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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Thyroid gland storage
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Thyroid hormones are stored in tiny sacs called thyroid follicles
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Hormone Producing Organs
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1. Heart & Kidneys
2. Ovaries & Testicles 3. Pancreas & Intestines |
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9 Specialized glands
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Thyroid, (4)Parathyroid, Thymus, Pituitary, (2) Adrenal
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What are hormones?
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Chemical substances secreted into the blood system in order to circulate throughout the body and activate target cells
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What hormones are secreted by the thyroid gland? What is their function?
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T-3 and T-4
Regulate growth and metabolism |
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What activates the thyroid gland?
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TSH, secreted by the pituitary gland
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What hormone is secreted in response to a stressful stimuli?
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Adrenaline and Noradrenaline from the Adrenal Medulla
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Name 4 hormones secreted by the Adrenal cortex
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Aldosterone
Cortisol Androgens Estrogen |
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Name the 2 most important hormones secreted from the Pancreas
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Glucagon
Insulin |
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Name the two systems that the pancreas is involved in.
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Endocrine
Digestion (enzymes) |
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KINDS OF GLANDS
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EXOCRINE
ENDOCRINE |
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EXOCRINE
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Release products into ducts
Inside organs On body surface |
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ENDOCRINE
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No ducts
Into blood Carried to target organs |
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TYPES OF HORMONES
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Lipid soluble
Water soluble |
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Lipid soluble
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Thyroid hormones
Gas Steroids |
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KINDS OF GLANDS
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EXOCRINE
ENDOCRINE |
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EXOCRINE
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Release products into ducts
Inside organs On body surface |
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ENDOCRINE
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No ducts
Into blood Carried to target organs |
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TYPES OF HORMONES
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Lipid soluble
Water soluble |
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Lipid soluble
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Thyroid hormones
Gas Steroids |
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Water soluble
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1.Amines
2.Peptides and proteins 3.Eicosanoids |
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THYROID HORMONES
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Iodine attached to the amino acid tyrosine
Lipid soluble |
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GAS
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1.Nitric oxide
2.Both hormone and neurotransmitter |
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STEROIDS
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Derived from Cholesterol
Lipid soluble Aldosterone, Testosterone, Estrogens, Progesterone |
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AMINES
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Modified forms of amino acid tyrosine
Simplest Adrenal medulla hormones Epinephrine, norepinephrine-water soluble |
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PROTEINS-PEPTIDES
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Chains of amino acids
Small or large |
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EICOSANOIDS
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Derived from a fatty acid
Mostly local Work where they are released Prostoglandins, Leukotrines |
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REGULATION OF HORMONE SECRETION
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Determined by the body’s need
Negative feedback control (most) |
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK
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Gland releases hormone
Hormone levels build in blood Or cause release of another substance into blood Gland senses increased levels of hormone Or increased levels of released substance Gland turns off |
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NEGATIVE FEEDBACK-PARATHORMONE
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Parathyroids release parathormone
Parathormone causes bones to release Ca++ Blood levels of Ca++ rise Parathyroids turn off Parathormone levels drop Blood levels of Ca++ drop Parathyroids release parathormone |
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TARGET CELLS
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Hormone only exerts effects on target cells
Cells that contain receptor molecules Receptors are proteins Other cells are not effected |
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HOW HORMONES WORK
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SOME ENTER CELL DIRECTLY
Lipid soluble hormones SOME BIND TO CELL MEMBRANE Amines, Peptides, Proteins, Ecosinoids |
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HORMONES THAT ENTER CELL I
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Include Steroid and Thyroid hormones
Estrogen, Testosterone, Cortisone, Aldosterone Pass through the cell membrane Hormone binds to protein receptors Within nucleus Or on nuclear membrane |
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HORMONES THAT ENTER CELL II
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Form a
HORMONE/PROTEIN COMPLEX Activates genes Causes or stops production of enzymes Enzymes effect cellular activities |
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HORMONES THAT BIND TO THE CELL MEMBRANE
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All other hormones
Hormones act as a first messenger Causes the appearance of a second messenger in the cell Second messengers include: Cyclic AMP Cyclic GMP Calcium ions |
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STEPS IN HORMONAL ACTIVATION I
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Hormone binds to a receptor on the cell membrane
2. A G-protein is activated 3. The G-protein causes either: Formation of cAMP Activation of protein kinases 4. This leads to Activation of enzymes or Entry or release of Ca++ Which leads to activation of enzymes |
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STEPS IN HORMONAL ACTIVATION II
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Hormone binds
to a receptor 2. A G-protein is activated |
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CASCADE EFFECT
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A small amount of hormone leads to
Formation of several protein kinases leads to Formation or activation of many enzymes leads to Multiple effects on cell |
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AMINES
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Include
Pancreatic hormones Parathyroid hormones Anterior and posterior Pituitary hormones |
