A & P Exam Ii Revised

Front 1

What is the primary biological function of the larynx?

Back 1

protective device for the lower respiratory tract

Front 2

The larynx acts as a valve to perform what three functions?

Back 2

1) Prevent air from escaping the lungs;
2) Prevent foreign substances from entering the lungs
3) Allow forceful expulsion of foreign substances.

Front 3

What are the three parts of the hyoid bone?

Back 3

Body (Corpus), Greater horn, Lesser horn

Front 4

What are the six parts of the thyroid?

Back 4

Notch, Angle, Lamina, Prominence, Superior Cornu, Inferior Cornu

Front 5

What are the four parts of the cricoid cartilage?

Back 5

Arch, Quadrant Lamina, Facet for thyroid cartilage, Facet for arytenoid cartilage

Front 6

Which is the only elastic structure?

Back 6

Epiglottis

Front 7

Which are the 5 hyaline structures?

Back 7

Corniculate, Cuneiform, Arytenoid, Cricoid, Thyroid

Front 8

What are the six parts of the arytenoid cartilage?

Back 8

Triangular fovea, Fovea Oblonga, Arcuate Ridge, Apex, Muscular Process, Vocal Process

Front 9

Origin – cricoid cartilage.

Insertion – to the anterolateral base of the arytenoid.

Function - limits backward movement.

Back 9

Anterior Cricoarytenoid Ligaments

Front 10

Origin – posterior surface of the cricoid lamina.

Insertion – to the base of the posterior surface of the
arytenoid cartilages.

Function – restricts extent of forward movement.

Back 10

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Ligaments

Front 11

What are the two intrinsic laryngeal MEMBRANES?

Back 11

Conus Elasticus and Quadrangular Membrane

Front 12

Definition - It is a continuous fibroelastic sheet that, except for a small interval between the vocal and ventricular ligaments, lines the entire larynx.

Insertion - stem from one broad sheet of tissue called the elastic membrane of the larynx.

Back 12

Intrinsic Laryngeal Membrane

Front 13

Function - Connects the thyroid, cricoid, and arytenoid cartilages.

Back 13

Conus Elasticus

Front 14

Origin - midline structure that extends from the superior border of the cricoid arch to the inferior border of the thyroid cartilage, at the angle.

Back 14

Medial Cricothyroid Ligament

Front 15

Origin - from the superior border of the cricoid cartilage

Insertion - course superiorly and medially, and terminate as free, thickened margins extending from the vocal processes of the arytenoids to the angle of the thyroid cartilage

Back 15

Lateral Cricothyroid Ligament

Front 16

Origin – from the lateral margins of the epiglottis.

Insertion – course downward and attach to the corniculate cartilages and the medial surface of the arytenoids. Inferiorly, the membranes terminate as free thickened borders called the ventricular ligaments.

Back 16

Quadrangular Membrane

Front 17

Origin – from the sides of the epiglottis near the rounded superior border.

Insertion – the apexes of the arytenoids.

Back 17

Aryepiglottic Folds

Front 18

Function - connect the laryngeal cartilage with the adjacent structures.

Back 18

Extrinsic Laryngeal Membranes

Front 19

What are the three extrinsic laryngeal membranes?

Back 19

Hyothyroid, Hyoepiglottic, Cricotracheal

Front 20

Origin – arises along the whole of the superior border of the thyroid cartilage.

Insertion – directed vertically upward to attach on the posterior surface of the body and major horns of the hyoid bone near the superior border.

Back 20

Hyothyroid Membrane

Front 21

Origin – extending from the anterior surface of the epiglottis.

Insertion – to the upper border of the body of the hyoid bone.

Back 21

Hyoepiglottic Membrane

Front 22

Function - connects the lower border of the cricoid cartilage with the upper border of the first tracheal ring.

Back 22

Cricotracheal Membrane

Front 23

Function - saddle joint that permits rocking motion and a limited amount of gliding motion (slide down-lower pitch; slide up-higher pitch). It’s considered to be a diarthrodial joint which permits a certain amount of gliding action in addition to a rocking motion (opening and closing vocal folds).

Movement - Rocking motion of the arytenoid cartilage produces an upward and outward swinging motion of the vocal process during abduction (movement away from the body), and an inward and downward swinging motion when the vocal processes are adducted (movement towards the median plane or axis).

Back 23

Cricoarytenoid Joint

Front 24

Origin - located laterally on the sloping surface of the superior border of the cricoid lamina.

Back 24

Cricoid Articular Facet

Front 25

Origin - located on the undersurface of the muscular process.

Back 25

Arytenoid Articular Facet

Front 26

Insertion - It extends from the posterior surface of the superior margin of the cricoid lamina to the base of the posterior surface of the arytenoid cartilage.

Function - restricts the extent of the forward movement of the arytenoid cartilage. It is also possible that this ligament imposes constraints on the extent of any gliding movements.

Back 26

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Ligament

Front 27

It is described as a pivot joint with a rotational axis. Small oval articular facets are located laterally on either side of the arch of the cricoid cartilage.

Function - The rotational or gliding motion dictated by the capsular ligament places the vocal folds under increased tension, thus causing an increase in the pitch of the voice.

Back 27

Capsular Ligament (Cricothyroid Joint)

Front 28

Definition - is a flexible, leaf-like structure composed of elastic and fibroelastic cartilage.

Origin - It is located just behind the hyoid bone and the root of the tongue.

Back 28

Epiglottis

Front 29

Function - attaches the epiglottis to the thyroid cartilage at the angle just beneath the thyroid notch.

Back 29

Thyroepiglottic Ligament

Front 30

Function - fastens the broadest portion of the epiglottis to the hyoid bone.

Back 30

Hyoepiglottic Ligament

Front 31

Insertion - the anterior surface is continued to the root of the tongue by a median and two lateral glossoepiglottic ligaments (or folds).

Back 31

Median and lateral glossoepiglottic ligaments

Front 32

Origin - small valleys seen between the epiglottis and the root of the tongue.

Back 32

Valleculae

Front 33

Origin - comprises the posterior 2/5 of the glottis and is bound by the vocal processes and the medial surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages.

Back 33

Cartilaginous Glottis

Front 34

Origin - comprises approximately 3/5 of the total length of the glottis; extends from the anterior commissure to the vocal process and is bound by the vocal ligament.

Back 34

Membranous Glottis

Front 35

Origin – from the thyroid cartilage, near the angle and below the thyroid notch.

Insertion – on the anterolateral surface of the arytenoid cartilages.

Location - Lie parallel to, and just beneath, the ventricular folds.

Definition - Paired structure sharing a common anterior attachment, diverging as they course posteriorly towards the arytenoid cartilages.

Back 35

Vocal Folds

Front 36

What does vocal fold consist of?

Back 36

Muscle tissue (thyroarytenoid) and a vocal ligament

Front 37

Location – Lie superiorly and laterally to true vocal cords

Insertion - The ventricular folds attach to the angle of the thyroid cartilage just beneath the attachment of the epiglottis. Posteriorly, the ventricular folds attach to the anterolateal surface of the arytenoid cartilages in the area of the triangular fovea.

Back 37

False Vocal Cords

Front 38

Definition – variable opening between the vocal folds.

Back 38

Glottis

Front 39

Function - largely responsible for control of sound production.

Back 39

Intrinsic Laryngeal Muscles

Front 40

close folds (phonation)

Back 40

Adductors

Front 41

open folds (allow air to come in for respiration)

Back 41

Abductors

Front 42

elongate and tighten the vocal folds

Back 42

Glottal Tensors

Front 43

shorten folds

Back 43

Relaxers

Front 44

refers to the extent of force with which the vocal folds are brought together at midline.

Back 44

Medial Compression

Front 45

refers to the degree of stretching force.

Back 45

Longitudinal Tension

Front 46

account for the astonishing versatility of the human voice.

Back 46

Medial and Longitudinal Tension

Front 47

Definition - is very complex and is composed of two primary bundles referred to as the thyromuscularis and the thyrovocalis portions.

Back 47

Thyroarytenoid Muscle

Front 48

Origin – arises anteriorly from the lower half of the thyroid angle and courses posteriorly.

Insertion – into the anterolateral surface and muscular process of the arytenoid cartilage.

Function – glottal relaxer.

Back 48

Thyromuscularis Muscle

Front 49

Origin – the posterior surface of the angle of the thyroid and courses posteriorly.

Insertion – the vocal process and lateral surface of the arytenoid cartilages.

Function – vocal fold tensor.

Back 49

Thyrovocalis Muscle

Front 50

most responsible for opening vocal folds

Definition - This is a broad, fan-shaped muscle. It consists of two parts, a lateral vertically directed bundle which comprises most of the muscle mass and a medial fan-shaped part.

Origin – a shallow depression on the posterior surface of the cricoid lamina.

Insertion – courses upward and laterally to converge on the posterior surface of the muscular process of the corresponding arytenoid cartilage.

Function – abduction of the vocal folds.

Back 50

Posterior Cricoarytenoid Muscle

Front 51

Definition - A slightly fan-shaped muscle located deep to the thyroid cartilage, Adductor (relaxer)

Origin – the upper border of the arch of the cricoid cartilage.

Insertion – courses upward and back and inserts into the anterior surface of the muscular process of the corresponding arytenoid cartilage.

Function – rotates the arytenoid, drawing the muscular process forward and the vocal process medialward.

Back 51

Lateral Cricoarytenoid Muscle

Front 52

Definition - is an unpaired muscle located on the posterior surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages. These muscles arises from the posterior surface and lateral border of one arytenoid cartilage and inserts into the corresponding parts of the opposite arytenoid cartilage.

Back 52

Interarytenoid Muscle

Front 53

What are the two parts of the interarytenoid muscle?

Back 53

Transverse and Oblique

Front 54

Origin – from the lateral margin and posterior surface of one arytenoid.

Insertion – courses in a horizontal direction and inserts into the lateral margin and posterior surface of the opposite arytenoid cartilage.

Function – contraction approximates the arytenoid cartilages (adduction) by causing them to slide along the long axis of the articular capsule toward the midline.

Back 54

Transverse Interarytenoid Muscle

Front 55

Origin – from the posterior surface of the muscular process of one arytenoid cartilage.

Insertion – into the apex of the opposite cartilage; a few fibers angle upward and forward inserting into the lateral borders of the epiglottis.

Function – approximates the arytenoid cartilages; regulators of medial compression. May be responsible for depressing the epiglottis during the initial stages of swallowing.

Back 55

Oblique Interarytenoid Muscle

Front 56

Origin – from the anterior-lateral arch of the cricoid cartilage.

Insertion – into the thyroid cartilage as two distinct parts. The lower or oblique fibers (pars oblique) course upward and back to insert into the anterior margin of the inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage. The upper or anterior fibers (pars recta) course nearly vertically upward and insert along the inner aspect of the lower margin of the thyroid laminae.

Function - provide modification in tension or length of the vocal folds.

Back 56

Cricothyroid Muscle

Front 57

Function - largely responsible for support of the larynx and for fixing it in position. They also elevate and depress the larynx.

Back 57

Extrinsic Laryngeal Muscle

Front 58

Digastric, Stylohyoid, Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Hyoglossus, Genioglossus, Sternothyroid, Thyrohyoid Muscles

Back 58

Suprahyoid Muscles

Front 59

Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictors, Sternohyoid, Omohyoid

Back 59

Infrahyoid Muscles

Front 60

Definition - is a paired muscle. It consists of two (2) fleshy bellies.

Anterior Origin - The anterior belly originates from the inside surface of the lower border of the mandible near the symphysis.

Anterior Insertion - Its fibers course downward and back to the lesser horn of the hyoid bone.

Anterior Function - Contraction draws the hyoid up and forward (swallowing).

Posterior Origin - The posterior belly originates at the mastoid process of the temporal bone.

Posterior Insertion - It courses down and forward, deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.

Posterior Function - Contraction draws the hyoid up and back.

Back 60

Digastric Muscle

Front 61

Origin – the posterior and lateral surface of the styloid process of the temporal bone.

Insertion – just before it reaches the hyoid bone, the stylohyoid muscle splits into two slips that pass, one on either side of the intermediate tendon of the digastric, to insert into the body of the hyoid bone at its junction with the greater horn.

Function - Contraction draws the hyoid bone up and backward.

Location - The stylohyoid muscle is just superficial to the posterior belly of the digastric muscle.

Back 61

Stylohyoid Muscle

Front 62

Definition - a thin, unpaired sheet of muscle fibers which form the floor of the mouth.

Origin – along the mylohyoid line, which runs along the inner surface of the mandible and extends from the mandibular symphysis (mental symphysis) to the last molar.

Insertion – the fibers course medially and downward to join their fellows from the opposite side at a tendinous mid-line raphe. This raphe extends from the mental symphysis to the hyoid bone. The posterior fibers attach directly to the hyoid bone.

Function - Elevates the hyoid bone, the floor of the mouth, and the tongue. This muscle is important to the initial stage of deglutition (swallowing).

Back 62

Mylohyoid Muscle

Front 63

Definition - paired cylindrical muscle located above the superior surface of the mylohyoid muscle.

Origin – the fibers come from a short tendon, from the lower mental spine at the mandibular symphysis.

Insertion – the fibers course backward and downward to insert on the anterior surface of the body of the hyoid bone.

Function – pulls the hyoid bone up and forward.

Location - paired cylindrical muscle located above the superior surface of the mylohyoid muscle.

Back 63

Geniohyoid Muscle

Front 64

Origin - from the upper border of the body and greater horns of the hyoid bone

Insertion - into the posterior and lateral regions of the tongue.

Function - influence the position of the larynx indirectly.

Back 64

Hyoglossus

Front 65

Origin - at the mental symphysis of the mandible.

Insertion - Its lower fibers insert into the body of the hyoid bone while the upper fibers insert into the whole of the under surface of the tongue.

Function - contraction may elevate the hyoid bone and draw it forward.

Back 65

Genioglossus

Front 66

What are the two extrinsic muscles of the tongue?

Back 66

Hyoglossus and Genioglossus

Front 67

Origin – from the posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum and the first costal cartilage.

Insertion – oblique tendon or line of the thyroid cartilage.

Function – draw the thyroid cartilage downward.

Location – anterior neck

Back 67

Sternothyroid Muscle

Front 68

Origin – the oblique tendon or line of the thyroid cartilage.

Insertion – lower border of the greater horn of the hyoid bone.

Function - Contraction decreases the distance between the thyroid cartilage and the hyoid bone.

Location – anterior neck

Back 68

Thyrohyoid Muscle

Front 69

at height of soft palate and opens and closes soft palate

Back 69

Inferior Pharyngeal Constrictors

Front 70

Definition - The sternohyoid muscle is a flat muscle on the anterior surface of the neck.

Origin – posterior surface of the manubrium of the sternum.

Insertion – fibers course vertically upward and insert on the lower border of the body of the hyoid bone.

Function – if the sternum is fixed, it draws the hyoid downward or, if the hyoid is fixed, it raises the sternum.

Back 70

Sternohyoid Muscle

Front 71

Definition - The omohyoid muscle is a long, narrow, two-bellied muscle on the anterolateral surface of the neck.

Origin – upper border of the scapula.

Insertion – inferior/lateral belly fibers course horizontally to an intermediate tendon and then the superior belly runs vertically to insert into the greater cornu of the hyoid bone.

Function – contraction depresses the hyoid.

Back 71

Omohyoid Muscle