Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are Neurons?
|
cells that produce and conduct electricity
|
|
What are the 3 functions of nervous tissue?
|
SENSORY function-sense changes in internal and external environment
INTEGRATIVE functions-brain and spinal cord decide if and what response is necessary MOTOR-If response is deemed necessary, brain and spinal cord sends an action potential to appropriate receptor to produce a response |
|
Afferent nerves conduct nerves conduct nerve impulses __________the CNS
|
Toward- often called sensory nerves
|
|
Efferent nerves conduct nerves impulses _______ from CNS.
|
Away- often called motor nerves
|
|
Neuroglia/ glial cells are the nonconducting cells of the nervous system and there are 6 types, 4 in CNS, 2 in PNS. Name them
|
CNS-
*Astrocytes-control metabolism of nervous tissue AND form BBB *Ependymal cells-produce & circulate CSF *Microglia-phagocytes for clean up of nervous tissue *Oligodendrocytes-produce myelin sheath in CNS and can mylinate more than one axon PNS- *Neurolemmocytes/Schwann's cells-produce myelin sheaths for only one axon *Satellite cells-Take care of neuron cell bodies |
|
CSF maintains an environment for propagation of action potentials AND acts as a ____________
|
shock absorber
|
|
Dendrites receive stimuli/impulses from other neurons and conduct it TOWARDS the cell body. They may also be modified into sensory receptors that sense ______________
|
heat, cold, pressure, touch and other physical changes inside and outside the body,
|
|
Axons conduct nerve impulses AWAY from the cell body towards another neuron or an effector cell. In contrast to short branched dendrites, the axon is a single process that can be _______
|
very long
|
|
Oligodendrocytes surround and insulate the long fibers (the axons) through which the nerves send their electrical messages and the cell membrane of these is called ______
|
the myelin sheath
|
|
Astrocytes form the _____________
|
Blood brain barrier
|
|
In order to conduct electricity, the VERY sensitive nerve cells MUST have these 3 things:
|
High sugar levels
High O2 level No pressure on the cells |
|
Nervous tissue dies after ________minutes w/o O2, glucose.
|
6
|
|
WBC _________cross BBB
|
cannot
|
|
CNS is made up of
|
Brain and spinal cord
|
|
PNS is made up of ________________
|
Cranial nerves -12 pairs
Spinal Nerves-each vertabra has a nerve on each side that comes off to innervate the body |
|
CSF cushions the ___________
|
the CNS
|
|
In utero Feline distemper (Panleukopenia) exposure results in what?
|
Failure of the cerebellum to develop
|
|
Hydrocephalus is a result of
|
excess CSF production or lack of adequate drainage. Will cause brain damage if not relieved.
|
|
The 2 primary regulating systems in the body are
|
The CNS, which is fast and the endocrine system, which has a slower response time (12-24 hours)
|
|
The Choroid plexus produces _____ in the ventricles and is basically made up of___________
|
CSF
plasma |
|
Which gland is the Master gland and why?
|
The Anterior and Posterior Pituitary make up the Master gland and it regulates the endocrine glands, which are one of the 2 regulating systems of the body
|
|
Gray matter is made up of
|
nerve cell bodies
|
|
White matter is made up of
|
axons
|
|
The Cerebellum is responsible for
|
Muscle coordination
-damage results in ataxia |
|
What are the nuclei of the brain?
|
Groups of nerve cell bodies w/ONE SPECIFIC function each. Made up of gray matter and located deep in the brain
|
|
An aneurysm occurs in _______ and is defined as:
|
arteries
A bulging weakness in the artery wall |
|
he brain stem connects the cerebrum with the spinal cord. It contains a system of nerve cells and fibers (called the reticular activating system) located deep within the upper part of the brain stem. This system controls levels of consciousness and alertness.
The brain stem also automatically regulates critical body functions, such as breathing, swallowing, blood pressure, and heartbeat, and it helps adjust posture. If the entire brain stem becomes severely damaged, consciousness is lost, and these automatic body functions cease. Death soon follows. |
brain stem info
|
|
Cerebellum: The cerebellum, which lies below the cerebrum just above the brain stem, coordinates the body's movements. With information it receives from the cerebral cortex and the basal ganglia about the position of the limbs, the cerebellum helps the limbs move smoothly and accurately. It does so by constantly adjusting muscle tone and posture. The cerebellum interacts with areas in the brain stem called vestibular nuclei, which are connected with the organs of balance (semicircular canals) in the inner ear
|
Cerebellum info
|
|
The hypothalamus has 4 Nuclei that we discussed in class, what are they?
|
Hunger, thirst, Temp. Control, Libido
|
|
The hunger nuclei of the hypothalmus measures ________, which should be between ________ . Levels below normal result in a message being sent via axons up to neocortex telling animal to eat.
|
blood glucose levels
70-100mg/100cc of blood |
|
the thirst nuclei of the hypothaalmus measures how ____________ the blood is.
|
concentrated (blood cell/fluid concentration)
|
|
the temperature control nuclei of the hypothalamus sends messages via this nuclei to neocortex to muscles in the body telling muscles to ________
|
contract
(85% of body temp comes from muscle contraction) |
|
the libido control nuclei of the hypothalamus has some connections to olfactory lobe and pituitary lobe due to animals needing to _____
|
smell another that is in estrus
and pituitary is involved to make changes that allow animal to be animal receptive to breeding |
|
An emetic is
|
a drug that stimulates the Emetic center and leads to vomiting
|
|
An example of an emetic drug is
|
Apomorphine
|
|
An antiemetic drug is one that
|
Blocks signals to emetic center to reduce vomiting
|
|
Examples of antiemetic drugs are
|
Darbazine and centrine -both given by injection
|
|
What is a tussive drug?
|
a drug that increases coughing by stimulating cough center, often done to rid lungs of foreign matter/pus, etc
|
|
What is an antitussive drug?
|
A drug that blocks the signals from cough center to stop coughing
|
|
What is an example of an antitussive drug?
|
Codine
|
|
the brain stem is also known as the reptilian brain and the center for autonomic functions, unconscious activities and involuntary responses. the 4 nuclei that we discussed in class that are centered here are;
|
Emetic center
Cough center Pneumotaxic center Cardiac inhibitory center |
|
CLINICAL- an animal with a brain stem injury will typically present with what?
|
Hemorrhaging from the ears
|
|
The emetic center controls emesis (vomition) and is stimulated by:
|
Chemicals in bloodstream
X Vagus nerve is stimulated by irritation of the stomach Over-stimulation of vestibular apparatus |
|
General anesthesia stimulates the emetic center, thus the reason for _______
|
empty stomach prior to Surgery
|
|
Cough center is stimulated by
|
anything that irritates the trachea and bronchial tree
|
|
The Pneumotaxic center of the brain stem nuclei group is the air moving center of the brain and it measures the levels of ________ and adjusts breathing rate accordingly.
|
CO2 in the blood
|
|
The cardiac inhibitory center -X Vagus nerve to heart and electrical signal from brain keep the HR __________
|
low and controlled
|
|
The meninges are a set of connective tissue layers that surround the brain and spinal cord. There are ____ layers and from outside to innermost, they are:
|
3
Dura matter Arachnoid Pia matter |
|
PIA matter supplies ___________ and is an inner delicate tissue laying directly on the brain
|
blood to the brain
|
|
The Arachnoid is a delicate spiderweb-like tissue between the PIA and ____ and contains CSF that aids in cushioning brain.
|
dura matter
|
|
Duramatter is the outer most meningial layer that protects the CNS and is a _____________ tissue
|
tough, fiberous
|
|
A corticosteriod drug is one that
|
is one of the most potent anti-inflammatory drugs. given IV but can be immunosuppressive
|
|
Phrenic nerves innervate the diaphragm to tell it _____________ due to stimulation from the pneumotaxic center.
|
when to contract and pull in more air
|
|
The subarachnoid space is
|
is the interval between the arachnoid membrane and pia mater.
|
|
CLINICAL-Atropine is given SQ to blockade X Vagus nerve during anesthesia for what purpose?
|
It affects the salivary glands, the mucosal glands in the lungs and GI tract to stop production while under to avoid the animal aspirating or drowning.
It also keeps the HR from decreasing too much |
|
What are the signs of trauma?
|
Redness
Heat swelling Pain +/- loss of function |
|
Osmosis is water moving
|
down its concentration gradient
|
|
A headache is a result of
|
vasodialation of blood vessels in the brain
|
|
A cerebral concussion is a brain bruise due to
|
small vessels of pia matter hemorrhaging into brain
|
|
CLINICAL-Treatment for a concussion involves
|
relief of intracranial pressure with corticosteriods and or a Osmotic diuretic ( a glucose solution that causes water from swelling to go into bloodstream)Ex-Mannitol and 50% Dextrose
|
|
The Carotid artery supplies blood to_________ and runs together with the X Vagus nerve.
|
brain (Internal Carotid) and head (external caratid),
|
|
A subdural hematoma is due to a traumatic injury to the head causing a pocket of blood to build and push against ___________
|
dura matter
|
|
CLINICAL-Treatment for subdural hematoma is
|
Crainiotomy to relieve pressure
|
|
A Cerebral infarction (stroke) is defined as ______ and results in necrosis of brain cells
|
loss of blood flow to the brain
|
|
Encephalitis is the inflammation of the brain and a few common viral causes are
|
VEE, WEE and West Nile
|
|
CLINICAL-For a brain abscess, what would the appropriate treatment be?
|
Drain with Crainiotomy
Culture and treat w/ appropriate antibiotics |
|
What are the common sites for CSF collection in small animals?
|
1. From the subarachnoid space at the Foreman Magnum-Cranial to C1, aka the atlanto occipital joint
2. From the subarachnoid space at the Lumbosacral junction |
|
A mylogram is an injection of dye to see how it flows in _________ to check for abnormalities such as ________
|
subarachnoid space
ruptured disk, tumor, injuries to spinal cord or column |
|
White matter is made up of
|
axons and therefore transmits electricity
|
|
gray matter is made up of ________ and is MORE sensitive to loss of blood supply than white matter.
|
nerve cell bodies
|
|
In the spinal cord, CSF circulates in the ___________
|
Central canal
|
|
A reflex arc originates from _____, which detects a change internally or externally, and that receptor sends an action potential (nerve impulse) along the sensory neuron to the gray matter of the spinal cord, integrated response of the reflex is sent out from the spinal cord by the motor neuron to the target organ (muscle or endocrine gland)
|
a sensory receptor
|
|
Ganglia is a collection of
|
nerve cell bodies in the PNS
|
|
Each spinal body has a pair of nerves, one coming off each side. The bottom nerve is the__________ and the other is the __________
|
Ventral root and is a motor nerve
dorsal Root and is a sensory nerve with the assistance of the dorsal root ganglia |
|
CLINICAL-Spinal Injury
Check for Pain perception with a toe pinch. Is the pathway clear to brain? there is a difference if __________ |
the animal withdraws but shows no pain and if the animal does not even notice the pinch
|
|
A herniated IV disc is defined as one that is putting pressure on dorsal root ganglia causing excruciating pain in people but in animals it usually leads to ____________
|
paralysis due to the lack of space in animals vertebral column
|
|
In animals, the most common areas for disc rupture and IV disc issues are:
|
Thoracolumbar joint
Cervical junction |
|
CLINICAL- If you suspect a Herniated IV disc, check __________
|
Patellar reflex-degree of pain is inversely related to degree of injury. No pain/withdrawal means no sensation=paralysis
|
|
CLINICAL-Treatment for a herniated disc would involve:
|
Giving corticosteriods to reduce swelling
Mylogram to assess degree of injury Dorsal laminectomy Physical therapy |
|
A dorsal laminectomy involves:
|
Removal of dorsal spinal processes to relieve pressure. A fat pad is put in place of the processes to protect the area and avoid/prevent scar tissue formation
the IV disc is removed as well |
|
For a disc that has not yet ruptured, the vet may choose to do a disc fenestration which involves _______
|
just removing the problem disc
|
|
A spinal concussion is defined as the___________. Treatment for this would involve giving _____to reduce swelling
|
bruising of the spinal cord leading to swelling and pressure.
corticosteriods |
|
Luxation of vertebra is defined as _____________ . treatment for this would involve :
|
the tearing of ligaments that support the spinal column.
Laminectomy, corticosteriods, bone plate across the vertebral body |
|
Spinal embolisms are seen more in __________ and is a permanent injury that can be help somewhat with the use of corticosteriods
|
dogs, esp. large/giant breeds
|
|
Spinal meningitis is a bacterial infection in meninges _________
|
surrounding the spinal cord
|
|
Superficial tumors and abcesses of the spine are __________
|
removed and patient is treated with appropriate antibiotics
|
|
Cranial nerve 1 Olfactory- S for smell brings messages to
|
olfactory lobe as well as hunger, libido and emetic centers (emetic--more in people)
|
|
Cranial nerve 2 Optic -S nerve brings messages to
|
Optic center in neocortex, hunger center and cerebellum for coordination
|
|
there are 3 main types of blindness. What are they?
|
Peripheral due to damage to eye and receptors
Nerve- due to damage to Cranial nerve II Central-damaged optic cortex (rare in animals |
|
Cranial nerve 3-Occulomotor-M carries impulses from brain to muscles of the
|
eye for movement, pupil size and focus
|
|
Cranial nerve 4-Trochclear-M- is involved in
|
eye movement
|
|
Cranial nerve 5-Trigeminal is Both s & m and is sensory to ________ and motor to ____________
|
mouth and face
chewing |
|
CLINICAL- An animal with a damaged Cranial nerve 5 will be unable to
|
close mouth and or/chew
|
|
Cranial nerve6-Abducent-M- is also involved in
|
eye movement
|
|
cranial nerve 7 is the Facial Nerve-Both s & m and is involved in
|
face and scalp movement, facial expressions
Sense of taste-taste buds are receptors |
|
Clinical- Damage to Cranial nerve 7-Facial- would tend to present with
|
a droopy face (bell's palsy in people)
|
|
Cranial nerve 8-Vestibulocochlear-S- is responsible for
|
balance and hearing
|
|
the 2 main organ responsible for hearing and balance are embedded in the mastoid bone and are the
|
Eardrum and cochlea
|
|
The cochlea is a snail shell appearing organ with fluid inside of it and is lined with hair cells. the movement of this fluid and the hair cells from stimulation by sound waves results in
|
hearing
|
|
What are the 3 types of deafness?
|
Peripheral deafness due to damaged haircells in cochlea
Nerve deafness Central deafness due to damaged auditory cortex |
|
Hair cells of the cochlea can be damaged by:
|
Viruses esp during gestation
excess noises certain ototoxic drugs such and Gentomyacin |
|
Cranial nerve 9-Glossopharangeal-Both- is involved in
|
Swallowing, salivation, tongue movement
taste |
|
The vestibular apparatus semicirular canals are filled with endolymph that acts as a level and lets body know
|
where and how it is standing in relation to the ground.
Overstimulation of this causes motion sickness |
|
CLINICAL-The Dumb form of Rabies in large animals causes paralyzation of the Glossopharyngeal nerve resulting in the animal
|
not being able to swallo
|
|
Cranial nerve 10-Vagus- Both s & m is motor to___________ and sensory to ________ . It is one of the largest nerves in the body.
|
M-larynx, vocal cords, salivary glands
S-Respiratory tract, GI tract, parasympathetic system, abdominal and thoracic system |
|
Bradycardia can result from excess pressure on the _______ when breathing
|
Vagus nerve
|
|
Cranial nerve 11-Spinal accessory -m- nerve is involved in
|
head movement, Accessory nerve with Vagus
|
|
Cranial Nerve 12-Hypoglossal-M- is involved in
|
tongue movement
|
|
CLINICAL-Injury to the cranial nerve 12, Hypoglossal nerve typically presents with
|
loss of control of tongue, hanging out and animal does not retract it when tongue is pinched.
|