A & P Chapter 8 Joints

Front 1

Functional classifications of joints

Back 1

Synarthrosis

Amphiarthroses

Diarthroses

Front 2

Synarthroses

Back 2

immovable joints that can either be fibrous or cartilaginous

Front 3

Amphiarthroses

Back 3

slightly moveable cartilaginous and fibrous joints

Front 4

Diarthroses

Back 4

freely moveable synovial joints

Front 5

Fibrous joints

Back 5

Usually no movement (Synarthrosis)

No cavity

Bones are joined by fibrous C.T. (collagen)

Front 6

3 types of Fibrous joints

Back 6

Sutures

Syndesmoses

Gomphoses

Front 7

Sutures

Back 7

short collagen fibers join bones together

Front 8

Syndesmoses

Back 8

Bones connected by a sheet of fibrous C.T. like a ligament

Front 9

Gomphoses

Back 9

C.T. fibers (collagen fibers) hold teeth in their boney sockets

Front 10

Peg in socket joint

Back 10

Gomphoses

Front 11

Cartilaginous joints

Back 11

Joints that are connected entirely by cartilage (fibrocartilage or hyaline)

Front 12

Allows more movement between bones than a fibrous joint but less than the highly mobile synovial joint.

Back 12

Cartilaginous joints

Front 13

2 kinds of cartilaginous joints

Back 13

Synchondroses

Symphyses

Front 14

synchondroses

Back 14

hyaline cartilage joins bones

Front 15

Symphyses

Back 15

A slightly moveable joint where a pad of fibrocartilage is found between bones

Front 16

The function of a fibrocartilage pad between bones

Back 16

shock absorption

Front 17

2 examples of Synchondroses joints

Back 17

Epiphyseal plate

Joint between manubrium and first rib

Front 18

2 examples of symphyses joints

Back 18

intervertebral disc

Pubic symphysis

Front 19

What are intervertebral disc and pubic symphysis made out of?

Back 19

Collagen fibers that make up fibrocartilage

Front 20

Type of joint that allows for slight movement like bending @ spine

Back 20

Symphyses - Amphiarthosis

Front 21

Most common type of joint in the body?

Back 21

Synovial joint

Front 22

Synovial joint

Back 22

freely moveable joint

Front 23

Structural features of synovial joints

Back 23

Articular cartilage

Joint cavity

Articular capsule

-Fibrous capsule

-Synovial membrane

-Synovial fluid

Rich never and blood supply

Reinforcing ligaments

Front 24

Articular Cartilage

Back 24

Found at surface where bones meet

Front 25

Blue stuff at the end of long bones

Back 25

Articular cartilage

Front 26

What is left of the hyaline cartilage model from fetal development

Back 26

Articular cartilage

Front 27

Cavity filled with synovial fluid for lubrication and cushioning

Back 27

joint cavity

Front 28

Articular capsule

Back 28

double layered structure enclosing a cavity

Front 29

2 layers of the articular capsule

Back 29

Fibrous capsule

Synovial membrane

Front 30

Outer layer of the joint connected to periostea of both bones

Back 30

Fibrous capsule

Front 31

Protects the outer layer of the synovial membrane

Back 31

Fibrous capsule

Front 32

The fibrous capsule is made out of __________.

Back 32

Dense irregular C.T. sheet

Front 33

Lines the fibrous capsule and secretes synovial fluid

Back 33

Synovial membrane

Front 34

what is the synovial membrane made out of?

Back 34

Areolar C.T.

Front 35

Synovial Fluid

Back 35

thin, viscus fluid that keeps bones from touching

Front 36

Egg whitelike fluid for cush and lubrication

Back 36

synovial fluid

Front 37

Produces synovial fluid

Back 37

synovial membrane

Front 38

bone to bone connections that help to stabilize the joint inside and out.

Back 38

Reinforcing ligaments

Front 39

Reinforcing ligaments are made of ____________.

Back 39

Dense regular C.T.

Front 40

Reinforcing ligaments of the synovial joint can be ____________ or ____________.

Back 40

Capsular or extracapsular

Front 41

Capsular

Back 41

inside the joint capsule

Front 42

Extracapsular

Back 42

outside the joint capsule

Front 43

Where are bursae and tendon sheaths found?

Back 43

outside and near joints, where soft tissue is close to the surface of the body

Front 44

Bursae

Back 44

Flat fibrous sacks filled with synovial fluid

Front 45

an inflamed bursa is known as

Back 45

bursidas

Front 46

Elongated bursae that wrap around crowded tendons that are subject to friction.

Back 46

Tendon sheaths

Front 47

What kind of tissue is the outer aspect of the bursa and the tendon sheath made of?

Back 47

Dense irregular CT

Front 48

What is the synovial membrane of the bursae and the tendon sheath made of?

Back 48

Areolar CT

Front 49

Gliding movements

Back 49

Simplest movement where one flat surface glides over another

Front 50

Angular movements

Back 50

increase or decrease the angle between bones

Front 51

5 types of angular movements

Back 51

Flexion

Extension

Abduction

Adduction

Circumduction

Front 52

Flexion

Back 52

Decreasing the angle between bones

Front 53

Extension

Back 53

opposite of flexion

Front 54

Example of joints that flex and extend

Back 54

knee and elbow

Front 55

hyperextend

Back 55

to extend beyond upright

Front 56

examples of joints that can perform normal hyperextension

Back 56

Head/neck and hand/wrist

Front 57

Abduction - Give example

Back 57

movement away from the midline

spread fingers apart

Front 58

Adduction - give example

Back 58

movement toward the midline

Bring fingers together

Front 59

Circumduction

Back 59

Movement of a limb that describes a cone in space

Front 60

Rotation

Back 60

turning of a bone along its own long axis

Front 61

2 examples of rotation

Back 61

C1 on C2

radius and ulna

Front 62

Special movement of the palm only

Back 62

Supination

Pronation

Front 63

Supination

Back 63

movement of palm anteriorly

Front 64

Pronation

Back 64

Movement of the palm posteriorly (opposite of supination)

Front 65

If we are in anatomical position can we supinate?

Back 65

no

Front 66

Special movements of the feet

Back 66

Dorsiflexion

Plantar flexion

Inversion

Eversion

Front 67

Dorsiflexion

Back 67

like wrist extension - point toes up

Front 68

Plantar flexion

Back 68

Like wrist flexion - point toes down

Front 69

inversion

Back 69

foot is moved so the sole faces medially

Front 70

Eversion

Back 70

foot is moved so the sole faces laterally

Front 71

Protraction

Back 71

movement forward in a transverse plane

Front 72

Exampled of protraction

Back 72

Jut jaw forward

Roll shoulders forward

Front 73

Retraction

Back 73

movement backward in a transverse plane

Front 74

Examples of retraction

Back 74

Roll shoulders back

pull jaw back

Front 75

Elevation

Back 75

lifting a body part superiorly

Front 76

Example of elevation

Back 76

lift up on tip toes

Shrugging shoulders up

Front 77

Depression

Back 77

Lower body part inferiorly

Front 78

Example of depression

Back 78

Lower down from tip toes

Dropping shoulders down

Front 79

Opposition

Back 79

Touching the thumb to the finger tip

Front 80

Types of synovial joints

Back 80

Nonaxial joints

Uniaxial joints

Biaxial joints

multiaxial joints

Front 81

describe movement of nonaxial joint

Back 81

performs gliding movements

no axis

no spinning

Front 82

1 type of nonaxial joint

Back 82

plane joint

Front 83

Plane joint

Back 83

flat surface of one bone against a flat surface of another bone sliding over each other

Front 84

Examples of plane joints in the body

Back 84

Intercarpal joints

Intertarsal joints

joints between vertebral articular surfaces

Front 85

describe the movement of uniaxial joints

Back 85

movement in one plane - one direction only

Front 86

2 types of uniaxial joint

Back 86

Hinge Joint

Pivot Joint

Front 87

describe the movement of a hinge joint

Back 87

flex and extend only in one plane

Front 88

a cylinder and trough is like what joint

Back 88

hinge joint

Front 89

examples of hinge joints

Back 89

Elbow

interphalangeal joints

Front 90

Describe the movement of a pivot joint

Back 90

Rotation in one plane

Front 91

Example of pivot joints

Back 91

Proximal radioulnar joints

Atlantoaxial joint (C1 on C2)

Front 92

Describe the movement of biaxial joints

Back 92

movement in 2 planes

Front 93

2 types of biaxial joints

Back 93

Condyloid joints

Saddle joints

Front 94

Condyloid joint

Back 94

Oval joint that can flex, extend, abduct, adduct, circumduct

Cannot rotate

Front 95

Special joint in thumb similar to condyloid but with greater movement

Back 95

Saddle joint

Front 96

Examples of condyloid joints

Back 96

Metacarpophalangeal (knuckles) joints,

wrists joints

Front 97

Saddle joint

Back 97

Special thumb only joint

like condyloid but even greater movement

Front 98

Example for saddle joint

Back 98

Carpometacarpal joint of the thumbs

Front 99

Articular surfaces of joint are both concave and convex

Back 99

Saddle joint

Front 100

Describe movements of multiaxial joints

Back 100

movement in multiple planes

Flex, extend, abduct, adduct, circumduct and rotate

Front 101

Type of multiaxial joint

Back 101

Ball and socket joint

Front 102

The most freely movable synovial joint.

Back 102

ball and socket joint

Front 103

Examples of ball and socket joint

Back 103

shoulder joint

hip joint

Front 104

largest and most complex joint in the body

Back 104

Knee joint

Front 105

Ligament that attaches the femur to the fibula on the lateral side

Back 105

Fibular collateral ligament

Front 106

Ligament that attaches the femur to the tibia on the medial side

Back 106

Tibial collateral ligaments

Front 107

Fibrocartilage pad on the articulation surface of the the tibia and the lateral condyle of the femur

Back 107

Lateral meniscus

Front 108

Fibrocartilage pad on the articulation surface of the the tibia and the medial condyle of the femur

Back 108

medial meniscus

Front 109

ligament that connects the anterior tibia to the posterior femur

Back 109

Anterior cruciate ligament

Front 110

ligament that connects the anterior Femur to the posterior Tibia

Back 110

Posterior cruciate ligament

Front 111

ligament that attaches the tibia to the patella

Back 111

Patellar ligamant

Front 112

tendon that attaches the patella to the quadricep

Back 112

Quadriceps tendon

Front 113

bone to bone attachment

Back 113

ligament

Front 114

bone to muscle attachment

Back 114

tendon

Front 115

deep and stable ball and socket joint

Back 115

HIp

Front 116

2 extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint

Back 116

Iliofemoral ligament

Pubofemoral ligament

Front 117

Intercapsular ligament of the head of the femur

Back 117

ligamentum teres

Front 118

stable and smooth uniaxial joint(flex and extend only)

Back 118

Elbow joint

Front 119

2 extracapsular ligaments of the elbow

Back 119

Radial collateral ligament

Anular ligament

Front 120

4 types homeostatic imbalances of joints

Back 120

Sprains

Cartilage injuries

Bursitis and tendonitis

Arthritis

Front 121

Ligamants are stretched or torn

Back 121

Sprains

Front 122

what are ligaments made out of?

Back 122

Dense regular CT

Front 123

Do ligaments heal fast or slow?

why?

Back 123

Slow because of poor blood supply

Front 124

A menisci tear is an example of a __________ injury.

Back 124

Cartilage

Front 125

Cartilage injuries

A) heal slow

B) Rarely heal

C) heal quickly

Back 125

B) Rarely heal

Front 126

Inflammation of the bursae

Back 126

Bursitis

Front 127

Inflammation of the tendon sheaths

Back 127

Tendonitis

Front 128

Condition from resting elbows on table top

Back 128

Students elbow

Front 129

Condition from scrubbing floors on hands and knees

Back 129

Maids knee

Front 130

Over 100 different conditions that affect the joint

Back 130

Arthritis

Front 131

Most common type of Arthritis

Back 131

Osteoarthritis

Front 132

Wear and tear arthritis

Back 132

Osteoarthritis

Front 133

Enzymes destroy cartilage faster than repair it resulting in exposed bone and boney spurs

Back 133

Osteroarthritis

Front 134

Chronic inflammatory disorder

Back 134

Rheumatoid arthritis

Front 135

Step or viral trigger can cause the body to attack joints and organs

Back 135

Rheumatoid arthritis

Front 136

Excess uric acid crystallizes in joints

Back 136

Gouty arthritis

Front 137

Arthritis that is more common in men than women

Back 137

Gouty arthritis

Front 138

Arthritis that is rarely crippling but irreversible

Back 138

Osteoarthritis

Front 139

Arthritis that can be triggered by dehydration, organ meat, sardines

Back 139

Gouty arthritis