmolarity of ------- and is impermeable to _____. Tubular fluid becomes ______

Back 108

medulla
water
hypotonic

Front 109

Countercurrent Multiplier multiplies the salinity in the medulla. Recycling of ____: Collecting duct-medulla urea accounts for 40% of high _____ of medulla.

Back 109

urea
osmolarity

Front 110

Countercurrent Multiplier of Nephron Loop diagram The ability of the conducting duct to concentrate ++++ depends on the ++=== gradient of the renal medulla.

Back 110

urine
salinity

Front 111

The nephron loop acts as a countercurrent _____ which continually recaptures salt and returns it to the deep medullary tissue.

Back 111

multiplier

Front 112

The nephron loop is called a countercurrent multiplier because it is based upon fluid flowing in _____ directions in the ascending and descending limbs.

Back 112

opposite

Front 113

The Countercurrent Mulitiplier Nephron Loop
Step 1: More salt is continually added by the ____

Back 113

PCT

Front 114

The Countercurrent Mulitiplier Nephron Loop
Step 2 through 5 forms a positive feedback loop. The higher the ______ of the ECF, the more water leaves the descending limb by _____ Step 3 The more water that leaves the _____ limb, the saltier the fluid is that remains in the tubule. Step 4 The saltier the fluid in the +++++ limb, the more salt the tubule pumps into the ECF. Step 5: The more salt that is pumped out of the ascending limb, the saltier the ECF is in the renal medulla.

Back 114

osmolarity
osmosis
descending
ascending

Front 115

The nephron loop, collecting duct, and ____ ____ work together to maintain a gradient of osmolarity in the renal medulla.

Back 115

vasa recta

Front 116

The renal medulla must have a blood supply to meet its metabolic needs, and this could be problematic because capillaries of the medulla could carry away the urea and salt that produce the high +++++

Back 116

osmolarity

Front 117

Countercurrent Exchange System
The vasa recta that supply the medulla forms a countercurrent that prevents the carrying away of urea and salt that produce ______

Back 117

osmolarity

Front 118

Countercurrent Exchange System
Blood flows in opposite directions to adjacent parallel capillaries. Vasa Recta supplies blood to medulla and does not remove salt from medulla. Blood flowing downward in the _____ ____ exhanges water for _____ water diffuses out of the capillaries and salt diffuses in.

Back 118

vasa recta
salt

Front 119

Countercurrent Exchange System of Vasa Recta
In the ascending capillaries, water diffuses into the blood and ____ diffuses out of the blood.

Back 119

salt

Front 120

Hormones Affecting Renal Function: Nephron Loop, DCT, and CD- Aldosterone promotes Na ______ and K secretion. Water reabsorption. Maintains blood _____ and reduces _____ volume.

Back 120

reabsorption
volume
urine

Front 121

Hormones Affecting Renal Function
Angiotensin II Afferent and Efferent arterioles and PCT. Reduces ____ loss encourages water intake, and constricts blood vessels. Acts as a generalized ______ raises GFR and stimulates PCT to reabsorb water and salt. Stimulates ADH and aldosterone secretion and stimulates _____

Back 121

water
vasoconstrictor
thirst

Front 122

Hormones Affecting Renal Function
ADH affects the collecting duct. Promotes water ______ reduces urine volume and increases ______

Back 122

volume
concentration

Front 123

Hormones Affecting Renal Function:
Natriuretic peptides affect afferent and efferent arterioles and collecting duct. ____ afferent arteriole and constrict efferent arteriole. Increase ____ and inhibit secretion of renin, ADH, and aldosterone, inhibits NaCl reabsorption by collecting duct. Increases urine volume and lowers ____

Back 123

dilate
GFR
BP

Front 124

Hormones Affecting Renal Function
Calcitonin affects DCT. Weak effects similar to those of ____

Back 124

PTH

Front 125

Hormones Affecting Renal Function
Calcitrol affects DCT. Weak effects similar to those of ____

Back 125

PTH

Front 126

Epinephrine and Norepinenphrine affects juxtaglomerular apparatus and afferent arteriole. Induce renin secretion, _____ afferent arteriole, reduces GFR and urine +++++

Back 126

constricts
volume

Front 127

Hormones Affecting Renal Function
PTH or parathyroid hormone affects PCT, DCT, and nephron loop. Promotes ____ reabsorption by loop and DCT, increases phosphate secretion by PCT promotes calcitrol synthesis.

Back 127

Ca2+

Front 128

Tubular Reabsorption by the PCT: Glucose, amino acids, protein, vitamens, lactate, urea, and ++++ acid.

Back 128

uric