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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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A healthy cow being fed an appropriate diet of forages will perform how many jaw movements per day?
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40,000 to 50,000
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Ruminants produce how much saliva per day?
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100-150 liters
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What are some of the functions of cow saliva?
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Lubrication of forages
providing fluid for the fermentation vat alkaline buffering of the rumen |
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Each milliliter fluid of the rumen contains how much bacterica, protazoans, yeast and fungi?
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10-50 billion bacteria
1 million protazoa variable #s of yeast and fungi |
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When full, the rumen can hold ________ of fluid
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50 gallons
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The fermentation process produces how much methane gas per hour?
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30-50 liters
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By products of fermentation are:
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VFA's,
Proteins sythesized from non-protein nitogens B vitamins High quality proteins via microbial bodies |
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the reticulum has a honeycomb appearance. What is the function of the honeycomb?
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It acts as a sieve and prohibits hardware that was ingested from moving on.
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What is the function of the bovine rumen?
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It is a fermentation vat that is the site of microbial activity. Its movement mixes contents providing turnover and accessibility of coarser forage materials for cud chewing and regurgitation and microbial digestion.
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What do the bacteria of the rumen require for optimal growth?
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Warmth
Moisture Oxygen-free environment |
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What should the pH of the rumen be?
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5.8 to 6.4
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The omasum is also known as what?
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Manyplies because of its many layers of muscular tissue
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What occurs in the bovine omasum?
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food particle size is reduced, excess water is removed
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Abomasum is also known as ____ because this is where
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True stomach
acids and enzymes further digest materials |
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The presence of food in the abomasum stimulates the production of________ with a pH of ____?
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HCL
2-4 |
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What is the function of rumination?
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Allows them to ingest food rapidly and complete chewing at a later time.
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What is the basic process of rumination?
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Food is regurgitated
remasticated reswallowed |
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What is the purpose of rumination?
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To reduce particle size of feeds, which then enhances microbial function and allows for easier passage out of the stomach compartments.
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What is the regurgitated material called?
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Cud or bolus
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What are 4 things that directly affect saliva production in the cow?
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1) Amount of time spent chewing
2) The order in which feed ingredients are fed. 3) Particle size/type of feeds 4) Number of times a day they are fed. |
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The methane-producing bacteria in the rumen are responsible for?
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regulating overall fermentation in the rumen
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3 basic rules for nutrition are important for ruminants to properly utilize various food sources. They are related to:
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1) Feed particle size
2) Structural and nonstructural carbohydrate formation 3) Protein factions |
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The dental formula for cows is:
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2(I 0/4 C 0/0 P3/3 M3/3)
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The dental pad replaces __________ in ruminants.
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upper incisors and canines in ruminants
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Fermentation allows herbivores to utilize _____________
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cellulose and other components of plant cell walls
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Foregut fermentors are the
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ruminants such as cows, goats, sheep and deer
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Hindgut fermentors ferment forage in the cecum and these include animals such as
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horses, GP, rabbits, rodents
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The bovine stomach consists of 4 compartments. What are they?
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Reticulum-most cranial with honeycomb appearance
Rumen-digestion occurs here Omasum-muscular layers of tissue Abomasum-glandular "true" stomach |
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Traumatic reticulitis is also known as?
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Hardware disease caused by consumption of metal objects
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What is the treatment for Traumatic reticulitis?
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Magnet is swallowed by cow and traps metal objects to keep them from migrating through the tissues
Possible rumenotomy |
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Eructation is the medical term for
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belching, a necessary part of ruminant digestion due to the gasses produced by the fermentation in the rumen.
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If belching does not occur, the rumen will distend and press upon
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the diaphragm causing the cow to die of asphyxiation
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By-products of fermentation include:
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VFA's-cows main energy source
B vitamins Sythesis of proteins from non-protein sources Microbial bodies are digested and provide an additional source of protein |
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What is a ruminal fistula?
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A permanent of the rumen to the outside for the purposes of studying rumen funtion.
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What is bloat?
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the buildup of excess gas in rumen and or reticulum
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What is the typical treatment for bloat in the bovine?
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*Stomach tube passed through a frick speculum to relieve buildup
*Trocharization-placement of a trochar into paralumber fossa to relieve excess gas. |
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The omasum is a spherical compartment caudal to the reticulum whose many folds do what?
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Food particle size is reduced and excess water is removed before moving to the abomasum.
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The gastric grooves is important in what age ruminent?
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Neonates
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Suckling with the head elevated causes the lips of the gastric groove to close, which allows for the milk to bypass the _______ and travel direct to the _________.
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rumen
abomasum |
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The abomasum is the true stomach of the ruminenet and is lined with glandular tissue. Where is its location in the abdomen?
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On the ventral aspect of abdomen, just right of midline
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Displacement of the abomasum (RDA) or left (LDA) causes digestive disturbances and tends to happen more after________________
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calving
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What is the treatment for RDA or LDA?
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Repositioning of abomasum and then suturing in place (abomasopexy)
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Describe the journey of a food bolus
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Oral cavity
Esophagus Reticulum/rumen regurgitation (cud chewing) rumen omasum abomasum hind gut (intestines) |
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What are the the 4 common pulse sites in horses?
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Transverse facial artery
Facial artery/submandibular Lateral/dorsal metatarsal artery Digital arteries |
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Of the 4 common pulse sites in horses, which are the two most commonly used?
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Transverse facial artery
Submandibular facial artery |
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The digital arteries are less often used to palpate pulse in a basic exam and more often used to evaluate _______ because ________leads to an increased palpability of the pulse at this location.
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condition of horses feet
inflammation |
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Venipuncture is typically performed in what 2 veins in the horse?
In the cow? |
Jugular, Transverse facial
Median sacral vein of the tail (located on the ventral medial aspect) |
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What is the Equine Dental formula?
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2[I 3/3 C1/1 PM 3-4/3 M3/3] = 40-42
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Hypsodont dentition is characterized by high-crowned teeth and enamel which extends past the gum line and these are characteristic of __________ and this provides extra material for ________
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horses, cows, deer
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Horses teeth erupt throughout their lifetime at an average rate of
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2-3 mm per year
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The esophagus of the horse is, on average, how long?
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5 feet
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The cardiac sphincter/gastroesophogeal of the horse, due to functioning as a one way valve, prevents horses from doing what?
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regurgitating
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Just FYI picture
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no answer, just review
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The equine stomach is divided into two portions; it is lined dorsally by stratified squamous epithelium (non-glandular) and ventrally by glandular epithelium. The division between these two portions is the __________. The non-glandular portion of the stomach essentially functions as a reservoir for food and has no secretory or absorptive function. The glandular portion of the stomach is similar to the lining of the stomach of humans and some other animals. This portion secretes hydrochloric acid, pepsin, electrolytes, and water. The glandular lining contains a mucus/ bicarbonate barrier that protects itself from the acidic environment and has growth factors that promote mucosal healing. The non-glandular lining, on the other hand, does not have any protection from acidic injury. Eating stimulates secretion of bicarbonate-rich saliva that helps neutralize gastric acid, and the roughage itself absorbs the secretions. These are the only defense mechanisms for the non-glandular epithelium. Hydrochloric acid is continuously secreted from the stomach, even when the horse is not eating. If food is withheld from a horse, lesions can develop in the non-glandular mucosa within 24-48 hours due to the contact with hydrochloric acid.
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margo plicatus
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Horses, like rats, have no______
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gallbladder
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Small intestines in horses are on average, _________ in length.
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50 to 70 feet
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A horse can survive with out _______ feet of intestine without altering absorption rates and causing problems.
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20 feet or 1/3 of intestine
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Problems in the equine small intestine iclude ________ and this may result in the need to do _______
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Intusseception,volvulus
resection and anastamosis |
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Horses are known as ________ fementors because they ferment their feed in the_________ which is located between the __________
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hindgut
cecum small and large intestines |
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The cecum in the horse is larger and more developed than in carnivores. It is _____feet in length and holds ______ gallons
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4 feet
7 to 8 gallons |
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The cecum has 3 parts. What are they?
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Base
body apex |
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The cecum is responsible for _____ with the aid of_____.
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fermentation
microbes |
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Possible clinical issues with the equine cecum include:
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Cecal Tymphany-rapid build up of gas in the cecum &/or colon
Cecal torsion |
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The large intestine of the horse is _____ in length
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10 to 12 feet
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Horses, like rats, have no______
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gallbladder
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Small intestines in horses are on average, _________ in length.
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50 to 70 feet
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A horse can survive with out _______ feet of intestine without altering absorption rates and causing problems.
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20 feet or 1/3 of intestine
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Problems in the equine small intestine include ________ and this may result in the need to do _______
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Intusseception,volvulus
resection and anastamosis |
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Horses are known as ________ fementors because they ferment their feed in the_________ which is located between the __________
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hindgut
cecum small and large intestines |
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The cecum in the horse is larger and more developed than in carnivores. It is _____feet in length and holds ______ gallons
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4 feet
7 to 8 gallons |
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The cecum has 3 parts. What are they?
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Base
body apex |
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The cecum is responsible for _____ with the aid of_____.
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fermentation
microbes |
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Possible clinical issues with the equine cecum include:
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Cecal Tymphany-rapid build up of gas in the cecum &/or colon
Cecal torsion |
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The large intestine of the horse is _____ in length
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10 to 12 feet
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The colon/largeintestine of the horse is horse shoe in shape and this doubling back on itself serves what purpose?
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Doubles surface area for digestion
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Possible clinical issues for the equine colon are:
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Impaction
Displacement Colonic torsion |
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What is one of the major issues of the equine colon that is what predisposes them to colic and torsion?
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The fact that the colon, located on ventral abdomen, is free floating without any attachments keeping it in place.
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The path of a food bolus in an equine should be:
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Stomach
*Small intestine *cecum *Large intestine--- R vental colon Sternal Flexure L ventral colon Pelvic flexure L dorsal colon Diaphragmatic flexure R dorsal colon Decending colon rectum |
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The colon/largeintestine of the horse is horse shoe in shape and this doubling back on itself serves what purpose?
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Doubles surface area for digestion
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What part of the equine GI tract is the most common site for impactions?
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The pelvic flexure of the colon
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Possible clinical issues for the equine colon are:
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Impaction
Displacement Colonic torsion |
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What is one of the major issues of the equine colon that is what predisposes them to colic and torsion?
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The fact that the colon, located on ventral abdomen, is free floating without any attachments keeping it in place.
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The path of a food bolus in an equine should be:
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Stomach
*Small intestine *cecum *Large intestine--- R vental colon Sternal Flexure L ventral colon Pelvic flexure L dorsal colon Diaphragmatic flexure R dorsal colon Decending colon rectum |
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What part of the equine GI tract is the most common site for impactions?
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The pelvic flexure of the colon
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The small colon is the decending, final portion of the large intestine and this part of the equine GI tract is responsible for:
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Final water absorption
formation of feces |
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The small colon is an area that can become infected with what gram negative bacteria that most of the time is a part of NF of the gut?
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Salmonella
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The small colon is an area that can become infected with what gram negative bacteria that most of the time is a part of NF of the gut?
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Salmonella
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Equine salmonellosis symptoms include:
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Diarrhea
neutropenia depression anorexia |
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Equine salmonellosis symptoms include:
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Diarrhea
neutropenia depression anorexia |
