A & P - Musculoskeletal System, Joints, General Principles

Front 1

What is a joint?

Back 1

Point of contact between two bones, a bone and cartilage, or between bone and teeth.

Front 2

Give two synonyms for joint.

Back 2

Articulation, arthrosis

Front 3

What are the two ways in which joints are classified?

Back 3

1) Structurally (based on anatomical characteristics)

2) Functionally (based on the type of movement they permit)

Front 4

What are the two criteria upon which joints are divided structurally?

Back 4

1) The presence or absence of a space between the articulating bones, called a synovial cavity

2) The type of connective tissue that binds the bones together

Front 5

When classified structurally, what are the three types of joints?

Back 5

1) Synovial joints
2) Fibrous joints
3) Cartilaginous joints

Front 6

What characterizes a fibrous joint?

Back 6

Lack of synovial cavity, bones held together by dense irregular connective tissue that is rich in collagen fibers

Front 7

What characterizes a cartilaginous joint?

Back 7

Lack of synovial cavity, bones held together by cartilage

Front 8

What characterizes a synovial joint?

Back 8

Presence of a synovial cavity, bones held together by articular capsule and accessory ligaments.

Front 9

When classified functionally, what are the three types of joints?

Back 9

1) Synarthrosis

2) Amphiarthrosis

3) Diarthrosis

Front 10

A joint that does not allow movement is called a...

Back 10

Synarthrosis

Front 11

A joint that allows only slight movement is called a...

Back 11

Amphiarthrosis

Front 12

A joint that allows free movement is called a...

Back 12

Diarthrosis

Front 13

All synovial joints are classified functionally as...

Back 13

Diarthroses

Front 14

What are the structural aspects of a synovial joint?

Back 14

1) Joint capsule (with both fibrous and synovial membrane)

2) Synovial cavity (containing synovial fluid)

3) Accessory ligaments and articular discs

Front 15

What is articular cartilage?

Back 15

Layer of hyaline cartilage covering the bones at a synovial joint

Front 16

What are the articulating ends of bones at a synovial joint covered in?

Back 16

Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage)

Front 17

What is a synovial/joint capsule?

Back 17

Sleeve-like structure that surrounds a synovial joint and encloses the synovial cavity

Front 18

What are the two layers of a joint capsule?

Back 18

Outer fibrous membrane

Inner synovial membrane

Front 19

What is the fibrous membrane of the joint capsule really?

Back 19

Literally a thickened continuation of the periosteum of the articulating bones

Front 20

What does synovial fluid consist of?

Back 20

Hyaluronic acid

Interstitial fluid

Front 21

How does hyaluronic acid end up in the synovial fluid?

Back 21

Secreted by fibroblast-like cells of the synovial membrane of the joint capsule

Front 22

Where do the chondrocytes within articular cartilage receive their nutrients from?

Back 22

Synovial fluid

Front 23

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

Back 23

1) Reducing friction by lubricating the joint

2) Shock absorption

3) Supplying oxygen and nutrient to chondrocytes and removing carbon dioxide and waste

Front 24

Why do chondrocytes need synovial fluid to bring their nutrients and remove their waste?

Back 24

Cartilage is avascular tissue!!! Remember this.

Front 25

What happens to synovial fluid if the joint remains immobile for a period of time?

Back 25

Becomes quite viscous

As joint movement increases, the fluid becomes less viscous, and more movement is permitted.

Front 26

What is the benefit of warming up before exercise?

Back 26

Stimulates the production of synovial fluid

Front 27

What are the two types of accessory ligaments?

Back 27

Extracapsular ligaments (outside the articular capsule)

Intracapsular ligaments (inside the articular capsule)