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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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d/ ICF and %
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in cytoplasm, 63% or 2/3
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d/ ECF and %
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outside cytoplasm, 37% or 1/3
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d/ different ECF
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interstistial fluid, plasma, CSF, synovial fluid, pericarial, peritoneal, aqueous, vitreous, and lymph
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d/ INTERSTITIAL FLUID
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fluid btwn cells or tissue
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d/ OSMOSIS
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diffusion of water across a semipermeable membrane
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d/ OSMOTIC PRESSURE
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When a biological cell is in a hypotonic environment (the cell interior contains a lower concentration of water and a higher concentration of other molecules than its exterior), water flows across the cell membrane into the cell, causing it to expand due to osmotic pressure
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____ and water dont mix. % of water in body depends on amt of ___, incr incr ___ means decr in water
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Fat
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d/ % of water in males and females
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female 53-55%
male 63-65% |
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d/ (4) imporant factors of water:
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1 meadian for all reactions
2 high heat capacity 3 high heat of vaporization 4 dissolves substances by dissociation |
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d/ DISSOCIATION w/ water
e/ of NaCL |
break up of ions with water
Na + Cl |
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d/ regulation of water volume w/ hypothalamus
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Slight dehydration THN decr BP & decr reabsorbtion by kidney THN sensed by hypothalamus THN thirst center kicks in THN incr in BP. The primary regulator of water intake is thirst. The intense feeling of thirst derives from the thirst center in the hypothalamus seems to be sensitive to the osmotic pressure of the extracellular fluids. As water is lost from the body, the osmotic pressure increases and the osmoreceptors of the thirst center are stimulated to produce a thirst sensation. This mechanism is triggered when one to two percent of the total body water is lost
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d/ 2 hormones that regulate water volume
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Aldosterone and ADH
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Na level is elevated in intra/extra cellular fluid?
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extra
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Cations are positive/negative ions?
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positive
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What is the most abundant extracellular cation and what % is it?
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Na, 90%
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d/ Fx of Na in our body/
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transmit nerve and THF muscle impulses, fluid balance
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d/ fx of ALDOSTERONE in fluid balance?
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incr Na reabsorbtion (when needed) THF water is reabsorbed as well. As the
concentration of sodium ions decrease, the adrenal cortex secretes the hormone aldosterone. The presence of this hormone causes the distal convoluted tubules and the collecting ducts of the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of the sodium ions. Aldosterone also functions to regulate potassium. In fact, the most important stimulus for aldosterone secretion is a rise in potassium ion concentration. So, aldosterone functions to increase the secretion of potassium ions |
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d/ HYPONATREMIA
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decr blood Na level
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d/ causes of hyponatremia
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excessive perspiration, vomiting, alkalosis, diarrhea, renal disease, adrenal cortex, burns
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Which is more common hypo/hyper natremia and why?
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Hyponatremia b/c kidney can get rid of excess Na easily
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Sx of hyponatremia
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muscle weekness, HA, tachcardia (similar to when working outside and perspiring
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Is Chloride and anion or cation?
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Anion
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Is Cl- intra or extra-cellular?
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Extracellular like Na+,
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Does Cl- follow Na then water?
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yes
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What hormone indirectly controls Cl- levels and why?
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Aldosterone, b/c it controls Na+ reabsorbtion, and Cl- and water follow Na+.
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d/ HYPOCHLOREMIA, s/s, causes
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decr CL- level.
Causes - same as hyponatremia s/s - muscle spasms and cramps |
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Is Calcium anion or cation?
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Cation
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Is Ca++ extra or intra-cellular?
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Extra
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Fx of Ca++?
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blood clotting, muscle contraction, found in bones and teeth
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What hormones is blood Ca++ level controlled by?
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Thyrocalcitonin and Parathormone
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Does is matter how much Ca++ you eat? Where does body get store Ca and get reserve when needed?
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No. Body uses stored Ca++ in bones if there is no supply, first will get fr intestines or reabsorb fr kidney if needed.
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d/ fx of CALCITONIN?
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Secreted by thyroid. Decr blood Ca++ level by decr tubular resorption & decr resprption by the bones
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d/ fx of PARATHORMONE?
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Secreted by the parathyroid. Incr blood Ca++ levels by taking fr bone, intestine, or kidney.
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Where is parathyroid and how many are there?
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Para = next to. Found behind thyroid gland, 5-6 parathyroid glands
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CALCITONIN ___ blood Ca++ level and PARATHORMONE _____ blood Ca++ level
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decreases, increases
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d/ HYPERCALCEMIA. What is possible cause of this? What would you check?
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incr blood CA level. Hyperparathyroidism may be cause b/c secretes parathormone which increases bl Ca++ level. Check parathyoid fx.
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What can hypercalcemia lead to and why?
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Osteoporosis b/c it hypercalcemia means that Ca is leaching fr your bones
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d/ Starling Law?
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The amt of water filtered/pushed out of blood = the amt resorbed by capillaries + the amt absorbed by lymphatic system.
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Under normal conditions why wont fluid go into cells?
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b/c cells are isotonic
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d/ EDEMA
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If fluid excess doesn't go into lymph b/c of blockage or excessive amts
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EFP = (BHP + IFOP) - (BOP + IFHP)
BHP (A=35, V=15) IFOP (A=0, V=3) BOP (A=25, V=25) IFHP (A=2, V=1) |
BHP is BP. BHP + IFOP is "out" pressure. BOP + IFHP is "in" pressure
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EX of EFP in arterial bed:
EFP = (35 + 0)out - (2 + 25)in 35 - 27 +8 |
THF will use lymphatic system
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EX of EFP in venous bed:
EFP = (15 + 3)out - (1 + 25)in 18 - 26 -8 |
THF wont use lymphatic system
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If BP goes up more or less water go out of blood to interstitial?
Ideal to have __ pressure. |
More, b/c it raises out pressure
0 |
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If there is a problem with absorbing excess fluid, will that cause edema?
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Yes. incr BP can cause edema if cant get excess water pulled out of interstitial
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What are important factors to maintain EFP?
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BP (pushes water into tissues), blood osmotic pressure, blood hydrostatic pressure
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Fx of UREA and ALBUMIN in blood?
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Maintain osmotic pressure, scientist cant think of any other reason why they are in the blodd
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Control of water btwn interstitial and intracellular tissue is regulated by _________ which is normally ________?
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Osmotic Pressure, isotonic
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Diff btwn interstitial and intracellular fluid?
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Fluid inside and outside of cells
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Intra and Extracellular fluid is normally isotonic which means that there is the _____ amt of Na+ and K+ on each side.
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same
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d/ what happens to this balance when person perspires heavily and loses water and Na+ called "water toxicity"?
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perspire heavily THN Water leaves to cool body, so Na(K stays in cells) leaves cells cause goes w/ water THN Intracellular is hypertonic and higher osmotic pressure (and ECF has low osmotic pressure and hypotonic) THN water goes from blood to cells to return to isotonicity THF BP decreases b/c water leaves blood stream to go into cells
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d/ ACID/BASE BALANCE
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homeostasis of H+ ions in the body
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d/ ACID
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compound that releases H+ ions in aqueous sol'n
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d/ STRONG ACID
IE with HCl acid |
dissociates/releases H+ rapidly and completely
IE HCl THN H + Cl- |
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d/ WEAK ACID
IE with carbonic acid |
dissociates/releases H+ slowly
IE CO2 + H20 THN H2Co3(carbonic acid) THN H+ + HCo3(bicarbonate) |
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What is the most common acid in the blood?
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Carbonic Acid (lots in the blood)
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d/ BASE
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Releases OH- (carboxyl) ion in aqueous sol'n
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d/ STRONG BASE
IE |
dissociates OH- rapidly
IE NaOH (sodium hydroxide), lye, Drano, oven cleaner |
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d/ WEAK BASE
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dissociates OH- slowly
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d/ pH
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the negative logarythm of the H+ ion
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As you go lower on the scale H+ ions incr by power of ___?
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10
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d/ normal blood pH
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7.35 - 7.45
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d/ venous and arterial norm pH:
Veins have ___ CO2 THF ___ pH Atery have ___ CO2 THF ___ pH |
more, less
less, more |
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d/ life threatening pH range
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less than 7 or more than 7.8
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d/ death pH
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6.8 = death acidosis
8 = death alkalosis |
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With Acidosis CNS is _____ ?
With Alkalosis CNS is _____ ? |
depressed, excited
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Common Acids in body
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1 Carbonic Acid
2 - lactic acid-anaerobic exerc 3 - acetic acid-acetyl co A 4 - citric acid-krebs 5 - phosphoric acid-drinks, tart 6 - HCl acid-stomach |
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Acids are bitter/sour, while bases are bitter/sour
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sour, bitter
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We make acids in our bodies, and most of our foods and drinks are acid, yet our blood pH remains ____
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low pH or alkaline
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d/ BUFFER SYSTEM
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chemicals that help keep the pH constant
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Fx of the buffer system
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Chgs strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases
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The buffer system is also called the __________________ system?
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Carbonic acid/Bicarbonate
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What is the ratio of carbonic acid to biacarbonate and why is it this way?
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1 (carbonic) to 20 (bicarb), b/c most things are acid and we need to neutralize
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Give example of buffer system with strong acid:
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HCl (strong acid) + NaHCo3 (bicarb) yeilds NaCl- + H2CO3 (weak acid)
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Give example of buffer sysem with strong base:
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NaOH (sodium hydroxide)+ H2Co3 (carbonic acid) yeilds H2O + NaHCo3
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d/ Respiratory regulation of pH:
If blood pH drops (acidosis)THN RR ___ (to incr pH as incr Co2, incr pH) |
incr
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d/ Respiratory regulation of pH:
If blood pH increases (acidosis)THN RR ___ (to decr pH as dcr Co2, dcr pH) |
decr
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d/ renal regulation of pH
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kidney releases H+ ions and NH4 to incr blood pH
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d/ METABOLIC ACIDOSIS causes and early sx
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kidney malfunction, excessive fat oxidation (diabetic, starvation), lactic acidosis.
Incr RR rate |
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d/ RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS and causes
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inadequate removal of Co2 from lungs due to emphysema, lung injury, hypoventilation
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kidney buffer system would help _______, while respiratory buffer system would help _______.
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Respiratory acidosis, metabolic acidosis
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d/ Compensatory acidosis/alkalosis
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return to norm
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d/ uncompensated acidosis/alkalosis
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Not return to norm and need medical intervention
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d/ METABOLIC ALKALOSIS causes and what may happen to RR rate
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OD on antacids, vomiting and diarrhea.
May stop breathing |
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d/ RESPIRATORY ACIDOSIS causes
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hyperventilation, fear and anxiety, ASA OD, high altitude, taking too many antacids
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Explain how water balance and electrolyte balance are interdependent.
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Electrolytes are dissolved in the water of body fluids. This means that if the concentration of one is altered, it will alter the concentrations of the other by making them either more dilute or more concentrated
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d/ Extracellular fluids composition
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Extracellular fluids generally have similar compositions, including relatively high concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions, and lesser concentrations of potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and sulfate ions. The blood plasma fraction contains considerably more protein than either interstitial fluid or lymph
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d/ Intracellular fluid composition
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Intracellular fluid contains relatively high concentrations of potassium, phosphate, and magnesium ions, a somewhat greater concentration of sulfate ions, and lesser concentrations of sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate ions. It also has a greater concentration of protein than plasma
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d/ hydrostatic pressure
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Hydrostatic pressure, or blood pressure, is the amount of force that the water is exerting on the blood vessel walls. It is the main reason that fluid enters the interstitial space from the capillaries.
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Explain how an acid-base buffer system functions and the three main acid-base buffer systems in the body.
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There are three main acid-base buffer systems in the body. They are chemical substances that combine with acids or bases when either occurs in excess. The substances in these systems function by shedding or accepting hydrogen ions in the presence of strong bases or acids. This helps to neutralize substances that could alter the pH levels in the body.
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Describe the function of hemoglobin as a buffer system.
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Describe the function of hemoglobin as a buffer system.
Red blood cells contain an enzyme called carbonic anhydrase that speeds the reaction of carbon dioxide and water. This reaction produces carbonic acid, which quickly dissociates into bicarbonate and hydrogen ions. |
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Explain how the respiratory center functions in the regulation of the acid-base balance.
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Explain how the respiratory center functions in the regulation of the acid-base balance.
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What is the main force that causes water to move among the various fluid compartments?
osmosis filtration hydrostatic pressure dialysis |
Osmosis
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What is the main force that causes fluid to leave the plasma compartment?
osmosis hydrostatic pressure dialysis filtration |
Hydrostatic
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As total body water decreases, the _____ of the extracellular fluid increases.
amount of sodium osmotic pressure hydrostatic pressure protein level |
Osmotic pressure
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The main factor that causes the kidney to conserve water is _____.
ADH osmosis renin production plasma filtration pressure |
ADH
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The symptoms of dehydration result from loss of _____ water
intracellular extracellular blood transcellular |
Intra
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Which factor accounts for the ability of the body to conserve high levels of sodium?
blood pressure aldosterone kidney function adequate diet |
Aldosterone
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Which ion is usually exchanged for sodium absorption?
Cl- bicarbonate K+ H+ |
K+
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Which of these is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone?
osteoclast stimulation increase in blood Ca2+ increase in renal elimination increase in intestinal absorption |
Incr renal elim
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Hyperparathyroidism usually causes an increase in _____.
potassium calcium phosphate sodium |
Ca
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Which of the following is NOT related to hypocalcemia?
vitamin D deficiency muscle weakness tetany cardiac arrhythmia |
Muscle weekness
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Which is the most abundant extracellular ion?
phosphate bicarbonate chloride potassium |
Cl
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In the bicarbonate buffer system, _____ reacts with bases.
carbon dioxide carbonic acid bicarbonate ion water |
Carbonic Acid
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When a strong base reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed from the base.
water carbon dioxide bicarbonate ion carbonic acid |
Water
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When an acid reacts with the bicarbonate buffer system, ______ is formed as an end product.
NaCl water carbonic acid bicarbonate ion |
Carbonic Acid
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Which factor greatly increases the reaction between carbon dioxide and water?
carbonic anhydrase concentration of carbon dioxide concentration of bicarbonate pH of hemoglobin |
Carbonic Anhysrase
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Which of the following is an effect of acidosis?
increased diuresis decreased diuresis mental confusion seizures |
Mental Confusion
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Hyperventilation from anxiety usually causes _____.
respiratory acidosis metabolic acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis |
Resp Alkalosis
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Lung cancer usually causes the tendency towards _____.
metabolic acidosis metabolic alkalosis respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis |
Resp Acidosis
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What trigger signals the brain to increase the output of ADH for water conservation?
thickened saliva signals the sympathetic nervous system osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect the increase in osmotic pressure of body fluids and signal the posterior pituitary to release ADH chemoreceptors in the renal tubule sense the increased viscosity of renal filtrate and signal the hypothalamus which, in turn, signals the posterior pituitary the juxtaglomerular apparatus senses the greater osmotic pressure in the blood and triggers the release of ADH |
Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus
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Edema can be caused by all of these factors except ________________.
an increase in the plasma protein concentration obstruction of lymphatic vessels increased capillary permeability because of inflammation increased venous pressure |
incr plasma protein
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Which of these is considered a secondary defense against changes in pH?
renal excretion of hydrogen ions the bicarbonate buffer system the phosphate buffer system the protein buffer system |
rEnal
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The most serious consequence of potassium imbalances is _____.
seizure nerve damage renal failure cardiac abnormalities |
Cardiac
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What is the most significant inorganic plasma buffer?
phosphate albumin hemoglobin bicarbonate |
Bicarb
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Diabetic ketoacidosis is an example of which imbalance?
respiratory acidosis respiratory alkalosis metabolic alkalosis metabolic acidosis |
Met Acidosis
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High concentrations of blood sodium could cause tissue cells to expand from taking excess water in.
True False |
t
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Loss of blood from trauma will usually reduce the amount of urine that is produced.
True False |
t
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Diuretics can have an effect of reducing blood pressure.
True False |
t
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Surgical removal of a breast can cause edema in the arm.
True False |
t
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Holding one's breath tends to make the blood more acidic.
True False |
t
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The respiratory centers in the pons and medulla are able to alter the pH of the blood.
True False |
t
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