A & P The Easy Way Chapter 1

Front 1

histologic anatomy

Back 1

the study of cells, tissues and organs as observed with a microscope

Front 2

gross anatomy

Back 2

the study of body structures seen without the use of a microscope

Front 3

cytology

Back 3

the study of cells and how they function

Front 4

renal physiology

Back 4

the study of excretory systems and its activities

Front 5

neurophysiology

Back 5

the study of nerve functions

Front 6

levels of structure

Back 6

atoms
molecules
cells
tissues
organ
organ systems
organism (human body)

Front 7

metabolism

Back 7

the sum of all chemical processes occurring in the body

Front 8

catabolism

Back 8

the breakdown of organic matter, usually the release of energy

Front 9

anabolism

Back 9

the buildup of organic matter, usually requiring an input of energy

Front 10

integumentary system

Back 10

Physiological Role:

covers the body

Major Components:

skin, hair, nails, and sweat glands

Front 11

skeletal system

Back 11

Physiological Role:

protects the body and provides support for locomotion and movement

Major Components:

bones, cartilage, and ligaments

Front 12

nervous system

Back 12

Physiological Role:

receives stimuli, intergrates information, and coordinates the body functions

Major Components:

brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sense organs

Front 13

endocrine system

Back 13

Physiological Role:

chemically coordinates and integrates the activities of the body

Major Components:

pituitary, adrenal, thyroid, and other ductless glands

Front 14

muscular system

Back 14

Physiological Role:

permits body movement

Major Components:

skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and cardiac muscle

Front 15

digestive system

Back 15

Physiological Role:

digests food and absorbs soluble nutrients form ingested food

Major Components:

teeth, salivary glans, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, and pancreas

Front 16

respiratory system

Back 16

Physiological Role:

collects oxygen and exchanges it for carbon dioxide

Major Components:

lungs, pharynx, trachea, and other air passageways

Front 17

circulatory system

Back 17

Physiological Role:

transports cells and materials throughout the body

Major Components:

heart, blood vessels, blood, and lymph structures

Front 18

immune system

Back 18

Physiological Role:

removes foreign chemicals and microorganisms from the bloodstream

Major Components:

T-lymphocytes, B-lymphocytes, and macrophages; lymph structures

Front 19

urinary system

Back 19

Physiological Role:

removes metabolic wastes from the bloodstream

Major Components:

kidney, bladder, and associated ducts

Front 20

reproductive system

Back 20

Physiological Role:

produces sex cells for the next generation

Major Components:

testes, ovaries, and associated reproductive structures

Front 21

homeostasis

Back 21

the steady-state equilibrium existing in the body and the maintenance of this state

Front 22

anterior

Back 22

the front or belly side

interchangeable with ventral

Front 23

posterior

Back 23

the back side of a human

interchangeable with dorsal

Front 24

superior

Back 24

the direction toward the head of upper part of the body

The terms cephalic and cranial are sometimes used instead of superior

Front 25

inferior

Back 25

refers to a direction away from the head or toward the lower part of the body

The term caudal an alternative expression

Front 26

medial

Back 26

refers to a direction closer to the midline of the body or to one of its structures

Front 27

lateral

Back 27

refers to a location off to the side and away from the midline

Front 28

ipsilateral

Back 28

same side of the body

Front 29

contralateral

Back 29

opposite sides of the body

Front 30

proximal

Back 30

refers to a direction closer to where an extremity attaches to the trunk

Front 31

distal

Back 31

refers to a region farther from the attachment of a limb to the trunk

Front 32

superficial

Back 32

closer to the surface

Front 33

deep

Back 33

refers to a position well beneath the surface

Front 34

sagittal plane

Back 34

a vertical plane dividing the body into right and left sides

Front 35

midsagittal

Back 35

dividing the body into equal right and left halves

in reference to the sagittal plane

Front 36

parasagittal

Back 36

dividing the body into unequal right and left halves

in reference to the sagittal plane

Front 37

frontal plane

or

coronal plane

Back 37

the frontal plane runs longitudinally, and divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

Front 38

transverse plane

or

horizontal plane

Back 38

this plane divide the body into superior and inferior portions

Front 39

the two principles cavities of the human body

Back 39

dorsal body cavity

and

ventral body cavity

Front 40

subdivisions of the dorsal body cavity

Back 40

cranial cavity

and

spinal cavity

Front 41

contents of the cranial cavity

Back 41

the brain

Front 42

contents of the spinal cavity

Back 42

the spinal cord

Front 43

the two major subdivisions of the ventral body cavity

Back 43

thoracic cavity

and

abdominopelvic cavity

Front 44

pleural cavity

Back 44

one of the cavities of the thoracic cavity containing the lungs

divided into left and right cavities

Front 45

thoracic cavity contents

Back 45

the ribs and muscles of the chest and is subdivided into left and right pleural cavities

Front 46

pericardial cavity

Back 46

houses the heart and is medial to the pleural cavities and is located in the mediastinum

Front 47

mediastinum

Back 47

includes all the contents of the thoracic cavity except the lungs.

Includes the heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, and many blood and lymphatic vessels.

Front 48

peritoneal cavity

Back 48

Another name for the abdominopelvic cavity. It contains the visceral organs of the abdomen and pelvis.

Front 49

two subdivisions of the peritoneal cavity

Back 49

abdominal subdivision

and

pelvic subdivision

Front 50

pelvic subdivision

Back 50

contains the bladder, certain reproductive organs, and the rectum

Front 51

superior abdominal subdivision

Back 51

contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, and other organs

Front 52

umbilical region

Back 52

the center of the abdomen

Front 53

epigastric region

Back 53

located immediately superior to the umbilical region

Front 54

hypogastric region

Back 54

located immediately inferior to the umbilical region

Front 55

hypochondriac regions

Back 55

left and right regions lateral to the epigastric region

Front 56

lumbar regions

Back 56

left and right regions lateral to the umbilical region

Front 57

inguinal (iliac) regions

Back 57

left and right regions lateral to the hypogastric region

Front 58

serous membrane

Back 58

a thin, double-layered membrane covering the walls of the ventral body cavity and its organs.

so named after its fluid, serous fluid.

Front 59

serous fluid

Back 59

a fluid, contained within the serous membrane and is secreted by both membranes. Permits the organs to slide easily across cavity walls

Front 60

three major serous membranes

Back 60

pleura: lines the pleural cavities

pericardium: lines the heart

peritoneum: lines some organs and covers parts of others. The covering is peritoneal if the organs are surrounded by peritoneum, and retroperitoneal if the organs are covered by peritoneum

Front 61

parietal layer

Back 61

the parietal layer lines a cavity

Front 62

visceral layer

Back 62

visceral layer covers an organ