A & P Ii - Endocrine

Front 1

Name the 5 different ways of intracellular communication

Back 1

Chemical Synaptic communication, electrical synaptic, autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine

Front 2

What is up-reguation?

Back 2

the receptor density is increased in order to attract hormones. Therefore, if there are low levels of hormones, then the number of receptors are increased in order to accomodate.

Front 3

What is down-regulation?

Back 3

hypersecretion of hormone results in a decrease of the number of receptors

Front 4

What does over secretion result in?

Back 4

results in disease, such as hyper- or hypo- thyroidism

Front 5

Hormone receptor interaction depends on 3 factors...

Back 5

1.) Blood levels of the hormone
2.) the relative number of receptors for that hormone on the target cell
3.) the affinity of the bond between the hormone and the receptor.

Front 6

Name three places where receptors may be..

Back 6

there are receptors on the cytoplasm, membrane and nucleus

Front 7

What are the three groups of hormones?

Back 7

amino acid derivatives (amines), peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives

Front 8

Give some examples of biogenic amines..

Back 8

epinephrine,norenephrine, dopamine, the tyroid hormones, and melatonin.

Front 9

Name the three catecholamines, and where they are secreted from..

Back 9

epinephrine and norenephrine are secreted by the adrenal medulla - whereas the hypothalamus secretes dopamine.

Front 10

What two groups arise from tyrosine?

Back 10

thyroid hormones and catecholines.

Front 11

What is tryptophan a precursor for?

Back 11

seratonin and melatonin

Front 12

What is does glutamic acid synthesize?

Back 12

histamine.

Front 13

What is a prohormone?

Back 13

it is an inactive hormone that must be activated when cleaved.

Front 14

Where are steroids drived from?

Back 14

cholesterol.(cholesterol is modified by enzymes to create steroids such as aldosterone and cortisol.)

Front 15

Name two characteristics of steroids:

Back 15

1. remains in circulation longer than peptide hormones, and is absorbed gradually by the liver.

Front 16

Name the 5 different ways of intracellular communication

Back 16

Chemical Synaptic communication, electrical synaptic, autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine

Front 17

What is up-reguation?

Back 17

the receptor density is increased in order to attract hormones. Therefore, if there are low levels of hormones, then the number of receptors are increased in order to accomodate.

Front 18

What is down-regulation?

Back 18

hypersecretion of hormone results in a decrease of the number of receptors

Front 19

What does over secretion result in?

Back 19

results in disease, such as hyper- or hypo- thyroidism

Front 20

Hormone receptor interaction depends on 3 factors...

Back 20

1.) Blood levels of the hormone
2.) the relative number of receptors for that hormone on the target cell
3.) the affinity of the bond between the hormone and the receptor.

Front 21

Name three places where receptors may be..

Back 21

there are receptors on the cytoplasm, membrane and nucleus

Front 22

What are the three groups of hormones?

Back 22

amino acid derivatives (amines), peptide hormones, and lipid derivatives

Front 23

Give some examples of biogenic amines..

Back 23

epinephrine,norenephrine, dopamine, the tyroid hormones, and melatonin.

Front 24

Name the three catecholamines, and where they are secreted from..

Back 24

epinephrine and norenephrine are secreted by the adrenal medulla - whereas the hypothalamus secretes dopamine.

Front 25

What two groups arise from tyrosine?

Back 25

thyroid hormones and catecholines.

Front 26

What is tryptophan a precursor for?

Back 26

seratonin and melatonin

Front 27

What is does glutamic acid synthesize?

Back 27

histamine.

Front 28

What is a prohormone?

Back 28

it is an inactive hormone that must be activated when cleaved.

Front 29

Where are steroids drived from?

Back 29

cholesterol.(cholesterol is modified by enzymes to create steroids such as aldosterone and cortisol.)

Front 30

Name two characteristics of steroids:

Back 30

1. remains in circulation longer than peptide hormones, and is absorbed gradually by the liver.

Front 31

What are endocrine glands?

Back 31

endocrine glands are ductless glands that release hormones/ligands in minute amounts into interstitial spaces, then into the bloodstream.

Front 32

What do 2nd messengers do?

Back 32

Second messengers either stimulate or inhibit cell structure/function by changing the types of enzymes and proteins made by the cell, their amounts, and or activity (on or off). it functions INSIDE the cell as an enzyme inhibitor, activator or cofactor

Front 33

What are permissive effects

Back 33

one hormone affects/enhances a later hormone. for example: estrogen up-regualtes progesterone receptors in the uterus

Front 34

What are synergistic effects

Back 34

this is when two hormones act together to have a greater effect than each acting by itself.
ex: FSH and estrogen need each other for normal oocyte develpment

Front 35

What are antagonistic effects?

Back 35

one hormone opposes the action of another hormone.
(they balance each other out)

Front 36

Name two types of cell-cell communication

Back 36

1.) comminication via gap junctions (cytoplasmic exchange) and 2.) tight junction (electrical connection)

Front 37

The nervous systema and endocrine system work together to?

Back 37

coordinate growth, cell differntiation,metabolism, reporduction, and homeostasis

Front 38

Similarities between the endocrine system and nervous system are?

Back 38

both are capable of secreting into the blood stream, both have electrical potential and can be depolarized, a single cell can produce both neurotransmitters and hormones.

Front 39

What types of cellular functions do the hormones of the endocrine system control?

Back 39

growth
reproduction
activates body defenses
nutrient balance
development
maintenance electrolytes & h20
cellular metabolism

Front 40

Name the 3 classes of hormones.

Back 40

Polypeptide and Protein Hormones, amino-acid derivatives, lipid derivatives

Front 41

Give examples of Polypeptide/protein hormones.

Back 41

growth hormones and ADH

Front 42

Give examples of amino acid derivatives.

Back 42

epinephrine and thyrosine

Front 43

What is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine?

Back 43

catecholamines and thyroid hormones

Front 44

Describe the synthesis, storage and release of polypeptides/protein hormones.

Back 44

synthesized through the process of protein synthesis: starts off as prohormones in the rough e.r. and is packaged by the golgi into vesicles, and stored into secretory granules. An influx of Ca will activate transportation, til it is exocytosed via gap junctions (pores)

Front 45

Describe the synthesis of amino acid derivatives

Back 45

both catecholamines, and thyroid hormones are derived from amino acid tyrosine.

catheholamines are synthesized in the chromaffin cell of the adrenal medulla.

thyroids are synthesized in the thyroid follicular cells.

similar release such as those of the polypeptides

Front 46

Name two eicosanoids.

Back 46

Leukotrienes (released by leukocytes, its job is to coordinate tissue response to injury and disease) and prostoglandins (augment and coordinate)

Front 47

What are factors that stimulate the release of hormones.

Back 47

humoral stimuli: due to blood levels or nutrients

neural stimuli: some glands are innervated by nerve fibers

hormonal stimuli: most endocrine glands release

Front 48

What system is the all-over controller?

Back 48

the nervous system. because it can override all other systems by controlling hormone release, and it can undergo extreme conditions.

Front 49

negative feedback loop

Back 49

as hormone levels rise in the blood stream, the release of more hormones is inhibited.

Front 50

positive feedback loops

Back 50

blood clotting and parturition

Front 51

up or down regulation refers to?

Back 51

the number of receptors.

Front 52

What are the two types of hormone receptors?

Back 52

membrane bound receptors, and intercellular hormone receptors.

Front 53

How do membrain bound receptors work?

Back 53

they work by stimulating 2nd messenger production.

Front 54

How do intercellular hormone receptors work?

Back 54

by direct gene activation

Front 55

What are amino acid derivatives? Give some examples

Back 55

small molecules that are structurally related to amino acids - the building blocks of proteins. sometimes know as biogenic amines. epinephrine, norenephrine, dopamine, throid hormones and melatonin.

Front 56

Name two catecholamines

Back 56

norenephrine, epinephrine and dopamine

Front 57

What are prohormones?

Back 57

inactive molecules that are converted into active hormones either before or after they are secreted.

Front 58

What are peptide hormones

Back 58

chains of amino acids

Front 59

Name the two groups of peptide hormones.

Back 59

short peptide chains: such as ADH, oxytocin,grouth hormone and prolactin
including all of the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, heart, thymus, digestive tract, pancreas, posterior lobe of the pituitary gland and anterior

2nd group: consists of glycoproteins
such as TSH, LH, FSH

Front 60

Name the two classes of lipid derivatives

Back 60

steroid hormones which are derived from cholesterol, and eicosanoids which are derived from arachidonic acid.

Front 61

What are eicosanoids?

Back 61

small molecules that coordinate cellular activities and affect enzymatic processes. leukotrienes and prostaglandins are just to name a few

Front 62

Name 3 of the most important 2nd Messengers.

Back 62

1.) Cyclic-AMP (cAMP)- ATP derivative
2.) cyclic-GMP (cGMP) - a derivative of GTP
3.) calcium ions

Front 63

amplification

Back 63

the process of magnifying the effect of a hormone on target cells.

Front 64

G protein

Back 64

the link between a first messenger and a second messenger. It is an enzyme complex which is coupled to a membrane receptor. only activated when a hormone binds to its receptor on the membrane surface.

Front 65

Where is the receptor located on a peptide?

Back 65

on the cell membrane

Front 66

Where is the receptor located on a steroid?

Back 66

cytoplasm or in the nucleus

Front 67

Where is the receptor located on an amine?

Back 67

depends.

on catecholine it is on the cell membrane.

on thyroid hormones, it is on the nucleus

Front 68

Name the 3 2nd messenger pathways

Back 68

1.) cyclic amp pathway or cyclic gmp
2.) phospholipid pathway
3.) calcium pathway

Front 69

What are the steps involved in increasing cAMP levels? (activating cyclic amp)

Back 69

1.) g-protein is activated which activates
2.) adenylate cyclase which converts to ATP to
3.) Cyclic-AMP (2nd messenger)
4.) which activates Kinase

g-ac-camp-kin (gack)

3.)

Front 70

What hormones undergo activation of cyclic amp?

Back 70

calcitonin, parathyroid, ADH, ACTH, epinephrine, FSH, LH, TSH and glucagon

Front 71

What inactivates cyclic-AMP and makes it short lived?

Back 71

phosphodiesterase (PDE)
it inactivates cyclic-AMP by converting it to (adenosine monophosphate)

Front 72

What are the steps involved in inhibition of adenylate cyclase?

Back 72

1.) the activated Gprotein stimulates
2.) PDE activity (which inhibits Adenylate cyclase)
3.) results in an inhibitory effect on the cell. (no phosphorylation.)

Front 73

What are the steps involved when the g-protein is activated by calcium levels?
(phospholipase-C)

Back 73

1.) g-protein activates the enzyme Phospholipase-C (PLC)
2.) which results in: DAG (diacylgylcerol) and IP3 (inositol triphosphate) production.
3.) IP3 then diffuses and triggers the release of Ca+ from reserves
4.) DAG and IP3 combination results in activation of
5.) Kinase C (PKC)

Front 74

What does the activation of PKC result in?

Back 74

leads to the phosphorylation of calcium channel proteins (a process that opens up the channels and permits extracellular Calcium - therefore this elevates calcium ion [] as well.

Front 75

Where does intracellular calcium result from? and what does it bind to? (2)

Back 75

the release of ca+ from endo. retic. and or the opening of calcium channels...causes an increase in intracellular ca.
- calcium binds to protein kinase to cause protein phosphorylation.
- or calcium binds to calmodulin.

Front 76

Describe the steps in phospholipid pathways.

Back 76

1.) activation of
phospholipase C
2.) triggers of conversion of PIP3 to IP3
3.) IP3 causes release of Calcium from e.r.
4.)Calcium binds to kinase C
5.) DAG then binds with protein kinase C
6. cellular response

Front 77

Name the hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

Back 77

ADH, oxytocin, and regulatory hormones

Front 78

What is another name for the pitutiary gland?

Back 78

hypophysis

Front 79

What is another name for the anterior pituitary gland? posterior pituitary gland?

Back 79

anterior: adenyhypopysis, par distalis (master gland)

posterior: neurohypophysis, par nervousa

Front 80

What is the par medialis?

Back 80

between anterior and posterior glands.

Front 81

What hormones are produced by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

Back 81

ADH (supraoptic nuclei) ,and Oxytocin (paraventricular nuclei)

Front 82

ADH

Back 82

antidiuretic hormone. regulates body fluid and prevents you from making urine. regulated BY fluid osmolarity. REGULATES H20 concentration.

Front 83

OXYTOCIN (2)

Back 83

triggers milk ejection (the letdown reflex)
and
ejection of milk

Front 84

The anterior pituitary secretes two types of hormones

Back 84

trophic and direct acting

Front 85

What are the trphic hormones:

Back 85

FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
(flat)

Front 86

What are the direct acting hormones of the pituitary

Back 86

growth hormones (somatotrphin) and proactin

Front 87

What does GH (somatotrophin) do?

Back 87

general anabolic stimulant.
stimulates release in:
GHRH, Ghrelin, bromocriptin, hypoglycemia, reduced fatty acid concentraiton, and exercise,stress

Front 88

What does the inhibition of GH release?

Back 88

somatostatin
glucocorticoids

Front 89

What are the metabolic effects of GH?

Back 89

bone, cartilage,and connective tissue, build up of protein (anabolic), catabolic effect on fat, diabetogenic (increase in insulin levels, and minerals

Front 90

gigantism

Back 90

results due to hypersecretion of GH during infancy, childhood and adolescense.

Front 91

acromegaly

Back 91

excessive GH after closure of the epipheseal plate. Hands are meaty, bossy forehead, bones are thickened.

Front 92

dwarfism

Back 92

deficiency of the GH in childhood leading to a maximum of 4 feet, proportional. can be treated with horomone replacement therapy if diagnosed early

Front 93

What is PRL? prolactin?

Back 93

prolactin, aka mammatrophin, stimulates the release of milke production.

inhibited in non-pregnant women, and is triggered by high levels of estrogen and progesterone.

Front 94

hyperprolactinaemia

Back 94

causes problems in women and breast enlargement in males.
results from pituitary tumors.

Front 95

What is the precursor to the thyroid hormone?

Back 95

tyrosine

Front 96

Where are T3 and T4 synthesized?

Back 96

in the colloids

Front 97

T3

Back 97

"quick fix" quick onset, but short lived. it stimulates protein synthesis, increase metabolic rate and heat, stimulates increase of consumption of glucose and fatty acids, stimlates the rate of cellular respiration regulator of tissue growht and development

Front 98

T4

Back 98

more abundant than T3, weakly and slowly increases basal metabolic rate. and its effects last longer.

Front 99

What are the steps in the synthesis of thyroid hormones?

Back 99

the thyroid gland traps iodine, and iodine is pumped into the cell.
T3 and T4 are synthesized in the colloid by iodination and condensation of tyrosine.

then T3 and T4 bind to thyroglobulin and are excreted

Front 100

What are the metabolic effects of Thyroid Hormones on Carbohydrates?

Back 100

promotes the breakdowna nd storage of glcogen.
hypoglycemic if in excessive amounts

Front 101

Graves disease

Back 101

rapid heart beat, exopthalmus, sweating, nervousness, an autoimmune disorder. bug eye due to excess fat in the orbit

Front 102

adult myxedema

Back 102

accumulation of mycoprotein and fluid in subcutaneous tissue

Front 103

Hormones associated with calcium metabolism

Back 103

parathyroid hormone
calcitonin
vitamin D

Front 104

What physiological roles does calcium play?

Back 104

clotting and membrane stability

Front 105

If there are high levels of Calcium in the blood, what role does the bone, kidneys and intestine play?

Back 105

formation of bone, secretion of calcium by intestines, and filtration by the kidneys

Front 106

What is the PTH (parathyroid hormone designed to do?

Back 106

to elevate blood calcium levels.

Front 107

What is calcitonin designed to do

Back 107

designed to lower blood calcium levels.

Front 108

What is another name for Vitamin D? and what does it do?

Back 108

cholecalciferol, calciferol

it works along with the parathyroid (aka calcitrol), and is designed to elevate blood calcium levels. Mirrors the effect of the parathyroid hormones

Front 109

What are the two cortices of the kidney?

Back 109

adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla

Front 110

What are the three zones of the adrenal cortex?

Back 110

zona glomerulosa (outermost)
zona fasciculata (middle)
zona reticularis (innermost)

Front 111

What hormone does the zona glomerulosa synthesize?

Back 111

aldosterone (mineralcorticoids) and secretion

Front 112

what hormone does the zona fasciculata the site for?

Back 112

for cortisol (glucocorticoid synthesis and secretion

Front 113

What hormone does the zona reticularis the site for?

Back 113

androgen synthesis

Front 114

What is the job of aldosterone aka mineralocorticoids?

Back 114

regulation of electrolyte and H20 balance. , and stimulation of the kidney to reabsorb salt and secrete potassium

Front 115

What is the job of cortisol?

Back 115

glucosemetabolism, and stress management

Front 116

What are synthesized in the adrenal medulla?

Back 116

epinephrine and norenephrine.

Front 117

Androgenital syndrome

Back 117

bearded lady, hypersecretin of androgens in adrenal cortex, most often apparent in women. growth of of clitoris to resemble a small penis

Front 118

cushings disease

Back 118

humpback with chicken legs

Front 119

what hormones are secreted by the pancreas?

Back 119

glucagon, insulin

Front 120

What does the islets of langerhans consist of?

Back 120

alpha and beta cells.
alpha is a source of glucagon
beta is source of insulin

Front 121

what is insulin do

Back 121

takes glucose out of hte blood and inhibits the breakdown of glycogen.

Front 122

Diabetes mellitus: type 1 diabetes means that

Back 122

no insulin is created. an autoimmune disease

Front 123

type 2 diabetes

Back 123

adult onset. non insulin dependent... receptor does not respond to insulin hormone

heredity plays a role

Front 124

ANF

Back 124

atrial natriuretic factor.

increase of sodium exretion, decrease in extra cellular volume, decreses arterial blood pressure (does everything oppsite of aldosterone)

Front 125

If there is a decrease in blood pressure, then renin does what?

Back 125

renin then converts to angiotensinogen to angiogensin I.

angiotensin I then flows to the lungs where there is ACE (angitensin converting enzyme) and results in Angiotensin II

Front 126

What hormones are important for growth?

Back 126

1.) GH
2.) Thyroid hormoes
3.)Insulin
4.) PTH
5.) Calcitrol
6.) reproductive horomes

Front 127

What is the most potent vasoconstrictor?

Back 127

angiotensin II. it increases blood pressure.