A & P Lab Review

Front 1

Nephrons are ?

Back 1

the structural and functional unit of the kidney which filters blood and form urine.

Front 2

Nephrons are composed of ?

Back 2

a renal corpuscle that filters blood and a renal tubule that modifies the filitrate to form urine

Front 3

The renal corpuscle which is located in the renal cortex consist of a

Back 3

glomerulus (capillary network) and a glomerular(Bowman’s) capsule a cup-shaped epithelial membrane surrounding the glomerulus.

Front 4

The renal tubule is subdivided in to the

Back 4

proximal convulted tubule, loop of Henle and distal convulted tubule.

Front 5

The two types of nephrons

Back 5

cortical nephrons and juxtamedullary nephrons

Front 6

Cortical nephrons have short

Back 6

loops of Henle that descend slightly into the medulla

Front 7

juxtamedullary nephron have long

Back 7

loop of Henle that extend deep onto the medulla

Front 8

The loops of Henle of juxtamedullary nephrons are supplied by

Back 8

Vasa Recta(long capillary loops that extend from the efferent arteriole) and peritublar capillaries

Front 9

Urinary bladder in females is located

Back 9

posterior and inferior to the uterus anterior to vagina and posterior to the pubic symphsis

Front 10

Hemoturia (erythrocytes in urine) may be caused by

Back 10

inflammation of urinary system organs irritation by kidney stones, kidney disease, trauma to urinary system organs, or polyps or tumors within the urinary system

Front 11

Ketonuria (ketone bodies in urine) caused by

Back 11

a metabolic condition called ketosis: ketosis occurs when cells do not have enough glucose to completely break down fatty acids: ketosis can occur from starvation, low carbohydrates diets or untreated diabetes mellitus

Front 12

Pyuria (white blood cells in urine) caused by

Back 12

an infection in the kidney, ureter, urinary bladder or urethra

Front 13

TLC: Total Lung Capacity=

Back 13

IRV + TV + ERV + RV (6000 ml)

Front 14

TV: Tidal Volume=

Back 14

Total amount of air inhaled and exhales during one normal breath (500ml)

Front 15

RV: Residual Volume=

Back 15

Amt of air that remains in the lungs after a maximal exhalation (1200ml)

Front 16

ERV: Expiratory Reserve Volume=

Back 16

Maximum amt. of air that can be exhaled after a normal exhalation (1200ml)

Front 17

IRV: Inspiratory Reserve Volume=

Back 17

Maximum amt. of air that can be inhaled after a normal inhalation (3100ml)

Front 18

VC: Vital Capacity=

Back 18

Maximum volume of air expelled after a maximal exhalation TLC − RV (4800ml)

Front 19

(Cells of the alveoli)
Goblet cells:

Back 19

secrete viscous mucus that traps dust and other particles

Front 20

(Cells of the alveoli)

Back 20

Stratified Squamous Epithelium: protects underlying tissue

Front 21

(Cells of the alveoli)
Simple Squamous Epithelium:

Back 21

allows highly vascularized alveoli to facilitate diffusion of respiratory gases, oxygen & carbon dioxide

Front 22

Functions of mucocilary escalator

Back 22

Goblet cells make mucous that traps debris & the cilia moves it up & out

Front 23

Pulmonary ventilation or breathing is the mov’t of air bet.

Back 23

the atmosphere & the lungs that occurs when we inhale & exhale

Front 24

External respiration is the mov’t of O2 from the

Back 24

alveoli into pulmonary capillaries of CO2 from pulmonary capillaries to the alveoli

Front 25

Internal respiration is the mov’t of O2 from

Back 25

capillaries into body cells & CO2 from body cells into capillaries

Front 26

Epithelia of Larynx

Back 26

Stratified Squamous + Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Front 27

Epithelia of Trachea

Back 27

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Front 28

Epithelia of Bronchioles

Back 28

Simple Cuboidal, Simple Squamous

Front 29

Epithelia of Alveoli:

Back 29

Simple Squamous

Front 30

Emphysema:

Back 30

shortness of breath and an inability to tolerate physical exertion, the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface are for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Front 31

Pneumonia:

Back 31

inflammation of the lobules of the lung, fluids leak into the alveoli and the respiratory bronchioles swell and constrict

Front 32

Functions of Organs of the Digestive System
Mouth:

Back 32

ingestion, secretion, mechanical & chemical digestion, mixing & propulsion (enzymes: salivary amylase -breaks down &carbohydrates and lingual lipase – fat)

Front 33

Functions of Organs of the Digestive System
Pharynx:
Esophagus:

Back 33

Pharynx: propulsion
Esophagus: propulsion

Front 34

Functions of Organs of the Digestive System Stomach:

Back 34

secretion of gastric juices, mixing, propulsion, mechanical & chemical digestion (enzymes: gastric lipase- fat & pepsinogen – protein)

Front 35

Functions of Organs of the Digestive System Small Intestine:

Back 35

secretion, mixing, propulsion, mechanical & chemical digestion, absorption (enzymes: pancreatic lipase- fat, amylase- carbohydrates & trypsin- protein)

Front 36

Functions of Organs of the Digestive System Large Intestine:

Back 36

absorbs a large amt of H2O, concentrating the undigested feces into a solid form, secretes mucous & eliminates fecal material from the body

Front 37

Epithelia of stomach and small intestine

Back 37

Simple columnar epithelium lines the stomach, small & large intestine

Front 38

Enzymes in chemical digestion, Mucous neck cells:

Back 38

secrete mucous that protects the stomach lining from being digested

Front 39

Enzymes in chemical digestion, Chief cells:

Back 39

produce & secrete gastric lipase that digests triglycerides and pepsinogen.

Front 40

Enzymes in chemical digestion, Parietal cells:

Back 40

produce hydrochloric acid & intrinsic factor

Front 41

Hydrochloric acid converts

Back 41

converts pepsinogen into pepsin

Front 42

Hydrochloric acid converts pepsinogen into pepsin which begins the digestion of

Back 42

protein

Front 43

Intrinsic factor facilitates vit. ____absorption in the small intestine

Back 43

B12

Front 44

Spermatogensis:

Back 44

Spermatocycte→Spermatid

Front 45

Spermiogensis:

Back 45

Spermatid→ Spermatozoa
Spermatagonia→ Spermatocyte→ Spermatid→ Spermatoza

Front 46

Seminal Vesicles: contains

Back 46

fructose; prostaglandins that stimulate sperm motility and muscular contractions

Front 47

Secretions of glands of the male reproductive system:
Prostate Gland

Back 47

proteolytic enzymes increases sperm viability and motility

Front 48

Secretions of glands of the male reproductive system:
Bulbourethral glands:

Back 48

neutralizes the acidic male urethra and secrete mucus that lubricates the urethra and glans penis

Front 49

Oogenesis:

Back 49

the formation of haploid ova with half the number of chromosomes that occurs in the ovary

Front 50

Oogonium

Back 50

Oogonium→ primary oocyte (meiosis I before birth) → secondary oocyte& 1st polar body

Front 51

If the secondary oocyte is fertilized it completes

Back 51

meiosis II and 2 haploid cells form 1 large ovum and 2nd polar body

Front 52

Endometrium:

Back 52

the inner, vascular layer lining the uterine cavity (implantation should occur here)

Front 53

Myometrium:

Back 53

the middle, thickest layer, composed of three layers of smooth muscle that have fibers going in three different directions: oblique, circular and longitudinal

Front 54

Function of corpus luteum:

Back 54

When a graafian follicle expels the secondary oocyte during ovulation, the remaining follicular tissue becomes a Corpus Luteum, which secretes progesterone, it disintegrates and a scar-like corpus albicans is formed

Front 55

Chromosomal composition of eggs and sperm
Eggs:
Sperm:
Zygote:

Back 55

Eggs: 23 chromosomes
Sperm: 23 chromosomes
Zygote: 46 chromosomes

Front 56

chromosomes
Turner Syndrome:
Klinefelter Syndrome:

Back 56

Turner Syndrome: XO Klinefelter Syndrome: XXY

Front 57

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
Inferior Oblique:

Back 57

allows the eye to move clockwise and counter clockwise; innervated by: Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)

Front 58

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
Inferior Rectus:

Back 58

allows for eyes to look down. ; innervated by: Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)

Front 59

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
Lateral Rectus:

Back 59

allows for eyes to look towards ear; innervated by: Cranial Nerve IV (Abducens)

Front 60

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
Medial Rectus

Back 60

allow for eyes to look medially; innervated by: Cranial Nerve III (Oculomotor)

Front 61

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:
Superior Oblique:

Back 61

allows for eyes to move clockwise and counter clockwise; innervated by: Cranial Nerve VI (Trochlear Nerve)

Front 62

Extrinsic Eye Muscles:Superior Rectus:

Back 62

allows for eyes to look up; innervated by: Cranial nerve III (Oculomotor)
◊ Remember Lr IV So VI and everything else III

Front 63

Eustachian tube (auditory tube and paryngotympanic): connects the

Back 63

middle ear to the nasopharynx and equalizes the air pressure of the middle ear with atmospheric air

Front 64

Blind Spots: caused by the lack of

Back 64

photoreceptors in the optic disc this is where the optic nerve exits the eye

Front 65

Fovea centralis (central fovea): This is an area of the Retina that has the

Back 65

highest density of cones of any area of the retina and is not covered by ganglion and bipolar cell layers. This area had the highest visual acuity and the light rays reflected from an object are focused on the fovea centralis.

Front 66

Retina: broken up in two layers, the ___ and ____.

Back 66

pigmented layer and Neural Layer

Front 67

The neural layer is broken in to 3 neuron layers

Back 67

Photoreceptors, bipolar and ganglion

Front 68

Canal of schlem (sclera venous): is an

Back 68

opening at the junction of the cornea and the sclera drains aqueous humor back into blood stream

Front 69

Cilary Body:

Back 69

begins posterior to the iris at the junction of the cornea and sclera it consist of the cilary muscle and cilary processes. Cilary muscle is a circular smooth muscle that contracts to control the shape of the lens. Cilary processes contain capillaries and secrete aqueous humor

Front 70

Suspensory ligaments (zonular fibers): are

Back 70

thin fibers that attach the lens of these cilary processes

Front 71

The cochlear ducts contain the

Back 71

hearing receptors and are connected to the saccule membrane.