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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Gestalt
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problem solving is productive and reproductive
reproductive problem soling involves the re-use of previous experience productive problem-solving is characterized by INSIGHT in the structure of the problem and by reconstructurings of the problem insight occurs suddenly example: amanda and that illusion picture |
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expertise
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demonstrates consistently exceptional performance on representative tasks for a particular area
experts tend to excel primarily in their own domain of expertise |
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mental set
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a mental rut that prevents us from carefully thinking about a problem and solving it effectively
keep trying the solution they have used in previous problems, even though the problem could be solved by a different and easier method |
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experts
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make an appropriate use of top-down processing, becuase experts can employ their previous knowledge to solve problems both quickly and accurately
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overactive top-down processing
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can be represented by mental set and functional fixedness
experts are so strongly guided by their expertise that they fail to consider more effective solutions to their problems |
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mindlessness
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a kind of automatic thinking in which we are entrapped in old categories, without being aware of new information available to the environment
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mindfulness
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we create new categories in which we are eager to learn new information
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functional fixedness
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mental set: a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, especially in a way that has been successful in the past but may not be helpful in solving a new problem
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Maier (1931)
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the two string problem
tie together 2 strings hanging from the ceiling using pendulum method |
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The Necker cube
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perceptual restructuring
the green dot alternates between being at the back and the front of the figure |
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Legacy of the Gestalt Approach
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these problems demonstrated that problem solving is not merely a learned response. problem solving that relies on the past experience quite often can lead to inability to find a solution
example: candle mounting problem |
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availability heuristics
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estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory
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Egan and Greeno (1974)
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the hobbit problem
deviations from the shortest path to the solution were observed previous experience performed better as they neared subgoals--if they have little subgoals, they use experience |
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framing
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the way an issue is posed
how an issue is framed can significantly affect decision and judgements |
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overconfidence
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tendency to be more confident than correct
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belief bias
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the tendency for one's preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning
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belief perseverence
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clinging to one's initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited
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non-insight problems
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figural reasoning, raven's progressive matrices
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