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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The Brain:
Most important part of CNS

Able to interact w/ the outside environment and can control organs

Grey matter- outside (very important; where decision are made, memories, processing, intelligence)
White matter (myelin)- inside (speed of transport of signal)
Cerebrum:
Largest part of brain
*Divided into 2 hemispheres- Left & Right; hemispheres divided into lobes

Covered with Gyri and has grooves- Sulci; also has deeper grooves- Fissures

Outer rim of hemisphere- grey matter- Cerebral cortex- (where info is processed and decision are made)
Hemispheric Laterlization:
Some slight functional differenceshappen btw left and right side of brain

Left Hemisphere-
Numerical & scientific skills
Ability to use and & understand language both written and spoken

Right Hemisphere-
Musical and artistic awareness
Recognition of faces and facial expressions
Spatial relationships
Corpus Callosum:
Between 2 cerebral hemispheres on medial surface

Function- connects 2 hemispheres so they can share info
Frontal Lobe:
From Central Sulcus anterior to front of brain

Function-
Primary motor area;
Broca's speech center,
higher functions (abstract thinking, foresight, mature judgement, tactfulness, math & science skills, emotions (pos and neg)
Temporal Lobe:
Location- from the Lateral Fissure and goes inferior to the lateral side of brain

Function- primary and secondary auditory areas; part of limbic system; Wernicke's center (btw temporal and parietal lobes)- used for help understand spoken word and adds emotion to speech
Parietal Lobe:
Location- btw Central Sulcus and Occipital/Parietal Sulcus

Functions-primary Somatosensory area (post central gyrus); Sense of taste; Helps integrate different types of sensory info; Part of wernicke's center
Occipital Lobe:
Location- from the occipital-parietal sulcus going posterior to back of brain

Functions- Primary and secondary visual areas
Limbic System:
Location- found in circular area on the inferior aspect of frontal lobe, tempral lobe, mammillare bodies of Hypothalamus and part of Thalamus

Functions- sense of smell, sexual aggression and negative emotions
Basal Ganglia:
Location- found deep within the cerebral hemispheres

Functions- helps regulate movement; attention levels; memory and behavior
Cerebellum:
Second largest area of brain
*divded into 2 lobes
--central narrowing- Vermis

Location- just posterior and inferior to Occipital lobes

Functions- regulates postural muscles and balance and coordinates complex muscular movements by evaluating movements initiated by the Frontal lobe
Brain Stem:
Includes Medulla Oblongata, Pons, and Midbrain
--connected to spinal cord distal and the dicephalon proximal

Functions- gives rise to most cranial nerves, connects the spinal cord with rest of brain, controls some lower functions (i,e, heart rate, respiration, vaso-motor tone, swallowing, vomiting, coughing, sneexing, and hiccuping)

--within brain stem, where sensory and motor impulses "cross over"

Midbrain- contains substantia nigra and red nuclei

Functions- coordinates eye movement with hearing and regulates subconscious muscle movement
--red nuclei connects Cerebral cortex w/ cerebellum
Diencephalon:
Includes Epithalamus, Thalamus & Hypothalamus

Location- btw brain stem and cerebrum

Functions- Epithalamus- pineal gland & release melatonin for day/night cycles
Thalamus- sensory switching center- directs seensory info to place within Cerebral cortex
Hypothalamus- controls autonomic functions, most the body's endocrine via pituituary gland, eating and thrist centers, body temp & behavioral patterns, and states of consciousness
Ventricles:
4 within Brain, 2 in Cerebral Hemispheres (Lateral Ventricles), 1 in Diencephalon (3rd Ventricle), 1 between Cerebellem and Brain Stem (4th Ventricle) Function: Produce CSF, flow via meninges
Meninges:
The outer most protective covering to the brain and spinal cord, made of 3 layers of tissue: Outer most- Dura mater, Middle- Arachnoid, Inner most- Pia mater
Cranial nerves:
Start at the Frontal Lobe and go all the way down to Medulla Oblongata Olfactory, Optic, Oculomotor, Trochlear, Trigeminal, Abducens, Facial, Vestibulocochlear, Glossopharyngeal, Vagus, Accessory, Hypoglossal
Olfactory:
Sensory- SMELL
Cranial Nerve- Optic:
Sensory- VISION
Cranial Nerve- Oculomotor:
Motor- 4 of 6 eye muscles, Motor- eyelid and focus of lens,
Sensory- proprioception for muscle control
Cranial Nerve- Trochlear:
Motor- control of 1 eye muscle- superior oblique muscle,
Sensory- proprioception for muscle control
Trigeminal:
V1- opthalamic sensory, V2- Maxillary Sensory, V3- Mandibular Sensory and Motor (chewing)
Cranial Nerve- Abducens:
Motor- 1 of 6 eye muscles,
Sensory- proprioception for muscle control
Facial:
Motor- control muscles of facial expression & secretion of saliva and tears, Sensory- proprioception for muscle control, Sensory- taste buds (Anterior 2/3)
Vestibulocochlear:
Sensory- hearing and balance
Cranial Nerve- Glossopharyngeal:
Sensory- Taste buds (Posterior 1/3),
Motor- control of pharynx
Cranial Nerve- Vagus:
Longest cranial nerve,
Sensory- sense for most visceral organs (except for pelvic organs),
Motor- controls parasympathetic system
Accessory:
Motor- controls some muscles of the neck,
Sensory- proprioception for muscle control
Hypoglossal:
Mainly motor, Motor- controls gross movement of tongue, Sensory- proprioception for muscle control
Spinal Cord:
Important communication link btw brain and body
--Is continuous with brain stem at Foramen Magnum
--Starts at Foramen Magnum and ends at Conus Medullaris (btw L1 & L2)
--Transmits both Sensory and Motor impulses to and from brain
Found within the bony enclosure created by vertebrae column
Connects brain to PNS,
--In lower spine, nerves continue down the Vertebral Column as Cauda Equina (a group of parallel nerves- look like mane of horse)
Structure of Spinal Cord:
Outer Aspect- White Matter- contains myelinated nerves, used to transmit information to and from brain, arranged into Tracts: Ascending Tract- carries Sensory info to Brain Desending Tract- Carries Motor info from the Brain Inner Aspect- Gray Matter- butterfly shape, ends called Horns (used to process information either before gong to Ascending Tract (Sensory info from spinal nerve) or before going into Nerve Root (Motor info from descending tract)
Horns:
Anterior horn- Motor function (makes sure message gets to right muscle) Posterior Horn- Sensory Information Lateral horn- only in thoracic area- Sympathetic Motor function (transfers info from sympathetic motor system)
Spinal Cord Pathway:
To Spinal Cord: Spinal Nerve - > Dorsal Root - > Posterior Side (Sensory) - > Posterior Horn - > Ascending Tract - > to Brain (Thalamus) Away from Brain: Descending Tract - > Anterior Side (Motor) - > Anterior Horn - > Ventral Root - > Spinal Nerve
Spinal Nerves:
Each level has a pair of spinal nerves that are given off,
Are both Sensory and Motor,
31 pairs,
Grouped in Nerve Plexus:

Cervical plexus- C1-C5- nerve supply to neck, upper shoulder, and anterior aspect of chest and daiphragm,

Brachial plexus- C5-T1- Nerve innervation to arm,

Lumbar plexus- L1-L4- nerve supply to anterolateral abdominal wall and anteromedial aspect of upper leg (front of thigh),

Sacral plexus (Sciatic nerve)- L4-S4- innervation to buttocks, posterior thigh and entire lower leg and foot
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS):
Important link in Brain's ability to control bodily organs, Divided into: Sympathetic System and Parasympathetic System, Most of body's organs will receive nerve fibers from each of the two divisions of the ANS
End Organ Neurotransmitters:
Sympathetic- Epinephrine & Norepinephrine, Parasympathetic- Acetylcholine
ANS System Distribution:
Sympathetic System- nerves fibers start at Lateral Horn, enter Anterior nerve root, go to sympathetic nerve trunk ganglia, then to viceral organs Parasympathetic system- nerve fibers come from Cranial nerves, Head & neck- from Cranial Nerves III, VII & IX Trunk- from Cranial nerve X