A & P Test #4

Front 1

Cranial Nerves (12)

Back 1

-Olfactory (I)
-Optic (II)
-Oculomotor (III)
-Trochlear (IV)
-Trigeminal (V)
-Abducens (VI)
-Facial (VII)
-Vestibulocochlear (VIII)
-Glossopharyngeal (IX)
-Vagus (X)
-Accessory (XI)
-Hypoglossal (XII)

Front 2

Olafactory (I)

Back 2

Sensory (Smell)

Front 3

Optic (II)

Back 3

Sensory (Vision)

Front 4

Oculomotor (III)

Back 4

Mixed, chiefly motor for eye movement.

Front 5

Trochlear (IV)

Back 5

Mixed, chiefly motor for eye movement

Front 6

Trigeminal (V)

Back 6

mixed, chiefly motor for the face

Front 7

Abducens (VI)

Back 7

mixed, chiefly motor for facial muscles

Front 8

Facial (VII)

Back 8

Mixed, for lower face, throat and mouth

Front 9

Vestibulocochlear (VIII)

Back 9

Sensor, hearing, and balance

Front 10

Glossopharyngeal (IX)

Back 10

mixed, motor for throat muscles; sensory for taste.

Front 11

Vagus (X)

Back 11

mixed, motor for autonomic heart, lungs, viscera; sensory for viscera, taste buds, and so on.

Front 12

Accessory (XI)

Back 12

Mixed, chiefly motor; motor and sensory for larynx, soft palate, trapezius, and sternocleidomastoid muscles.

Front 13

Hypoglossal (XII)

Back 13

mixed, chiefly motor for tongue muscles; sensory, same as motor.

Front 14

ADH

Back 14

Antidiuretic Hormone: Found in the posterior Pituitary Gland. Decreases loss of fluid due to urination, thus increasing body fluid volume.

Front 15

Hypothalamus

Back 15

-Growth hormone-releasing hormone: increases release of GH from pituitary gland.

-Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone: decreases release of GH from the pituitary gland

-Corticotropin-releasing hormone: increases release of adrenocorticotropic hormone from pituitary.

-Gonadotropin-releasing hormone: increases the release of lutenizing and follicle stimulating hormone from the pituitary gland.

-Thyrotropin-releasing hormone: increases release of thyroid-stimulating hormone from pituitary gland.

Front 16

Posterior Pituitary

Back 16

-Antidiuretic Hormone: increases water reabsorption of water and thus dilutes blood and increases fluid volume.

-Oxytocin: increases uterine contractions

Front 17

Anterior Pituitary

Back 17

-Growth Hormone (GH): Increases tissue growth

-Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH): increases secretion of thyroid hormones.

-Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH): increases steroid secretion from adrenal glands

-Prolactin: Increases milk production

-Luteinizing hormone (LH): stimulates ovaries and testes for ovulation and sperm production

-Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH): estrogen secretion and sperm production.

Front 18

ADH, Alcohol, Coffee

Back 18

Both Alcohol and Caffeine inhibit ADH and thus help increase dehydration.

Front 19

Endocrine Organs:
Hypothalamus

Back 19

"Commander-in-chief" controls pituitary hormone levels.

Front 20

Endocrine Organs: Pineal

Back 20

Hormone: Melatonin
Believed to regulate sleep

Front 21

Endocrine Organs: Pituitary

Back 21

Controls other endocrine organs

Front 22

Endocrine Organs: Thyroid

Back 22

Hormone: Thyroxine, triiodothyronine: controls cellular metabolism

Hormone: Calcitonin
decreases blood calcium

Front 23

Endocrine Organs: Parathyroid

Back 23

Hormone: Parathyroid Hormone
Increases blood calcium

Front 24

Endocrine Organs: Pancreas

Back 24

Hormone: Insulin
Lowers blood sugar
Hormone: Glucagon
Raises Blood sugar

Front 25

Endocrine Organs: Adrenal Glands

Back 25

Hormone: Epinephrine, norepinephrine: Fight or flight response

Hormone: Adrenocorticosteroids:
many different effects

Front 26

Endocrine Organs: Ovaries/Testes

Back 26

Hormone: Estrogen, progeterone and testosterone:
Controls sexual reproduction and secondary sexual characteristics.

Front 27

Hormone

Back 27

Chemical Messenger

Front 28

Insulin

Back 28

removes glucose from the blood by directing the liver to store excess glucose and by helping glucose to get inside the cells so it can be used to make ATP.

Front 29

Glucagon

Back 29

puts glucose in the blood stream mainly by directin the liver to release stored glucose in the form of glycogen. Typically released several hours after a meal to prevent blood glucose from dropping to far?

Front 30

Glucose

Back 30

A simple sugar found in foods and is also the sugar found in the blood.

Front 31

Dorsal Root

Back 31

Along with the Dorsal Root Ganglion, carries sensory information.

Front 32

Ventral Root

Back 32

Carries motor information

Front 33

Spinal Nerve pairs

Back 33

There are 31 pairs.

Cervical: 8
Thoracic: 12
Lumbar: 5
Sacral: 5
Coccygeal: 1

Front 34

Conus Medullaris

Back 34

End of the spinal cord. Ends at the L2. Hanging from the Conus Medullaris is the cauda equina.

Front 35

Vesicles
(in context of chemical synapses)

Back 35

Little sacs found in the axon terminal that are activated by calcium. When activated they release neurotransmitters. These neurotransmitters travel across the synapse from the home neuron to the next neuron in line.

Front 36

CNS

Back 36

Central Nervous System

Front 37

PNS

Back 37

Peripheral Nervous System

Front 38

CNS Glial Cells

Back 38

-Astrocyte: Metabolic and structural support

-Microglia: Remove Debris

-Oligodendrocytes: Make lipid insulation (Myelin)

-Ependymal Cells: Cover and line cavities.

Front 39

PNS Glial Cells

Back 39

-Schwann Cells: Produce Myelin

-Satellite cells: Support cells

Front 40

Classification of Neurons

Back 40

Can be classified by both structure and function.

-Structures:
•Bipolar
•Multipolar
•Unipolar

-Functions:
•Sensory
•Motor
•Interneurons: carries info
between neurons. Also known
as Association Neurons

Front 41

Dendrite

Back 41

receives information from the environment of from other cells.

Front 42

Axon

Back 42

generates and sends signals to other cells. Those signals leave the cell and travel down the axon until they reach the axon terminal, which then connects to a receiving cell through a synapse.

Front 43

Depolarized

Back 43

a cell that is more positive than it's resting state.

Front 44

Repolarization

Back 44

the process of returning the inside of the cell to a negative charge, a state of rest.

Front 45

Hyperpolarized

Back 45

When a cell becomes more negative than it's resting state.

Front 46

Refractory Period

Back 46

The time period a cell cannot accept another stimulus, lasts from when depolarization takes place until the cell is once again in a polarized resting state.

Front 47

Local Potential

Back 47

The degree of the stimulus (bumping thumb vs hitting it with a hammer) determines the degree of excitement within a cell.

Front 48

Action Potential

Back 48

This is the "All or None" potential. Once the stimulus reaches the point of action potential it starts and then will always finish. There are no small or large action potentials.

Front 49

Myelin

Back 49

Is a lipid insulation essential to speedy travel of action potentials down axons. Without the myelin the speed is significantly reduced.

Front 50

Nodes of Ranvier

Back 50

Spaces between myelin "patches" or the tiny bare spots between adjacent glial cells.

Front 51

Multiple Sclerosis

Back 51

A disorder of the myelin in the CNS. Patients with MS have many areas where the myelin has been destroyed, thus making the travel of the impulse slower, if not impossible.

Front 52

What affects the speed of an action potential?

Back 52

- Myelination
•Myelinated = faster

-Diameter of the axon
•the wider the faster

Front 53

What makes gray matter or white matter?

Back 53

Gray = unmyelinated nerves
White = myelinated nerves

Front 54

Where are Gap Junctions found?

Back 54

within the electrical synapses; usually found in cardiac muscle cells: intercalated.

Front 55

Neurotransmitters:
Acetylcholine

Back 55

Location: CNS and PNS

Function: Generally excitatory but in inhibitory to some visceral effectors

Comments: Found in skeletal neuromuscular junctions and in many Autonomic Nervous System synapses.

Front 56

Neurotransmitters:
Norepinephrine

Back 56

Location: CNS and PNS

Function: May be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptors

Comments: Found in visceral and cardiac muscle

Front 57

Neurotransmitters:
Epinephrine

Back 57

Location: CNS and PNS

Function: May be excitatory or inhibitory depending on the receptors.

Comments: Found in pathways concerned with behavior and mood.

Front 58

Neurotransmitters:
Serotonin

Back 58

Location: CNS

Function: Generally inhibitory

Comments: Found in pathways that regulat temperature, sensory perception, mood onset of sleep.

Front 59

Neurotransmitters:
Endorphins

Back 59

Location: CNS

Function: Generally Inhibitory

Comments: Inhibit release of sensory pain neurotransmitters.

Front 60

Acetylcholinesterase

Back 60

The enzyme responsible for cleaning up a synapse where acetylcholine was the neurotransmitter.

Front 61

Meninges

Back 61

The protective membranes for the brain and spinal cord.

Front 62

Dura Mater

Back 62

The thick, fibrous, outer layer of the meninges.

Front 63

Arachnoid Mater

Back 63

Composed of collagen and elastic fibers as well as containing CSF for shock absorption. Can also transport dissolved gases and nutrients and convey chemical messengers. This is the mid layer of the meninges.

Front 64

Pia Mater

Back 64

Containing blood vessels to serve as well as being attached to the CNS, it is the innermost layer of the meninges.

Front 65

Mixed Nerve

Back 65

a nerve that carries both sensory and motor information. Found in the Spinal Cord, "All spinal nerves are mixed."

Front 66

What are the simplest form of motor output?

Back 66

Reflex: Most common example is the patellar tendon (knee jerk).

Front 67

Spinal Nerve Plexuses:
Cervical

Back 67

Location: Deep in the neck, nder the stenocleidomatoid muscle.

Spinal Nerves involved: C1-C4

Region Supplied: Skin and muscles of neck and shoulder; diaphragm.

Major nerves leaving Plexus: Phrenic (diaphragm).

Front 68

Spinal Nerve Plexuses:
Brachial

Back 68

Location: Deep to the clavicle, between the neck and the axilla.

Spinal Nerves Involved: C5-C8,T1

Region Supplied: Skin and Muscles of upper extremity.

Major nerves Leaving Plexus: Musculocutaneous, Ulnar, Median, Radial, Axillary

Front 69

Spinal Nerve Plexuses:
Lumbosacral

Back 69

Location: Lumbar region of the back.

Spinal Nerves Invovled: T12, L1-L5, S1-S4

Region Supplied: Skin and muscles of lower abdominal wall, lower extremity, buttocks, external genitalia.

Major Nerves Leaving Plexus: Obturator, Femoral, Sciatic, Pudendal

Front 70

Contralateral

Back 70

Left side of the body is controlled by the right side of the cerebrum and visa versa.

Front 71

Frontal Lobes

Back 71

Responsible for motor activities, primary taste, conscious thought, gustation, and speech.

Front 72

Parietal Lobes

Back 72

Involved with body sense perception and speech.

Front 73

Occipital Lobes

Back 73

Responsible for vision.

Note: there is no obvious dividing line between the parietal and occipital lobes.

Front 74

Temporal Lobes

Back 74

Involved in hearing and integration of emotions. Also the most inferior of the lobes.

Front 75

Cerebrum

Back 75

Largest part of the brain. Divided into two hemispheres longitudinally. Divided from the cerebellum by the transverse fissure. The surface of the cerebrum is composed of "gyri" or ridges and "sulci" or grooves. Thus providing more surface area. The cerebrum is divided into four different lobes.

Front 76

Cerebellum

Back 76

"The Little Brain." Plays an important role in sensory and motor coordination and balance.

Front 77

The Brain Stem

Back 77

Receives sensory information and contains control systems for vital functions such as blood pressure, heart rate and breathing.