A + P I Exam #4

Front 1

6 functions of the skeletal system

Back 1

-protect vital organs

-provide structure and support to the body

-store minerals (Ca and P)

-enable movement in collaboration w/ the muscular system

-synthesizes blood cells

-store macromolecules esp. lipids

Front 2

Components of the skeletal system (3)

Back 2

bone

ligaments

cartilage

Front 3

How many bones about in the human body?

Back 3

about 206 bones

Front 4

bone is the main organ of

Back 4

structure and function of skel. system

Front 5

bone is composed mostly of

Back 5

connective tissue (osseous tissue)

Front 6

bone can be classified according to what 2 features?

Back 6

-shape

-internal organization

Front 7

bone shape classifications include (6)

Back 7

long (femur)

short (metatarsals)

irregular (pelvis)

flat

sutural (skull)

sesamoid (patella)

Front 8

Bone internal organization classifications include (2)

Back 8

-compact bone: bone that contains very dense concentration of osseous tissue, bone matrix. All bone has a rim of compact bone

-spongy bone: bone located internal to compact bone that contain plates of matrix surrounded by space, which is filled w/ blood and bone marrow

Front 9

7 parts to the gross anatomy of long bones

Back 9

epiphysis

diaphysis

metaphysis

medullary cavity

bone marrow

periosteum

endosteum

Front 10

epiphysis of long bone

Back 10

located at the ends of the bone

Front 11

diaphysis of long bone

Back 11

is the shaft of the long bone

Front 12

metaphysis of long bone

Back 12

region b/w diaphysis and epiphysis

Front 13

medullary cavity of long bone

Back 13

runs thru the diaphysis of a long bone; where bone marrow is found

Front 14

bone marrow (of long bone)

Back 14

tissue/organ functions to synthesize all blood cells

-located in medullary cavity of long bones and in pore spaces of spongy bone

Front 15

2 classes of bone marrow

Back 15

-red bone marrow: functions to actively synthesize blood cells

-yellow marrow: not actively producing blood cells; gelatinous and lipid-like in texture

Front 16

periosteum

Back 16

membrane tightly surrounding all bone (thin/strong)

Front 17

functions of the periosteum (2)

Back 17

-protect the bone

-enable regeneration / repair of fractured bone--contains stem cells to produce more bone cells

Front 18

endosteum

Back 18

thin, strong tissue lining inner surfaces of bone and also contains stem cells

Front 19

ossification

Back 19

the replacement of a tissue by bone; the formation of bone

Front 20

2 classes of ossification

Back 20

-endochondral ossification: replacement of hyaline cartilage by bone

-intramembraneous ossification: replacement of any other connective tissue type

Front 21

bone cells :

-cyte

-blast

-clast

Back 21

-cyte: mature cells maintain daily activity

-blast: function to forming cells

-clast: break down something

Front 22

2 main chemical components of bone

Back 22

-Hydroxyapatite

-Collagen

Front 23

Hydroxyapatite (of bone)

Back 23

-the mineral component of bone

-67% of bone

-Ca and P molecule

-function to make bone hard

Front 24

Collagen (of bone)

Back 24

-33% of 1/3 of bone

-function to give strength

-proteins component of bone

Front 25

bone cells make up how much of bone?

Back 25

1%

Front 26

4 types of bone cells

Back 26

-osteocytes

-osteoblast

-osteoclast

-osteofrogenitor cells

Front 27

4 things about osteocytes:

Back 27

-most numerous of bone cells

-living in the lucamae (covers)

-maintain bone daily activity

-can convert/transform into osteoblasts (ex. where repair is needed)

Front 28

4 things about osteoblasts

Back 28

-bone forming cells making hydroxyspotite and collagen

-functions to synthesize and secrete the chemical of matrix

-becomes osteocytes when they surround themselves by the matrix they had secreted

-osteoblast is a young osteocyte

Front 29

4 things about osteoclasts

Back 29

-bone cells that function to break down bone by secreting digestive enzymes that break down the surrounding matrix

-huge nucleus cells

-largest cell of the human body

-derived from WBC's

Front 30

4 things about osteofregenitor cells

Back 30

-stem cells of the bone

-located in the inner layer of the periosteum and in the endosium/edosteum

-required for repairing bone fractures

-can divide and produce osteoblasts, osteocytes, and periosteum

Front 31

3 factors affecting bone growth

Back 31

-genetics

-dietary intake of molecules needed for osteoclasts and osteoblasts

-hormones

Front 32

molecules needed for proper bone cell function

Back 32

-Calcitrol aka Vit. D: required for absorption of Ca

-Vit. C: stimulate synthesis of collagen

-Vit. A: stimulate activity of osteoblasts

Front 33

3 diseases/disorders of the skeletal system

Back 33

-osteoporosis

-osteoarthritis

-rheumatoid arthritis

Front 34

osteoporosis

Back 34

a brutal bone disease

-lead to more porous bone and increase ability to fracture

-susceptible to disease

-senior females affected most, post-menopausal due to lack of balance of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

-osteoblasts break down faster than osteoclast can

Front 35

osteoarthritis

Back 35

inflammation of bone and joint due to wear and tear

-most common form

-pain, loss of motion

Front 36

rheumatoid arthritis

Back 36

chronic inflammation commonly affects joints in hands and feet due to autoimmune

ex. synovial membrane deform bones at joints