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224 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The somatic nervous system innervates what type of muscle?
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skeletal
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Are the movements created by the somatic nervous system voluntary or involuntary?
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voluntary
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How many neuron pathways to the effector in the somatic nervous system?
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one
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the autonomic nervous system is conscious or unconscious control?
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unconscious
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how many motor neuron pathways to the effector in autonomic nervous system?
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two
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the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system
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sympathetic and parasympathetic
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the first of the two motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system is called
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preganglionic neuron
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the second of the two motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system is called
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postganglionic
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the first of the two motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system is myelinated or unmyelinated
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myelinated
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the second of the two motor neurons in the autonomic nervous system is myelinated or unmyelinated
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unmyelinated
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The axon of the first of the two motor neurons in the autonomic motor pathway is part of what?
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either cranial or spinal nerve
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Preganglionic neuron cell bodies within the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system are in the thoracic and lumbar regions of the SC, what is this division called?
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thoracolumbar division
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The preganglionic neuron cell bodies are in 4 cranial nerves in brainstem, which ones and where else are they found?
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III, VII, IX, X and in sacral area of SC
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Postganglionic neurons within the sympathetic NS typically terminate in several visceral effectors, thust many responses affect almost entire body simultaneously – is sympathetic stimulation therefore short, or long and is it in one particular area of the body, or is it systemic?
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short, systemic
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Are postganglionic neurons within the parasympathetic nervous system localized to a single effectore, or are they systemic? Is the duration of stimulation long or short?
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localized, long duration
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Cholinergic neurons and receptors release what?
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ACh
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There are two types of cholinergic receptors, what are they?
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nicotinic and muscarinic
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What mimics the action of ACh by binding to nicotinic receptors?
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nicotine
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Where are nicotinic receptors found?
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motor end plates at neuromuscular junctions
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What mimics the actions of ACh by binding to muscarinic receptors?
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mushroom poison muscarine
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Which neurons and receptors are concerned with ACh?
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cholinergic neurons and receptors
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Which neurons and receptors are concerned with NE (norepinephrine/noradrenalin)?
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adrenergic neurons and receptors
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What quickly inactivates ACh?
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AChE
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What are the two types of adrenergic receptors?
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alpha and beta
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What regulates the autonomic nervous system?
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hypothalamus
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What are some of the important sympathetic (fight/flight) responses?
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pupils dilate, HR, force of contraction, and blood pressure increase, bronchodilation, liver cells produce an excess of glucose
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What does the parasympathetic response enhance?
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rest and digest activities
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What is S.L.U.D.D. connected with and what does it stand for?
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parasympathetic responses, stands for – salivation, lacrimation, urination, digestion, defecation
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What are the three decreasing parasympathetic responses?
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heart rate, bronchoconstriction, constriction of pupils
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Where are more than ½ of the sensory receptors in the body located?
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in the eyes
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What three things is the lacrimal apparatus made up of?
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glands, ducts, tears
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Lacrimal glands do what?
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produce tears
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Crying is a sympathetic or parasympathetic response?
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parasympathetic
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What do lacrimal ducts do?
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drain tears from eye into nasal cavity
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What are tears made of and what are their function?
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made of H2O, salts, mucus, lysoszyme – they clean, lubricate and moisten
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The outer layer of the eyeball is the –what- tunic?
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fibrous
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The fibrous tunic of the eyeball consists of what two structures?
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sclera and cornea
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What structure of the eyeball is concerned with coarse focus?
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cornea
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The middle layer of the eyeball is –what- tunic?
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vascular
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What is the clear portion of the outer layer of the eyeball?
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cornea
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The vascular tunic is made up of what three structures?
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choroid, cilliary body, iris
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What structure of the eyeball is black in color?
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choroid
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What structure of the eyeball absorbs excess light?
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choroid
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Is the choroid very vascular, somewhat vascular or not vascular at all?
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very vascular
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Which structure of the eye is concerned with fine focus?
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cilliary body
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Which structure of the eye secretes aqueous humor?
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cilliary body
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The cilliary body secretes what?
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aqueous humor
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What structure of the eye is muscles which alter the shape of the lens for near/far vision
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cilliary body
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How often is the aqueous humor replenished?
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every 90 minutes
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What is found between the choroid and the cornea and alters the shape of the lens for fine focus?
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cilliary body
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What structure in the eye is made of smooth muscle?
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iris
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Is dilation a sympathetic or parasympathetic response?
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sympathetic
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Is constriction a sympathetic or parasympathetic response?
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parasympathetic
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There are three layers of the eye, what are they?
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fibrous tunic, vascular tunic, nervous tunic
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The third layer of the eye is the – what- tunic?
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nervous
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What tunic layer of the eye is the retina found?
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neural tunic
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What tunic layer of the eye is the neural portion found in?
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neural tunic
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What tunic layer of the eye are the photoreceptors found?
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neural tunic
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What tunic layer of the eye is the ganglion cell layer found in?
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neural tunic
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The retina is what kind of tissue?
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nervous tissue
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The neural portion of the eye contains what?
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photoreceptor layer, rods and cones, macula lutea
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What is the visual center/axis?
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macula lutea
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What contains the central fovea which has increased cones for sharpest vision?
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macula lutea
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What has increased cones for sharpest vision?
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central fovea
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Are rods black/white or color?
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black/white
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Are cones black/white or color?
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color
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Axons extend to form the optic nerve from what cell layer?
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ganglion cell layer
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What extends to create CN II?
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ganglion cell layer
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What structure of the eye fine tunes focusing?
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lens
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What is the first layer of the retina?
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photoreceptors
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What fills up the space found in the retina?
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vitreous humor
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What is the jelly like substance found in the eye?
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vitreous humor
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T/F Vitreous humor is replenished every 90 minutes
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False, you have the same amount from birth to death
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What lies between the iris and retina?
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vitreous chamber
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What holds the retina in place?
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vitreous humor
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What percent of focusing light is at the cornea?
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75%
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What is the “reflex arc” of vision? Where does it start and end?
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photoreceptors, bipolar layer, ganglionic layer, optic nerve, thalamus, visual cortex
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The external ear is composed of
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pinna, external auditory canal, tympanic membrane
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What part of the ear brings sound in?
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pinna
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The eardrum is the same as the
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tympanic membrane
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What is the pinna made of?
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elastic cartilage
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The middle ear is made up of what structures (general)
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Eustachian tube, auditory ossicles
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What is the Eustachian tube made out of?
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elastic cartilage
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What equalizes pressure on both sides of the tympanic membrane, or between head and body?
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Eustachian tube
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What are the names of the auditory ossicles, in correct order?
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malleus, incus, stapes
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What is the malleus attached to?
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tympanic membrane
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What are the three structures of the inner ear?
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vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea
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What is attached to the vestibule?
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semicircular canals
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What parts of the inner ear are concerned with equilibrium?
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vestibule and semicircular canals
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What are the two portions of the cochlea that we need to know?
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techtorial membrane, organ of corti (organ of hearing)
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What is the bi-polar organ w/hairs within the ear?
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organ of corti
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Where are the preganglionic neuron cell bodies found within the sympathetic division of the NS?
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in the CNS – in the thoracolumbar division
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Where are the preganglionic neuron cell bodies found within the parasympathetic division of the NS?
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in the CNS – in 4 CN and the sacral division – craniosacral
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What is the building block level of the body?
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chemical level
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What is the chemical level of the body made up of?
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atoms that become compounds, compounds that become larger – making a cell
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What are the four most important elements or atoms in the chemical level?
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carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
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What makes up the primary componants of the body?
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carbs, lipids, proteins
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At the chemical level, reactions are dependent on what?
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electrons
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What level is basis for life?
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chemical
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What level contains the basic structural and functional unit of the body?
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cellular
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How many types of cells and tissues are there?
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four
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What are the four types of cells and tissues?
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muscle, epithelial, nerve, connective
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On what level does metabolism occur?
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cellular
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What is metabolism?
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all the chemical reactions necessary to sustain life
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Two groups of cells that are functioning for a common goal is what?
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a tissue
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Is there more than one type of tissue in the heart/lungs/anywhere – or is each area/organ specialized?
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yes, more than one type everywhere
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A group of cells is a __________
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tissue
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A group of two or more tissues is a(n) _________
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organ
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Are groups of cells diverse, or all one kind?
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diverse
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Which is the most diverse type of tissue?
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connective tissue
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Which is the most abundant tissue?
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connective
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What are the two basic parts of metabolism?
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anabolism, catabolism
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Describe anabolism
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building up/storing energy
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Describe catabolism
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breaking down/releasing energy
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What is differentiation?
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change in a cell from unspecialized to specialized
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What is the definition of homeostasis?
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dynamic state of equilibrium/balance of fluids – ECF and ICF
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What is ECF made up of?
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primarily sodium and chloride
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Is sodium (Na) an anion or cation?
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cation
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Is chloride (Cl) an anion or cation?
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anion
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Is there more ECF or ICF?
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More ICF
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What is ICF primarily made up of?
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potassium, phosphate (K, PO4)
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Is K (potassium) a cation or anion?
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cation
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Is PO4 (phosphate) a cation or anion?
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anion
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What two systems control homeostasis?
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Nervous and endocrine system
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List the directional terms, each with its opposite and what it means
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superior vs. inferior (above/below), anterior vs. posterior (front/back), medial vs. lateral (middle/outside), proximal vs. distal (close to attachment site/far away)
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What are the planes – names and directions
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sagittal (right/left side), coronal/frontal (anterior/posterior portions), transverse/cross (superior/inferior portions), oblique (angle between transverse and sagittal)
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Name the cavity and organs found in the posterior/dorsal body cavity
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cranial/brain, vertebral/spinal cord
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Name the two body cavities found in the anterior/ventral body cavity
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thoracic, abdominopelvic
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Name the body cavities and organs found in the thoracic cavity
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pleural/lungs, pericardial/heart
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Name the organs found in the abdominopelvic cavity
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stomach, pancreas, liver/gallbladder, small/large intestine, spleen, urinary bladder, uterus/ovaries (in female)
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Which organs are not found in a particular body cavity?
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testes, kidneys, lymph nodes, arteries/veins, muscles, bones
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The role of an electron is what?
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bonding
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Glucose, water, triglyceride, amino acids are examples of what kind of bond?
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covalent
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Hydrogen bonds do what?
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provide stability and shape
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In proteins ___________ determines ____________.
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shape determines function
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Where do you find potential energy?
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within bonds of compounds – glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, amino acids
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What is kinetic energy?
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released energy/muscle contraction
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What is the molecular formula for methane gas?
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CH4
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What is the molecular formula for water?
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H2O
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What is the molecular formula for carbon dioxide?
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CO2
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What is the molecular formula for sodium chloride?
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NaCl
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What is the difference between an organic compound and an inorganic compound?
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organic/always has carbon, always covalently bonded, energy and building blocks – inorganic/water and things that dissolve in water, ionic and covalent bonds, salts, acids and bases
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What’s the difference between solvent/solute/solution/suspension?
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solvent dissolves other substances, solute thing that dissolves, solution made when solute is dissolved by solvent, suspension material mixed for a while with solvent but eventually accumulates on bottom of container
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Acids have what molecule?
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hydrogen
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Is hydrogen positive or negative – a cation or an anion?
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positive/cation
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Bases have what molecule?
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OH (hydroxide)
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Is OH (hydroxide) positive/negative an anion/cation
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negative/anion
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What is a salt?
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two charged particles that are neither H or OH
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What are the three classifications of carbs?
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monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides
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Give an example of a monosaccharide
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glucose, galactose or fructose
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Give an example of disaccharide
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sucrose, maltose, lactose
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What’s the difference between starch and glycogen?
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starch is stored glucose in plants, glycogen is stored glucose in humans
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Give an example of a polysaccharide?
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starch, glycogen, cellulose (?)
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What is a polysaccharide?
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lots of mono’s together
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What are the building blocks of carbohydrates
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monosaccharides
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What are the three classes of lipids?
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triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
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Cholesterol is a
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steroid
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What are triglycerides made of?
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3 fatty acids and one glycerol
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What are phospholipids made of?
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two fatty acids, a glycerol and a phosphate
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Phospholipids, the heads and tails are which – hydrophobic, hydrophilic
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heads are hydrophilic, tails are hydrophobic
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DNA is what?
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the bodies instruction manual
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What are the three parts of a cell?
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plasma membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus
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Proteins in the plasma membrane come in two flavors, what are they?
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integral and peripheral
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Channels and pores are integral or peripheral?
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integral
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Peripheral proteins in the PM are considered what?
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anchors
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What are the criteria for getting things through the PM?
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size, shape, solubility and charge
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When protein is used for energy, what is sacrificed?
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actin and myosin
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Mitochondria
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ATP
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Golgi body
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sorting packaging sending
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ER
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transportation
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Centriol
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mitotic spindles
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Nucleus
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DNA
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Ribosomes
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protein synthesis
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Lysosome
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digestion
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mRNA is used in
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transcription
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tRNA is used in
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translation
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transcription happens in
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nucleus
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translation happens in
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ribosome
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polypeptide goes to
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golgi body
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polypeptide is made in
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ribosome
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functional protein leaves golgi body via
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exocytosis
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the nuclear membrane disappears during
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prophase
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chromatin shortens and thickens into chromosomes during
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prophase
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chromosomes are lined up at the equater during
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metaphase
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chromosomes actively moving in
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anaphase
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nuclear membrane reappears in
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telophase
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chromosomes unravel into chromatin in
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telophase
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what’s the anagram to remember mitosis phases?
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PMAT
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how many chromosomes in a cell
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46
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where do you find stratified squamous epithelials and what are their function?
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epidermis, protection
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location and function of squamous epithelials?
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lungs/kidneys, diffusion and filtration
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location and function of simple cuboidal?
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kidneys, secretion
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location and function of adipose connective tissue
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hypodermis – cushioning, protection, insulation, storage of NRG
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location of dense irregular connective tissue
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dermis
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functions of skin
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protection, synth. Vit. D, thermoregulation, sensation, excretion and absorption
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where is hyaline cartilage found?
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end of long bones, nose, embryo
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where is fibrocartilage found?
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pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, menisci
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where is elastic cartilage found?
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epiglottis, external ear, Eustachian tubes
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what are the three major minerals found in bone in order?
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Ca, PO4, Mg
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what is hemopoiesis and where does it occur?
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production of all blood cells, occurs in red blood marrow
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what happens at the epiphyseal plate?
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endochondral ossification
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epiphyseal plate is also known as
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growth plate
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the diaphysis is made out of
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compact bone
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the epiphysis is made out of
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spongy bone
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osteoblasts are made out of
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osteoprogenitors
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what cell makes boney matrix?
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osteoblasts
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what cell is a mature bone cell that maintains boney matrix?
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osteocyte
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what cell breaks down boney matrix?
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osteoclasts
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chondroblasts do what?
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make cartilage matrix
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review parts of compact bone
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osteon, lamellae, haversian canal, osteocyte, lacunae, canaliculi
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what are the bony islands in spongy bone?
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trabeculae
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what are the spaces in trabelculae filled with?
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red bone marrow
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where does intramembranous ossification happen?
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flat bones of skull, mandible, clavicle
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IO makes what?
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spongy bone
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In what type of tissue does IO happen?
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fibrous connective tissue
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Does IO have a capillary?
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yes
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The majority of bones are made through IO or EO?
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endochondral ossification
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Does EO have capillary?
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no
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Osteoblasts and chondroblasts which goes with which type of ossification?
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osteoblasts with IO, chondroblasts with EO
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Chondroblasts lay down what during EO?
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hyaline cartilage
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What is hyaline cartilage replaced with in EO?
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spongy bone
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Hgh does what?
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stimulates boney growth at the epiphyseal plate, provides collagen, doesn’t make boney matrix
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Calcitonin makes or destroys boney matrix?
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makes
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Pth makes or destroys boney matrix?
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destroys
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